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1、“tooto”結(jié)構(gòu)的用法與理解寧縣二中 魏阿榮“tooto”結(jié)構(gòu)在英語教學(xué)中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn),是一個很常見的英語表達句式。此結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上是肯定的,但在意義上卻是否定的,再加上它有多種不同表達形式,學(xué)生很難完全掌握,因而也是英語教學(xué)中的一個難點。以下是中學(xué)課本中的幾個例句:1.Its too heavy to carry. Please ask somebody to help us. (這太重了,我們搬不動,請叫人來幫幫我們。) 2.Its never too old to learn.(活到老,學(xué)到老。)3.He is too young to go to school.( 他太小了,不能去上學(xué)。)

2、4.He slowed down after a while,fearing that he was getting too near to be safe.(隔了一會兒,他慢了下來,生怕太靠近了不安全。)5.My brother is too young to look after himself.(我的弟弟太小了,不能照顧自己。)就在這幾個簡單的句子中,“tooto”結(jié)構(gòu)的用法都不盡相同,讓我們來探討對這個結(jié)構(gòu)的理解和運用。首先,要搞清這個結(jié)構(gòu)中各個部分的意義和關(guān)系。在“tooto”結(jié)構(gòu)中,too 的意思是:“ in a higher degree than is admissible o

3、r desirable for a purpose”,即“超過了做某事所能允許或所需要的程度。”而其中的不定式則表示其結(jié)果或程度,作狀語,修飾too。整個結(jié)構(gòu)的意思是“太以致不能”。當(dāng)然,這只是其基本意思,翻譯時要根據(jù)上下文靈活處理。這種基本結(jié)構(gòu)還有其他幾種不同情況?,F(xiàn)逐一舉例說明:一 基本形式:too+adj. / adv.+to do .其中“to do” 修飾“too+adj. / adv.” 作為結(jié)果狀語或程度狀語?!皌o do”通常包含否定意義。For example: 1 The problem is too hard for a child to understand.(問題太難

4、了,小孩子不能理解。)2 Examples are too many to cite.(例子太多,舉不勝舉。)3 Its too cold to go in the sea yet.(天太冷,還不能下海。)4 Its too long a journey to make in one day.(路程太遠,一天之內(nèi)到不了。)5 Its too good an opportunity to miss.(那是一個不應(yīng)該錯過的極好機會。)6 Its too early for us to go yet.(我們現(xiàn)在就去太早了點。)7 Its too cold to go swimming.(天氣太冷,不

5、能去游泳。)8 He is too much of a coward(too cowardly) to fight.(他太懦弱,不敢抗爭。)9 Its too late to shut the stable door when the steed is stolen.(賊去關(guān)門,為時已晚。)Lying in the pool of blood,she was too week to speak.(她躺在血泊里,虛弱得說不出話來。) 上述例句中,有的主語和不定式有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系(即句子的主語在邏輯上是不定式的賓語),有的則沒有這種關(guān)系。如果存在這種動賓關(guān)系,句子的不定式用主動語態(tài)或被動語態(tài)在意

6、義上常無多少差別。當(dāng)然,如果不定式采用被動語態(tài),這種邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系就變成了邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系了。For example:1 Atoms are too small to see(or be seen)with naked eyes.(原子太小,肉眼看不見。)2 Its too hot to eat(or to be eaten).(太燙了,沒法吃。)3 The light is too dim to be used for close work.(這燈太暗,不能用來做細活。)4 That was too complicated to be expressed clearly in one or

7、 tow words.(那太復(fù)雜了,無法用一、兩句話表達清楚。)那究竟什么情況下用主動語態(tài),什么情況下用被動語態(tài)呢?一般來說,哪種形式表意更清楚、更自然、更符合習(xí)慣,則取哪種形式。For example:1.Novels in the original are too difficult to read.(主動語態(tài))(原版小說太難讀了。)2.At that time he was too far away to be seen.(被動語態(tài))(那時,他離得太遠,看不到他。)以上這兩個例句中的語態(tài)調(diào)換一下,則會引起意思不清或不自然。二 當(dāng)“too to”結(jié)構(gòu)之前加了not,only,but,all

8、,never等詞時, “ tooto”結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成的句子也無否定意義。此時too后的形容詞多為表示心情的形容詞。因為,在此情況下,這些詞加too在意義上相當(dāng)于 very。For example:1.One is never too old to learn.(活到老,學(xué)到老。)2.Swimming is not too difficult to learn.(游泳并不十分難學(xué)。)3.We are only too pleased to go with her.(我們非常樂意和她一起去。)4.Mary knew but too well to hold her tongue on that occa

