大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法---練習(xí)及答案(共48頁(yè))

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上 英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)一：句子成分；簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)；次要成分有表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。（二）主語(yǔ)：主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問(wèn)句（當(dāng)主語(yǔ)不疑問(wèn)詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語(yǔ)可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語(yǔ)從句等表示。例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more an

2、d more popular.（名詞）We often speak English in class.（代詞）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（數(shù)詞）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（動(dòng)名詞）The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主語(yǔ)從句）

3、It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)為后面的不定式）（三）謂語(yǔ)：謂語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ)，一般放在主語(yǔ)之后。謂語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成如下：1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如：He practices running every morning.2、復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：（1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系動(dòng)詞加表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如：We are student

4、s.（四）表語(yǔ)：表語(yǔ)用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語(yǔ)一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞及表語(yǔ)從句表示。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞）Is it yours?（代詞）The weather has turned cold.（形容詞）The speech is exciting.（分詞）Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞）His job is to teach

5、 English.（不定式）His hobby（愛(ài)好）is playing football.（動(dòng)名詞）The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語(yǔ)）Time is up. The class is over.（副詞）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語(yǔ)從句）（五）賓語(yǔ)：賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛(ài)者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展覽）yesterday.（名詞）The heavy rain prevented me form coming t

6、o school on time.（代詞）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（數(shù)詞）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短語(yǔ)）I enjoy listening to popular music.（動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（賓語(yǔ)從句）賓語(yǔ)種類：（1）雙賓語(yǔ)（間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)），例如：Lend me your dictionary

7、, please.（2）復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)），例如：They elected him their monitor.（六）賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：英語(yǔ)中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句充當(dāng)。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名詞）They painted their boat white.（形容詞）Let the fresh air in.（副詞）You mustnt force him to lend

8、 his money to you.（不定式短語(yǔ)）We saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語(yǔ)）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句）（七）定語(yǔ)：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句稱為定語(yǔ)。定語(yǔ)可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞）

9、 There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名詞）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語(yǔ)）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動(dòng)名詞）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語(yǔ)）（八）狀語(yǔ)：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)

10、句子，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語(yǔ)。可由以下形式表示：Light travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語(yǔ)）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短語(yǔ)）He is in the room making a model plane.（分詞短語(yǔ)）Wait a minute.（名詞）Once you begin, you must continue.（狀語(yǔ)從句）狀語(yǔ)種類如下：

11、How about meeting again at six?（時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因狀語(yǔ)）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（條件狀語(yǔ)）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式狀語(yǔ)）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴隨狀語(yǔ)）In order t

12、o catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的狀語(yǔ)）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)）She works very hard though she is old.（讓步狀語(yǔ)）I am taller than he is.（比較狀語(yǔ)）二、簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句（一）句子種類兩種分類法1、按句子的用途可分四種：1）陳述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before.2）疑問(wèn)句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：

13、Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class4）感嘆句：How clever the boy is!2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：1）簡(jiǎn)單句：只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)（或并列主語(yǔ)）和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)（或并列謂語(yǔ)）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing a

14、nd often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句：由并列連詞（and, but, or等）或分號(hào)（；）把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起構(gòu)成。e.g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）復(fù)合句：含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句（主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句）、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句等。e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of p

15、ictures when they were at the Great Wall.（二）簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型1、主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)：e.g. He is a student.2、主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞：e.g. We work.3、主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.4、主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+雙賓語(yǔ)（間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)）：e.g. My father bought me a car.5、主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.注：其他各種句子都可由這一種基本句型擴(kuò)展、變化或省略而構(gòu)成。（三）并列句的分

16、類1、表示連接兩個(gè)同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等連接。e.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.2、表示選擇，常用的連詞有or, eitheror, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or youll miss the train.3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連詞有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but

17、he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.4、表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（四）高考考點(diǎn)探討1、簡(jiǎn)單句的五大句型是最基本的句型。雖然近幾年單純考查這種基礎(chǔ)句型的題不多，但是在閱讀中有時(shí)需借助于劃分句子成分去理解，在書(shū)面表達(dá)中，沒(méi)有最基本的遣詞造句的能力是不可能用地道的英語(yǔ)句子來(lái)表達(dá)

18、清楚的。2、祈使句、反意疑問(wèn)句和感嘆句是高考命題的熱點(diǎn)之一。有時(shí)把祈使句與反意疑問(wèn)句結(jié)合于一體來(lái)考查。一個(gè)題目，幾個(gè)考點(diǎn)，是近幾年命題的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。3、高考對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和各種復(fù)合句的考查常表現(xiàn)在對(duì)連詞的選擇和使用上。如：and, but, or, while，以及其它連接名詞性從句、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句的連接詞、關(guān)聯(lián)詞。4、各種主從復(fù)合句的考查常常與動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)聯(lián)系在一起，以賓語(yǔ)從句與狀語(yǔ)從句最為明顯，時(shí)間從句與條件從句中，如果主句是將來(lái)時(shí)，從句則用一般式表將來(lái)，這一點(diǎn)在高考中經(jīng)常考查。如：We will go outing if it doesnt rain tomorrow。名詞性從句名詞性

