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1、漢譯英gear :調(diào)整 imperative :強(qiáng)制的，必須的 intuitively：直覺的，直觀的 instance ：實(shí)例 addressing mode ：尋址模式source code ：源代碼，源程序傳感器，換能器 raster:光柵，屏面 single-shot:單脈沖 sonic boom:聲爆 fundamental frequency:基頻 CRT :Cathode Ray Tube 陰極射線管 concerned:有關(guān)的 diagram：圖表 mnemonics:助記符 threshold：門限，閾值 probe:探針，探頭 impedance:阻抗timing diag

2、ram 時(shí)序圖 time base:時(shí)基 propagation delay :傳播延遲 data acquisition :數(shù)據(jù)采集 SUT： System Under Test 被測(cè)系統(tǒng)英譯漢ISO : International Standard OrganizationRTOS : Real-Time Operating SystemISR: Interrupt Service RoutineIDE: Integrated Development Environmenthistogram equalization 直方圖 odd field 奇數(shù)場(chǎng)even field 偶數(shù)場(chǎng)PAL P

3、hase Alternation By Line 逐行倒相Cross-compiler 交叉編譯器PDA Personal Digital Assistant 個(gè)人數(shù)字助理RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer 精簡指令集計(jì)算機(jī)SECAM SEquential Couleur Avec Memoire 順序與存儲(chǔ)彩色電視系統(tǒng)MRI Magnetic Resonance Imagine 核磁共振成像DCT Discrete Cosine Transfor 離散余弦變換LCD Liquid Crystal Display 液晶顯示器CCD Charge Coup

4、led Device 電荷耦合器件 Diagnosing timing problems in SUT hardware. 診斷SUT硬件的時(shí)序問題 Measuring hardware timing-related characteristics: 測(cè)量硬件時(shí)序特性 Race conditions Propagation delays Absence or presence of pluses Analyzing glitches 競爭狀態(tài) 傳輸延遲 脈沖的有無 分析毛刺DMM: Digital Multimeter UUT: Unit Under Test transducer: A pr

5、ocessor is assembly language is defined by its opcodes, addressing modes, registers , and memories. The opcode distinguishes ,for example ,addition from a conditional branch ,and an adressing mode defines how and where data is gathered and stored(such as,from a register or from a particular memory l

6、ocation). Registers can be thought of as small ,fast, and easy-to-access pieces of memory.某種微處理器的匯編語言是由操作碼、尋址模式、寄存器和儲(chǔ)存器來定義的。操作碼用于區(qū)分不同的操作。例如 ，是加法 還是條件轉(zhuǎn)移。尋址模式定義了數(shù)據(jù)聚集、存儲(chǔ)（例如，來自寄存器還是來自特定存儲(chǔ)器位置）的方式。寄存器可被視作速度快且易于訪問的小容量存儲(chǔ)器。Many embedded systems use a real-time operating system(RTOS)to simulate concurrency on

7、 a single processes. An RTOS manages multiple running processes, each written in a sequential language such as C. The processes perform the system is comptations and the RTOS schedules them. The scheduling attempts to meet deadines by deciding which processes run at what times and in what order.Most

8、 real-time operating systems use fixed-priority preemptive scheduling in which each process is given a particular priority(a small integer) when the system is designed. An any time, the RTOS runs the highest-priority running process, which is expected to run for a short preiod of time before suspend

9、ing itself to wait for more data. Priorities are usually asssigned using rate-monotonic analysis ,which assigns higher ptiorities to processes that must meet dadines that are more frequent.許多嵌入式系統(tǒng)使用“實(shí)時(shí)操作系統(tǒng)”（RTOS）來模擬單片機(jī)處理器的并發(fā)性，RTOS管理多個(gè)正在運(yùn)行的進(jìn)程，每個(gè)進(jìn)程都是用語言這樣的順序執(zhí)行語音編寫的。進(jìn)程完成順序的運(yùn)算，而RTOS對(duì)他們進(jìn)行調(diào)度。為了滿足“時(shí)限”（daea

10、line）要求調(diào)度機(jī)制將決定哪個(gè)進(jìn)程何時(shí)、以何種順序執(zhí)行。多數(shù)RTOS 使用固定優(yōu)先級(jí)的先占調(diào)度機(jī)構(gòu)；在系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)之時(shí)，每個(gè)進(jìn)程就被賦予某個(gè)特定優(yōu)先級(jí)（即一個(gè)小整數(shù)）。在任意時(shí)刻，RTOS都運(yùn)行具有最高優(yōu)先級(jí)的進(jìn)程；在運(yùn)行一段時(shí)間之后，該進(jìn)程就掛起、等待更多數(shù)據(jù)的到來。通常，RTOS 使用“率單調(diào)分析”來分配優(yōu)先級(jí)，最高優(yōu)先級(jí)被分配給那些需要頻繁滿足“時(shí)限”的進(jìn)程。 To earn the distinctive title “Real-Time Operating System”(RTOS),an operaing system should be deterministic and have