9、sion.(瑪麗深知在那種場合少說為妙。) 5.Its never too late to mend.(亡羊補牢,猶未為晚。)6.They are all too satisfied to follow others suit without the pain of thought for themselves.(他們十分滿足于依樣畫葫蘆,自己不肯花力氣、動腦筋。)上面所提到的這些詞只能和某些形容詞或副詞連用,用在“tooto”結(jié)構(gòu)中,不能生搬硬套句型。如下面例句:He is too cruel to sympathy for others.(他太殘忍了,對人不會有同情心。)此例句中,在too

10、 cruel 之前不能添加only,but 之類的詞,否則會引起邏輯上的自相矛盾。He is only too lazy to do it himself.(他太懶了,哪會自己去干那種事。)其中的only也屬誤用,應(yīng)該去掉。由此可見,能否在too 之前加上諸如only,but 等詞,關(guān)鍵是too 之后的形容詞的意義。常用的形容詞有g(shù)lad,pleased,willing,thankful,good,true等等。1.At another time I learned that no matter was too small to escape the Prime Ministers atten

11、tion.(另一次,我發(fā)現(xiàn),事無巨細,總理事事關(guān)心。) 2.He was an all-round genius. Nothing was too difficult for him to learn.(他多才多藝,沒有他學(xué)不會的東西。)3.The question was so easy. No one in the world was too foolish to answer it.(這個問題如此容易,不至于有誰蠢得答不上來。)三 此機構(gòu)與ready,anxious,inclimed,apt,easy,eager,willing,happy 這一類詞連用時,也不再含有否定意義。 too不

12、再只和to do 發(fā)生關(guān)系,而是修飾too 之后的整個部分了。For example :1.The old women was too ready to talk.(那位老婦人太饒舌。)2.He is too ready to find fault.(他最喜歡挑毛病。)2.The tradesman was too anxious to sell his pens.(這位買賣人十分急于賣掉他的鋼筆。)4.He was too willing to accept Marys invitation.(瑪麗的邀請他求之不得。)5.Beginners are too apt to make mista

13、kes here.(初學(xué)者特別容易在這兒搞錯。)從這些例句中,我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn),too 不僅沒有使句子產(chǎn)生否定意義,相反,它還起了某種強調(diào)作用,使之成為一種加強語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)。這在教學(xué)中要引起注意。四、在“tooto”結(jié)構(gòu)中,to do前用 not加以否定?!?tooto”結(jié)構(gòu)通常已含有否定意義,在其中加上not后便形成了“雙重否定為肯定”。這樣,“ toonot to do”所表達的意思就是:“如此是會”,或“如此哪能不”。For example:1.He was too angry not to criticize her.(他太生氣了,哪能不批評她。)2.The poem is far too

14、beautiful not to be requited here.(這首詩太美了,這里還要引用一下。)3.His experience there was too bitter not to be remembered.(他在那里的經(jīng)歷太慘了,不容他記不得。)5.Tom is too hard-working not to pass the exam.(湯姆這么用功,哪有考不及格的道理。)6.He read too many books about Africa not to known something about the social customs there.(他讀了那么多有關(guān)非洲

15、的書,不會不對哪兒的社會習(xí)俗有所了解。)五“Tooto”與 “enough to”和“ sothat”的區(qū)別:“tooto”結(jié)構(gòu)與“enough to”和“ sothat”,它們間有共同點,也有不同點。1.共同點: A. 它們都可做結(jié)果狀語或程度狀語。For example:1)A train was coming near quickly,and the boy was too frightened to move.(一列火車快速駛近,那個男孩子嚇得不敢動了。)2)When we talk about the universe,we mean not only the earth,the s

16、un,the moon and the stars,but also all the things too far away to see.(當(dāng)我們談到宇宙時,指的不僅是地球、太陽、月亮和星星,還有那些遙遠的看不見的一切。)3)At the end of six months he had learned enough to read articles and reports in Russian. (六個月他學(xué)習(xí)得能看俄文版的文章和報道了。)4)Is the ice hard enough to skate on?(在冰上滑冰,冰硬不硬?)5)In fact,his English in o

17、ne of these articles was so good that Engels wrote him a letter and praised him for it.(事實上,從馬克思的其中一篇文章中可以看出,他的水平是很好的,從此,恩格斯給他寫信表揚了他。)6)He had mastered the language so well that he was able to write the book in English.(他對英語掌握得很不錯,能用它寫這本書了。)B它們之間可以相互轉(zhuǎn)換,其意義不變。1)“tooto”結(jié)構(gòu)與“enough to”結(jié)構(gòu)相互轉(zhuǎn)換,要改用反義的形容詞。如