19、從句包括主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。它的功能相當(dāng)于名詞，引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞歸納起來(lái)可分為以下三類連接詞that:不做成分,無(wú)意思,不可 省(賓語(yǔ)從句除外)Whether:不做成分,具備意思,不可省What/how等特殊疑問(wèn)詞:做成分,具備意思,不可省that 1.That he will come is certain.2.The truth is that I have never been there3.They pretended (that) they were reading in the room.4.The fact that she had not said

20、anything surprised all of us.His teacher said (that) the book was very interesting and that it was worth readingWhether1.Whether she is coming or not doesnt matter too much.2.Our first question is whether you like music.3.I wonder whether it is true or not.4.The problem whether it is right or wrong

21、has not yet been decided.Whether/ ifwhether 和 if 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句：whether 和 if 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)可以互換使用，但 下列情況只用whether不用if:（1） 在whether or not結(jié)構(gòu)中I dont know whether or not hell come.I wonder whether it is true or not.（2）"介詞+賓語(yǔ)從句” Everything depends on whether the situation will improve.(3) whether + to doPlease t

22、ell me whether to go or not.4）引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,表語(yǔ)從句及同位語(yǔ)從句Whether well go depends on the weather.The question is whether it is worth doingWhat/ how等特殊疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句1.Where she has gone is not known yet.2.That is why she was absent yesterday.3.I didnt know what they were talking about.4.I have no idea when he will

23、 be back名 詞 性 從 句在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句(Noun Clauses）。 名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組, 它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語(yǔ)法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。一、 主語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的從句，通常放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前或由形式主語(yǔ)it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。1. It 作形式主語(yǔ)和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較It 作形式主語(yǔ)代替主語(yǔ)從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞沒(méi)有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對(duì)句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，無(wú)論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用

24、連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時(shí)也可用who/whom。例如： It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not. It is in the morning that the murder took place. It is John that broke the window.2. 用it 作形式主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)(1) It is 名詞 從句 It is a fact that 事實(shí)是 It is an honor that 非常榮幸 It is commo

25、n knowledge that 是常識(shí)(2) It is 形容詞 從句 It is natural that 很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是(3) It is 不及物動(dòng)詞 從句 It seems that 似乎 It hapened that碰巧 It appears that 似乎(4) It 過(guò)去分詞 從句 It is reported that據(jù)報(bào)道；It has been proved that已證實(shí) It is said that 據(jù)說(shuō)3. 主語(yǔ)從句不可位于句首的五種情況：（1）if 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。（2）It is said /repor

26、ted結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如： It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （3）It happens/occurs結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如： It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. That he failed in the examination occurred to him. （4）It doesn

27、t matter how/whether 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如： It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter. （5）含主語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句是疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如： Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? Is that will rain in the evening likely?4. what 與that 在引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別 what 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)在句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，如主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)

28、表語(yǔ)，而that 則不然。例如： 1) What you said yesterday is right. 2) That she is still alive is a consolation二賓語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語(yǔ)的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 (及物動(dòng)詞) 或介詞之后。1. 作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ) (1) 由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句(that 通?？梢允÷?, 例如：I heard that be joined the army. (2) 由what, whether (if) 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，例如：She did not know what had happened. I won

29、der whether you can change this note for me. (3) 動(dòng)詞間接賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)從句。例如：She told me that she would accept my invitation.2. 作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.3. 作形容詞的賓語(yǔ)，例如：I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake.注意：that 引導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語(yǔ)：anxious, aware, certain, confi

30、dent, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以將此類詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語(yǔ)從句。、4. it 可以作為形式賓語(yǔ)it 不僅可以作為形式主語(yǔ)，還可以作為形式賓語(yǔ)而真正的賓語(yǔ)that 從句則放在句尾，特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子中。 例如：We heard it that she would get married next month.5.