11、 guaranteed worst-case interrupt latency and context-switch times. Given these characteristics and the relative priorities of the tasks and iinterrupts in your system,it is possible to analyze the worse-case performance of the software using a technique such as rate monotonic analysis. 要想獲得“實(shí)時(shí)操作系統(tǒng)”的

12、名稱，這個(gè)操作系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該是“確定的”，并要確?！白顗那闆r下”的“中斷反應(yīng)時(shí)間”和“任務(wù)切換時(shí)間”。當(dāng)給定這些特征以及系統(tǒng)中的任務(wù)和中斷的“相對(duì)優(yōu)先級(jí)”時(shí)，就有可能使用“率單調(diào)分析法”對(duì)軟件的最歡情況性能進(jìn)行分析了。 系統(tǒng)軟件是用于控制計(jì)算機(jī)和開發(fā),運(yùn)行應(yīng)用程序的程序。系統(tǒng)軟件包括操作系統(tǒng),TP監(jiān)控系統(tǒng),網(wǎng)絡(luò)操作系統(tǒng)和數(shù)據(jù)庫管理器。 System software is a program used to control the computer and develop and run application programs. It includes operating systems,TP m

13、onitors, network operating systems and database managers. “軟件”意味著“計(jì)算機(jī)指令”?！俺绦颉本褪怯靡酝瓿赡稠?xiàng)工作的一組指令。軟件可分為“系統(tǒng)軟件”,“應(yīng)用軟件”兩大類。“系統(tǒng)軟件”由操作系統(tǒng),數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)等控制程序組成，而用戶處理數(shù)據(jù)的任何程序（如電子表格軟件,字處理軟件等）都屬于“應(yīng)用軟件”。人們常把“軟件”誤認(rèn)為是“數(shù)據(jù)”，其實(shí)不然。軟件告訴硬件該如何處理數(shù)據(jù)。軟件是“被運(yùn)行的”，而數(shù)據(jù)是“被處理的”。 The software is instructions for the computer. A series of ins

14、tructions that performs a particular task is called a “program”. The two major categories of software are “system software” and “application system” .System software is made up of control programs such as the operatingg system and database management system(DBMS). Application such as the operating s

15、ystem is any program that processes data for the user(spreadsheet,wordprocessor, ect). A common misconception is that software is date. It is not. Software tells the hardware how to process the data . Software is “run ”. Data are “processed”.To cite another example ，engineers must characterize their

16、 emerging designs to ensure that the new hardware meets design specifications across the full range of operation and beyond .This is known as margin or limit testing .It is a measurement task that requires a complete solution;one that can generate signals as well as make measurements.舉另外一個(gè)例子。為了確保新硬件

17、在整個(gè)工作范圍以及該范圍之外滿足性能設(shè)計(jì)要求，工程師必須對(duì)即將完成的設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行特性評(píng)價(jià)。這就是所謂的“邊際測(cè)試或極限測(cè)試”。這件測(cè)量工作就需要一個(gè)“完整的”解決方案一個(gè)既能進(jìn)行測(cè)量、又能產(chǎn)生信號(hào)的方案。 Oscilloscopes can be classified similarly-as analog and digital types .For many applications,either an analog or digital oscilloscope will do.However,each type has unique characteristics that may mak

18、e it more or less suitable for specific applications.Digital oscilloscopes can be further classified into digital storage oscilloscopes (DSOs),digital phosphor oscilloscopes (DPOs) and sampling oscilloscopes.示波器也有類似的分類模擬示波器和數(shù)字示波器。對(duì)很多應(yīng)用而言，二者都可勝任。然而，它們也有各自獨(dú)特之處；對(duì)特定應(yīng)用而言，這些獨(dú)特之處可能使之更適用，也可能使之不很適用。數(shù)字示波器還可進(jìn)一

19、步分為“數(shù)字存儲(chǔ)示波器”(DSO)、“數(shù)字熒光示波器”(DPO)和“采樣示波器”三類。When measuring high-frequency signals ,the oscilloscope may not be able to collect enough samples in one sweep.A digital sampling oscilloscope is an ideal tool for accurately capturing signals whose frequency components are much higher than the oscilloscope