18、:Im afraid I am too stupid to follow your argument. = Im not wise enough to follow your argument.Spanish is not too difficult to learn. = Spanish is easy enough to learn.Your nails are long enough to scratch anybodys eyes out. =Your nails are not too short to scratch anybodys eyes out.That box is no

19、t big enough to hold all these things. = That box is too small to hold all these things.由此可見,在“tooto”結(jié)構(gòu)與“enough to”結(jié)構(gòu)的相互轉(zhuǎn)換中,如果一種結(jié)構(gòu)為肯定,另一種結(jié)構(gòu)則為否定,反之也如此。2)“tooto”結(jié)構(gòu)與“sothat”的否定從句可以相互轉(zhuǎn)換。For example:It was too cold for us to go shopping= It was so cold that we couldnt go shopping.You are so big and the j

20、ar is so small that it could hardly hold one of your feet. = You are too big and the jar is too small for it to hold one of your feet.3)“enough to”結(jié)構(gòu)與“sothat”結(jié)構(gòu)相互轉(zhuǎn)換。For example:It was cold enough to freeze our fingers. = It was so cold that our fingers froze.The boys father was so thankful that he t

21、aught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph. = The boys father was thankful enough to teach Edison to send messages by railway telegraph.2.不同點:1)“tooto”結(jié)構(gòu)通常表示否定意義,“enough to”結(jié)構(gòu)則表示肯定意義。For example:He was too tired to go any further.(他太疲倦了,不能再往前走了。)(表否定意義)This book is easy enough for a six-

22、year old child to read.(這本書容易到六歲孩子都能讀得懂。)(表肯定意義)2)“tooto”和“enough to”結(jié)構(gòu)不能引導(dǎo)狀語,而“sothat”結(jié)構(gòu)可以引導(dǎo)狀語從句。For example:Its too hot to work.(簡單句)I was fool enough to believe her.(簡單句)He was so ill that we had to send for doctor.(復(fù)合句)3)enough作形容詞、副詞時,在句子中所處的位置不同: enough作為形容詞修飾名詞時,它的位置可以在所修飾的名詞前面或名詞的后面。 For exa

23、mple:We have money enough to buy a car.There was enough food left over to feed a dozen more people.Enough作為副詞時,它在修飾的形容詞或副詞后面。 For example:Hes not good enough for us to carry.(修飾形容詞)He plays the violin well enough to perform at a concert.(修飾副詞)“tooto”結(jié)構(gòu)的形式多樣,應(yīng)用方法也較靈活,因此在使用此結(jié)構(gòu)時不能只按傳統(tǒng)意義套用,要從實踐中學(xué)會靈活使用,正

24、確使用。本文所歸納的幾條規(guī)則,只是一個初步的嘗試,請讀者多加指正。 二0 0四年五月二十日淺談美國英語與英國英語的差別兩三百年來,美國英語在詞匯方面、語音方面、拼寫及語法習(xí)慣方面與英國英語有些分歧。美國英語和英國英語是同種語言,但這決不是美國所特有的一種語言。它們在語法基本規(guī)律、語音基本規(guī)律與詞匯方面是一致的,所有的分歧也只是在某些方面存在的問題,現(xiàn)就這些方面簡單地談?wù)?。一、美國英語與英國英語的分歧點:1.拼寫方面的分歧: 美國英語的拼寫經(jīng)過改革已經(jīng)簡單化了,它有以下兩個原則:(1) 取消不發(fā)音的字母而代以發(fā)音字母;(2) 除去所有的收尾默音e及雙重輔音字母。l 以-our結(jié)尾的詞在Ameri

25、can English中寫成-or。For example:colour-color;labour-labor;humour-humor;armour-armor;favour-favor。l 以-re結(jié)尾的詞在American English中寫成 er。For example:centre-center;metre-meter;theatre-theater;fibre-fiber。l 以-l結(jié)尾的詞在加上后綴時 Britain English要把- l 雙寫,而AmE則不雙寫。For example:labelled-labeled traveller-traveler;quarrelling-quarreling。l Britain English用l,而American English 則用 -ll。For example:enrol-enroll;fulfil-fulfill;skilful-skillful。l 以-p結(jié)尾的詞在加上后綴時,BrE將 p雙寫,而 AmE 則不雙寫。如:Worshippedworshiped;kidnappingkidnaping。l 以ise結(jié)尾的詞,BrE寫成 ise或 ize均可,而AmE 則一般寫成ize。For example:organiseorganize;civilisecivilize;mobilisem

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