阿司匹林的未來(lái)

1、阿司匹林的未來(lái)？科學(xué)松鼠會(huì) 發(fā)表于 2009-11-10翻譯：月亮居士，喜歡吃藥的男人，是的，有點(diǎn)得病癖！所以久病成醫(yī)，喜歡上了藥品People have known since ancient times that aspirin can reduce pain and high body temperature. But that is not all the drug can do. It has gained important new uses in recent years. Low amounts may help prevent health threats from stro

2、ke to heart attack. Recently, researchers reported that aspirin could help patients with one kind of cancer live longer.自古以來(lái)，人們就知道阿司匹林有緩解病痛和退熱的功效。但它能做的卻不僅于此。在過(guò)去幾年中，它又增加了幾種重要的新用途。低劑量的服用能夠保護(hù)心臟免受威脅。研究人員最近發(fā)表說(shuō)，阿司匹林能夠幫助患某一種癌癥的病人活得更久。At the same time, doctors warn that acid in aspirin can cause bleeding in

3、 the stomach and intestines.But there is promising evidence of a way to reduce the risk of bleeding. A newly reported British study suggests that taking another drug with a small amount of aspirin may help solve the problem. If that proves true, it would help thousands of people who are seeking to p

4、revent life-threatening conditions.同時(shí)，醫(yī)生們警告阿司匹林的酸性物質(zhì)能夠引起胃部和腸道的出血。但是有證據(jù)顯示有希望能夠減少出血的危險(xiǎn)。英國(guó)一項(xiàng)新的研究提議，同時(shí)服用另一種藥物和阿司匹林能夠解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。如果這個(gè)被證實(shí)是真的話，這能夠幫助數(shù)以千計(jì)正在冒險(xiǎn)承受生命危險(xiǎn)的人們。So, how did aspirin become so important? The story begins two thousand years ago with a willow tree. The Greek doctor Hippocrates advised his pati

5、ents to chew on the bark and leaves of the willow.The tree contains a chemical called salicin. In the eighteen hundreds, researchers discovered how to make salicylic acid from the chemical. In eighteen ninety-seven, a chemist named Felix Hoffmann at Friedrich Bayer and Company in Germany created ace

6、tyl salicylic acid.Later, it became the active substance in a medicine that Bayer called aspirin. The "a" came from acetyl. The "spir" came from the spirea plant, which also produces salicin. And the "in"? That is a common way to end medicine names.那么，為什么阿司匹林變得如此重要?這個(gè)故事

7、要從兩千年前的一棵柳樹(shù)說(shuō)起。希臘醫(yī)生HIPPOCRATES建議他的病人去咀嚼柳樹(shù)的樹(shù)葉和樹(shù)皮。這種樹(shù)包含著一種名為水楊苷的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。在1800年，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了怎么從這種化學(xué)物質(zhì)中提取水楊酸。在1897年，德國(guó)貝爾公司的一名化學(xué)家FELIX HOFFMANN制造了乙酸基水楊苷。后來(lái)，它成了一種被命名為阿司匹林（aspirin）藥物的主要成分?！癮”取自“acetyl”（乙酸基），“spir”取自“spirea”（繡線菊類(lèi)的植物，另一種也能制造酸的植物），那么“in”呢？藥物的名字一般都以“in”結(jié)尾。In nineteen eighty-two, a British scientist sha

8、red the Nobel Prize in Medicine in part for discovering how aspirin works. Sir John Vane found that aspirin blocks the body from making natural substances called prostaglandins.在1982年，一名英國(guó)科學(xué)家因發(fā)現(xiàn)阿司匹林工作原理而分享了諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)。JOHN VANE爵士發(fā)現(xiàn)阿司匹林會(huì)阻礙身體產(chǎn)生一種名為前列腺素的自然物質(zhì)。Prostaglandins have several effects on the body. So

9、me cause pain and the expansion, or swelling, of damaged tissue. Others protect the lining of the stomach and small intestine.前列腺素對(duì)身體有很多影響。一部分能引起疼痛和和受損組織的擴(kuò)張。另一部分就是保護(hù)胃壁和腸道壁。Prostaglandins also make the heart, kidneys and blood vessels work well. But there is a problem. Aspirin works against all prost

10、aglandins, good and bad.前列腺素能使心臟，腎，血管工作正常。但是卻有一個(gè)問(wèn)題。阿司匹林會(huì)無(wú)選擇地消滅所有類(lèi)型的前列腺素，不管好壞。Scientists learned how aspirin interferes with an enzyme. One form of this enzyme makes the prostaglandin that causes pain and swelling. Another form of the enzyme creates a protective effect. So aspirin can reduce pain and