31、 后邊不能直接跟that 從句的動(dòng)詞 這類動(dòng)詞有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，但不可以用that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如： I admire their winning the match. I admire that they won the match.6. 不可用that從句作直接賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有些動(dòng)詞不可用于“動(dòng)詞間接賓語(yǔ)that從句“結(jié)構(gòu)中，常見(jiàn)的有envy, order, accu

32、se, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如： He impressed the manager as an honest man. He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.7. 否定的轉(zhuǎn)移：主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的賓語(yǔ)從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語(yǔ)上，從句謂語(yǔ)用肯定式。例如： I dont

33、think this dress fits you well. 我認(rèn)為這件衣服不適合你穿。三. 表語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作表語(yǔ)的名詞性從句，放在系動(dòng)詞之后，一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語(yǔ)連系動(dòng)詞表語(yǔ)從句”?？梢越颖碚Z(yǔ)從句的連系動(dòng)詞有be, look, remain, seem等。引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的that?？墒÷?。另外，常用的還有the reason is that 和It is because 等結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2) This is why we cant g

34、et the support of the people.3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四. 同位語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句就是在復(fù)合句中作名詞的同位語(yǔ)的名詞性從句。1. 同位語(yǔ)從句的功能 同位語(yǔ)從句對(duì)于名詞進(jìn)一步解釋，說(shuō)明名詞的具體內(nèi)容，一般由that引導(dǎo)，例如： 1) The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free

35、 surprised all the people. 2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2. 同位語(yǔ)在句子中的位置同位語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)可以不緊跟在它所說(shuō)明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開(kāi)。例如：He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3. 同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別(1) 定語(yǔ)從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時(shí)以在從句中作某個(gè)成分（主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)），而同位語(yǔ)從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，

36、不充當(dāng)句中任何成分。(2) 定語(yǔ)從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對(duì)先行詞加以限定，描述定的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語(yǔ)從句是名詞性的，其功能是對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。例如：1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國(guó)。）（第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句是定語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（湯姆將出國(guó)的消息是他講的。）（同位語(yǔ)從句，that在句中不作任何成分）語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)二、主謂一致在英語(yǔ)句子里

37、，謂語(yǔ)受主語(yǔ)支配，其動(dòng)詞必須和主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，這就叫主謂一致。尋其規(guī)律，大致可歸納為三個(gè)原則，即語(yǔ)法一致、邏輯意義一致和就近一致原則。（一）語(yǔ)法一致原則：語(yǔ)法上一致就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)在單、復(fù)數(shù)形式上保持一致。1、以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式；主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The child

38、ren were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.注意：由what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式，但若表語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)或what從句是一個(gè)帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.2、由連接詞and或both and連接起來(lái)的合成主語(yǔ)后面，要用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。如：Lucy and Li

39、ly are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers.注意： 若and所連接的兩個(gè)詞是指同一個(gè)人或物時(shí)，它后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。如：The writer and artist has come.; / 由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語(yǔ)前如果分別有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修飾時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形

40、式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room. / No boy and no girl likes it.3、主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)名詞或代詞，盡管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式；若主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come

41、 to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall.4、either, neither, each, every 或no +單數(shù)名詞和由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter.注意： 在口語(yǔ)中當(dāng)either或neither后跟有“of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞（或代詞）”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Nei

42、ther of the texts is (are) interesting. 若none of后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就要用單數(shù)；若它后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以。如：None of us has (have) been to America.5、在定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞that, who, which等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.6、如果

43、集體名詞指的是整個(gè)集體，它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；如果它指集體的成員，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。這些詞有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor. 注意：people, police, cattle等名詞一般都用作復(fù)數(shù)。如：The police are looking for the lost child.7、由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of

44、, the rest of, the majority of + 名詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)以及由“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語(yǔ)中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。如：There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls.注意： a number of“許多”，作定語(yǔ)修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)；the number of“的數(shù)量”，主語(yǔ)是number，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。8、在倒裝句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

45、的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語(yǔ)一致。如：There comes the bus./ On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts.（二）邏輯意義一致原則：邏輯意義一致就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)必須和主語(yǔ)的意義一致（因有時(shí)主語(yǔ)形式為單數(shù)，但意義為復(fù)數(shù)；有時(shí)形式為復(fù)數(shù)，但意義為單數(shù)）。1、what, who, which, any, more, all等代詞可以是單數(shù)，也可是復(fù)數(shù)，主要靠意思來(lái)決定。如：Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going we

46、ll. / All have gone to Beijing.2、表示“時(shí)間、重量、長(zhǎng)度、價(jià)值”等的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式， 這是由于作主語(yǔ)的名詞在概念上是一個(gè)整體，如：Thirty minutes is enough for the work. 3、若英語(yǔ)是書(shū)名、片名、格言、劇名、報(bào)名、國(guó)名等的復(fù)數(shù)形式，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。如： “The Arabian Nights”is an interesting story-book.4、表數(shù)量的短語(yǔ)“one and a half”后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)形式（也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如：One and a half a