20、s sample rate.This oscilloscope is capable of measuring signals of up to an order of magnitude faster than any other oscilloscope.It can achieve bandwidth and high-speed timing ten times higher than other oscilloscopes for repetitive signals .Sequential equivalent-time sampling oscilloscopes are ava

21、ilable with bandwidths to 50 GHz.在測(cè)量高頻信號(hào)時(shí)，示波器在一次掃描中可能無法搜集足夠多的樣本。當(dāng)需要準(zhǔn)確記錄那些頻率成分遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過示波器采樣頻率的信號(hào)時(shí)，數(shù)字采樣示波器就是一種理想的工具。這種示波器能夠測(cè)量的信號(hào)速度要比其它示波器能夠測(cè)量的信號(hào)速度快一個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí)。對(duì)于重復(fù)信號(hào)而言，數(shù)字采樣示波器的帶寬和高速時(shí)序是其他示波器的10倍。連續(xù)等效時(shí)間采樣示波器的帶寬可達(dá)50GHz。 The logic analyzers probing ,triggering ,and clocking systems exist to deliver data to the real

22、-time acquisition memory.This memory is the heart of the instrumentthe destination for all of the sampled data from the SUT,and the source for all of the instruments analysis and display.邏輯分析儀的探測(cè)、觸發(fā)和定時(shí)系統(tǒng)將數(shù)據(jù)傳送給實(shí)時(shí)采集存儲(chǔ)器。這個(gè)存儲(chǔ)器是邏輯分析儀的心臟它既是所有SUT的采樣數(shù)據(jù)的目的地，也是邏輯分析儀所有分析顯示功能的數(shù)據(jù)來源。 Rise and fall time are measur

23、es of the time it takes the signal edge to make a transition from one state to another.In modern digital circuitry,these values are usually several nanoseconds.“上升時(shí)間”和“下降時(shí)間”是指信號(hào)邊沿進(jìn)行狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換所用的時(shí)間。在現(xiàn)代數(shù)字電路中，其數(shù)值通常是幾個(gè)納秒。 The noise is an extraneous signal that invades an electrical transmission.It can come fr

24、om strong electrical or magnetic signals in nearby lines,from poorly fitting electrical contacts,and from power line spikes.“噪聲”是一種侵入到電氣傳輸中的無關(guān)信號(hào)。“噪聲”來源可能是附近電線的強(qiáng)電磁信號(hào)、匹配欠佳的電氣連接和電力線尖峰信號(hào)。1. See how long the batteries will last. Many digital cameras eat batteries because they have to power an image senso

25、r，an panel and a microprocessor all at the same time，and sometimes theres a flash as well！See how long the batteries will really last in your camera。See if the camera will accept normal alkaline in a pinch. If you plan on using your camera for long periods of time，think about purchasing an extra bat

26、tery for it.1. 看看電池能用多長時(shí)間，許多數(shù)碼相機(jī)很費(fèi)電必須同時(shí)為圖像傳感器、液晶顯示屏和微處理器供電，也許還有閃光燈！看看相機(jī)中的電池究竟能用多久?？纯聪鄼C(jī)是否允許在緊急情況下使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的堿性電池。如果打算長時(shí)間使用手機(jī)的話，就應(yīng)該多考慮另外購買一塊電池。LCD 2. Each second of standard video contains 30 complete images，commonly called frames. A video engineer would say that each frame contains 525 lines，the television

27、 jargon for what programmers call rows. This number is a little deceptive because only 480 to 486 of these lines contains video information；the remaining 39 to 45 lines are reserved for sync pulses to keep the televisions circuits synchronized with the video signal2. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)視頻信號(hào)在一秒鐘內(nèi)包含30幅完整圖像，每一幅圖像通常被稱作一

28、“幀”。視頻工程師會(huì)說每幀包含525線?！熬€”也是電視術(shù)語。而程序員稱之為“行”。525這個(gè)數(shù)字有點(diǎn)名不副實(shí)，因?yàn)橹挥?80486線包含視頻信息；其余2945線保留用于視頻信號(hào)同步。3. All compression systems require two algorithms：one for compressing the data the source，and another for decompressing it at the destination. In the literature.these algorithms are referred to as the encoding and decoding algorithms,respectively.任何壓縮方法都由兩個(gè)算法構(gòu)成。一個(gè)算法在信源壓縮數(shù)據(jù)，另一個(gè)算法在信宿解壓數(shù)據(jù)。在專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)中，這兩個(gè)算法分別稱作為“編碼算法”和“解碼算法”。4.As