11、 swelling in damaged tissues. But it can also harm the inside of the stomach and small intestine. Sometimes it can cause bleeding.科學(xué)家知道阿司匹林怎么干擾一種酶。這種酶的一種形態(tài)制造了這種能夠產(chǎn)生疼痛和擴(kuò)張的前列腺素。這種酶的另一種形態(tài)產(chǎn)生保護(hù)作用。所以阿司匹林能夠在創(chuàng)傷組織上減少疼痛和擴(kuò)張。但是它同時(shí)能危害內(nèi)部的腸胃。有時(shí)候甚至能造成出血。Aspirin competes with many other medicines for pain and fever

12、these days. The competition includes acetaminophen, the active substance in products like Tylenol. Like the medicine ibuprofen, aspirin is an NSAID - a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.現(xiàn)在，阿司匹林一直與其他治療病痛和高燒的藥物進(jìn)行競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手中包括醋氨酚（退熱凈，一種代替阿司匹林的解熱鎮(zhèn)痛藥），主要成分為 羥苯基乙酰胺。跟布洛芬（抗炎，鎮(zhèn)痛藥）一樣，阿司匹林也是一種非甾體抗炎藥。Many peopl

13、e take aspirin to reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke from blood clots. Clots can block the flow of blood to the heart or brain and cause a heart attack or stroke. Scientists say aspirin prevents blood cells called platelets from sticking together to form clots.很多人服用阿司匹林，以期降低患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)以及治療血液凝塊。

14、血液凝塊會(huì)阻塞血液往心臟的流動(dòng)并引起心臟病，科學(xué)家說(shuō)阿司匹林阿司匹林能夠阻止血小板黏在一起形成阻塞。A California doctor named Lawrence Craven first noted this effect about sixty years ago. He observed unusual bleeding in children who chewed on an aspirin product to ease the pain after a common operation.Doctor Craven believed that the bleeding took

15、 place because aspirin prevented blood from thickening.  He thought that this effect might help prevent heart attacks caused by blood clots.CRAVEN醫(yī)生相信出血的發(fā)生是因?yàn)榘⑺酒チ帜軌蚍乐寡鹤冋吵?。他想這個(gè)作用可以防止因心肌梗塞而引起的心臟病。He examined the medical records of eight thousand aspirin users and found no heart attacks in this g

16、roup. He invited other scientists to test his ideas. But it was years before large studies took place.他檢查了有關(guān)八千阿司匹林用戶的醫(yī)藥記錄，發(fā)現(xiàn)在這組中沒(méi)有一個(gè)心臟病患者。他邀請(qǐng)其他科學(xué)家去測(cè)試他的想法。但開(kāi)展大規(guī)模研究，那是好幾年后的事情了。Charles Hennekens of Harvard Medical School led one of the studies. In nineteen eighty-three, he began to study more than twen

17、ty-two thousand healthy male doctors over forty years of age. Half took an aspirin every other day. The others took what they thought was aspirin. It was only a placebo, a harmless substance.哈佛醫(yī)學(xué)院的CHARLES HENNEKENS繼續(xù)其中的一個(gè)研究。在1983年，他開(kāi)始了一個(gè)有兩萬(wàn)兩千名年齡大于四十歲的健康男性醫(yī)生參與的研究。一半人每隔一天服用一次阿司匹林。其他人服用假的阿司匹林（服用的人不知道），

18、其實(shí)只是一種無(wú)害的安慰劑。Five years later, Doctor Hennekens reported that those who took aspirin reduced their risk of a heart attack. But they had a higher risk of bleeding in the brain than the other doctors.五年以后，HENNEKENS博士報(bào)道服用阿司匹林的人降低了患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。但是他們卻比其他人有更高的腦溢血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。More recently, a group of experts examined st

19、udies of aspirin at the request of federal health officials in the United States. The experts said people with an increased risk of a heart attack should take a low-strength aspirin every day.最近，一組專(zhuān)家在應(yīng)美國(guó)公共健康部門(mén)的請(qǐng)求后，調(diào)查了關(guān)于阿司匹林的研究數(shù)據(jù)。專(zhuān)家說(shuō)心臟病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不斷增加的人群應(yīng)該每天服用低劑量的阿司匹林。Aspirin may help someone who is having a

20、heart attack caused by a blockage in a blood vessel. Aspirin thins the blood, so it may be able to flow past the blockage. But heart experts say people should seek emergency help immediately. They say an aspirin is no substitute for treatment.阿司匹林可能會(huì)幫助一些因血管阻塞而引起的心臟病。阿司匹林會(huì)使血液濃度降低，所以血液會(huì)自行流過(guò)阻礙。但是專(zhuān)家又說(shuō)人們