47、pples is (are) left on the table.5、算式中表示數(shù)目（字）的主語(yǔ)通常作單數(shù)看待，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用單數(shù)形式。如：Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.6、一些學(xué)科名詞是以 ics 結(jié)尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等，都屬于形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的名詞，實(shí)際意義為單數(shù)名詞，它們作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics

48、isnt easy to study.7、trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)，但如果這些名詞前有a (the) pair of等量詞修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his.8、“定冠詞the + 形容詞或分詞”，表示某一類人時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。（三）就近一致原則：在英語(yǔ)句子中，有時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)與最近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。1、當(dāng)兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)由either or, neither nor, whether or , not only

49、 but also連接時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和鄰近的主語(yǔ)一致。如：Either the teacher or the students are our friends. / Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right?2、there be句型be動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于其后的主語(yǔ)。如果其后是由and連接的兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)，則應(yīng)與靠近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)保持一致。如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room.注意：Here引導(dǎo)的句子用法同上。語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)三：名詞性從句名詞性從句相當(dāng)于名

50、詞，可分別作主句的主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。因此，名詞性從句廳分為主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和同位從句。（一）引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞1、連接代詞：who, whose, whom, what, which。有詞義，在從句中擔(dān)任成分，如主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、或定語(yǔ)等。2、連接副詞：when, where, why, how。有詞義，在從句中擔(dān)任成分，作狀語(yǔ)。3、連接詞：that, whether, if, as if。that 無(wú)詞義，在從句中不擔(dān)任成分，有時(shí)可省略；if (whether), as if雖有詞義，但在從句中不擔(dān)任成分。注意：連接代詞與連接副詞在句中不再是疑問(wèn)句，因而從句中謂語(yǔ)不用

51、疑問(wèn)式。連接代詞與連接副詞在從句充當(dāng)句子成分，連接詞whether 和if（是否），as if（好象）在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分，只起連接作用。根據(jù)句義，如果連接代詞與連接副詞，whether、if 和as if都用不上時(shí)，才用that作連接詞（that本身無(wú)任何含義）。（二）主語(yǔ)從句1、主語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句作主語(yǔ)。e.g. Who will go is not important.2、用it作形式主語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)從句放在句末。e.g. It doesnt matter so much whether you will come or not.3、that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，不能省略。e.g. That he

52、suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.（三）表語(yǔ)從句1、表語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作表語(yǔ)，位于系動(dòng)詞之后。e.g. The question was who could go there.2、引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的連接詞that有時(shí)可省去。e.g. My idea is (that) we can get more comrades to help in the work.（四）賓語(yǔ)從句1、賓語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作賓語(yǔ)。引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的連詞that一般可省略。e.g. I hope (that) everything is all right.2、介詞之后的賓語(yǔ)

53、從句，不可用which或if連接，要分別用what或 whether。e.g. Im interested in whether youve finished the work. Im interested in what youve said.3、whether與if都可以引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，?？苫Q。但下面情況不能互換。賓語(yǔ)從句是否定句時(shí)，只用if，不用whether。e.g. I wonder if it doesnt rain.用if 會(huì)引起誤解，就要用whether。e.g. Please let me know whether you want to go.（此句如果把whether改成

54、if，容易當(dāng)成條件句理解）賓語(yǔ)從句中的whether 與or not直接連用，就不能換成if；不直接連用，可換。e.g. I dont know whether or not the report is true.I dont know whether/ if the report is true or not.介詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句要用whether引導(dǎo)。whether 可與不定式連用。whether也可引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句，還可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，以上均不能換成if。但引導(dǎo)條件從句時(shí)，只能用if，而不能用whether。e.g. It depends on whether we ha

55、ve enough time. They dont know whether to go there. Please come to see me if you have time.（五）同位語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句在句中作某一名詞的同位語(yǔ)，一般位于該名詞（如：news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise等）之后，說(shuō)明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。e.g. I have no idea when he will be back.The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)四：定語(yǔ)從句（一）定語(yǔ)從句一般由

56、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)1、關(guān)系代詞：who, whom, whose, which, that, as2、關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞必須位于從句之首，主句先行詞之后，起著連接先行詞和從句的作用， 同時(shí)在從句中又充當(dāng)句子成分。e.g. She is the girl who sings best of all.（關(guān)系代詞who在從句中作主語(yǔ)）The comrade with whom I came knows French.（whom在從句中作介詞with的賓語(yǔ)）3、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法：1）當(dāng)先行詞為人時(shí)用who 作主語(yǔ)，whom作賓語(yǔ)；2）當(dāng)先行詞為物或整個(gè)句子時(shí)用which ，可作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)；3）先行詞為人、物時(shí)用that ，可作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)；4）whose用作定語(yǔ)，可指人或物；5）關(guān)系副詞when（指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，where（指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)），why（指原因，在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)）。（二）限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句1、限