21、需要尋求正規(guī)的緊急援助，一片阿司匹林代替不了治療。Studies also suggest that aspirin can help with cancer prevention and survival. Several studies have found that men who take NSAIDS have a decreased risk of prostate cancer. The prostate is part of the male reproductive system.研究顯示阿司匹林能起到預(yù)防癌癥和延長(zhǎng)生命的作用，一些學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)使用NSAIDS的人患前列腺癌的幾率

22、明顯降低。前列腺是男性生殖系統(tǒng)的一部分。Researchers at the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota wanted to see how NSAIDs might affect prostates that are enlarged but not cancerous.  They followed the health of two thousand five hundred men for twelve years. One-third were taking NSAIDs daily when they entered the study.位于明尼蘇達(dá)

23、州的梅奧醫(yī)療中心的研究人員希望研究出非甾體抗炎藥如何影響前列腺腫脹問(wèn)題并且不患癌。他們跟蹤研究2500人的健康情況長(zhǎng)達(dá)十二年。三分之一的人在他們進(jìn)入研究時(shí)就每天服用非甾體抗炎藥。The researchers said these drugs may delay or stop development of an enlarged prostate. They said the risk of an enlarged prostate was fifty percent lower in the NSAID users than the other men. The risk of bladd

24、er problems was thirty-five percent lower.研究人員說(shuō)這些藥物能夠推遲或阻止前列腺腫脹的發(fā)展。在服用非甾體抗炎藥的人群中得前列腺癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比其他人低50%，得膀胱癌的要低35%。Another study found that aspirin blocks the formation of blood vessels that feed cancer growth. Researchers at Newcastle University in England explored a biological process that makes blood ve

25、ssels grow.另一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)阿司匹林會(huì)阻礙使患癌癥幾率增大的血管的形成。英國(guó)紐卡斯?fàn)柎髮W(xué)的研究人員正在探索使血管生長(zhǎng)的生物過(guò)程。The researchers studied how aspirin affects the cells found on the inner surface of blood vessels. They found that a small amount of aspirin suppressed the way the cells form tubes.Studies have found that aspirin may help prevent ca

26、ncers of the stomach, intestines and colon. Research reported earlier this year told about people who had colorectal cancer. They found that aspirin users had an almost thirty percent lower risk of dying from their cancer. That was during an average of eleven years after the cancer was discovered.研究

27、人員研究阿司匹林也許可以幫助預(yù)防胃，腸，直腸生癌。研究報(bào)告在今年早些時(shí)候告訴了參加試驗(yàn)的人中誰(shuí)患了直腸癌。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)服用阿司匹林的人死于癌癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比不服用的人低30%。這是在癌癥被發(fā)現(xiàn)后十一年以來(lái)的平均數(shù)據(jù)。Aspirin does not help everything, however. It can cause problems. For example, it can interfere with other medicines, although this is true of many drugs.然而阿司匹林并不是萬(wàn)能的，它還會(huì)引起一些問(wèn)題。它會(huì)阻礙其他藥物的藥性，在大多數(shù)的情況下

28、是這樣的。Also, some people should not take aspirin. People who take other blood thinners or have bleeding disorders are among this group. Pregnant women are usually told to avoid aspirin.并且，一些人是不可以服用阿司匹林的。患有貧血和出血失調(diào)癥的人就包括其中。懷孕的婦女就常常被提醒禁止服用阿司匹林。Research has shown a link between aspirin use and the disease

29、 Reye's Syndrome. Children's doctors say patients up to age nineteen should not take anything containing Salicylatic products when sick with high temperatures.研究成果顯示在服用阿司匹林與瑞氏綜合癥之間的聯(lián)系。兒童醫(yī)生說(shuō)小于19歲發(fā)高燒的病人不應(yīng)該服用包含水楊酸的藥品。The National Reye's Syndrome Foundation warns about aspirin use, especiall

30、y during the spread of influenza. In the past, children have died or suffered permanent harm from Reye's Syndrome during widespread influenza attacks.國(guó)家瑞斯綜合癥基金會(huì)要慎用阿司匹林，特別是在流行性感冒肆虐。在過(guò)去流感流行時(shí)，一些孩子因瑞斯綜合癥死亡或者受到永久性傷害。People taking low-dose aspirin who fear stomach and intestinal ulcers and bleeding ha

31、d some good news a few months ago. The British medical journal "Lancet" published a study about the drug famotidine, also known as Pepcid. The study suggested that famotidine taken with low-dose aspirin may prevent ulcers. This break down of tissue can cause bleeding.一些服用低劑量阿司匹林卻又害怕腸胃潰瘍的人在幾個(gè)月前得到了一些好消息。英國(guó)醫(yī)藥雜志柳葉刀