23個(gè)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞

1、23個(gè)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞（如to date）當(dāng)然ever, never, just（方才/剛剛）, already（已經(jīng)）, yet（到目前為止）, today, this morning/week/year也是可以使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，并非是大多數(shù)原則。出現(xiàn)以下的詞匯，通常使用“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)”結(jié)構(gòu)。1)ever since, since, since then3個(gè)2)by now, so far, till/until now, up to now5個(gè)3)before, lately, recently3個(gè)4)in recent years；in the past2個(gè)5)in/for/over/du

2、ring the last/past +時(shí)間段2個(gè)6)This/That/It is + 最高級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu) (that) +從句用現(xiàn)完1個(gè)7)This/That/It is the first/second time (that) +從句用現(xiàn)完1個(gè)8)This/That/It is the only(that) +從句用現(xiàn)完1個(gè)9)不很常見的up to the present, to date, thus far3個(gè)10)不很常見的long ago, from2個(gè)以上的劃分是為了講解記憶的方便而已。1.ever since, since, since then3個(gè)ever since, since中

3、的since可以是副詞，也可以是介詞、連詞；since then為介詞+名詞（或副詞）結(jié)構(gòu)朗文英語語法第309頁9.25.2與since和for連用的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)since和for常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用，表示直到現(xiàn)在的時(shí)段。since（+時(shí)點(diǎn)）可用作：since連詞：Tom hasnt been home since he was a boy. 湯姆從小就不在家了。since副詞：I saw Fiona in May and I havent seen her since.我5月份見過菲奧娜，此后我就沒有再見過她了。since介詞：Ive lived here since 1980. 自1980年起

4、我就住在這兒。since用作連詞時(shí)，后面可跟一般過去時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：I retired in 1980 and came to live here. Ive lived here since I retired.我于1980年退休后就搬到這里。我自退休后就一直住在這兒。（即我調(diào)休的時(shí)點(diǎn)：1980年）I have lived here for several years now and Ive made many new friends since I have lived here.我已在這里住了好多年。從我在這里住下到現(xiàn)在，我已交了許多新朋友。（即一直到現(xiàn)在）2.by now, so far

5、, till/until now, up to now5個(gè)這幾個(gè)是“到現(xiàn)在為止/到目前為主/迄今（為止）”，常使用現(xiàn)完中考考點(diǎn)。高階英語語法（增補(bǔ)本 杜永文編著）第295頁0433If he sent the letter to me last Wednesday, why have not I received it by now?如果上個(gè)星期三他把信寄給我了，為什么到現(xiàn)在我還不曾收到？麥克米倫高階英漢雙解詞典第1420頁now詞條The meeting should have finished by now. 會(huì)議現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該已經(jīng)結(jié)束了。劍橋高階英漢雙解詞典第785頁far詞條so far:

6、until now迄今為止；到目前為止So far weve made thirty-two thousand pounds.到目前為止，我們已經(jīng)賺了32 000英鎊。麥克米倫高階英漢雙解詞典第738頁far詞條so far: until now迄今為止So far we have restricted our attention to the local area.迄今為止，我們都把注意力局限在當(dāng)?shù)亍｛溈嗣讉惛唠A英漢雙解詞典第1420頁now詞條up to now/ until nowUntil now, weve had very mild weather this winter.我們今年

7、冬天的天氣一直到現(xiàn)在都比較暖和。COBUILD英漢雙解詞典第2155頁up詞條Up to now theyve had very little say. 一直到現(xiàn)在他們還很少有發(fā)言權(quán)。3.before(now), lately, recently3個(gè)before必須是副詞詞性，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“從現(xiàn)在開始追溯到過去的一段時(shí)間”，使用現(xiàn)完；recently與lately相近，含義有兩個(gè)“最近的/近來的，不久前的”，因此前者的含義大多使用現(xiàn)完結(jié)構(gòu)，后者的含義使用一般過去時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)。朗文英語語法第308頁9.25.1Olga hasnt appeared on TV before now. 奧爾加在此以前沒有上

8、過電視。韋氏高階英漢雙解詞典第176頁before詞條before: adv. at an earlier time以前；過去Havent we met before? 我們以前沒見過？We havent had these problems before. 我們以前從未碰倒過這些問題。英語詞匯用法手冊(cè)(L. G. 亞歷山大編著)第159頁late, lately詞條We havent seen you lately. 最近我們一直沒見過你。（lately = 近來）朗文當(dāng)代高級(jí)英語辭典第五版第2394頁smile詞條I havent had much to smile about latel

9、y. 近來我沒什么開心的事情。葛傳槼英語慣用法詞典第475頁recently詞條5.recently可與修飾屬于完成時(shí)態(tài)或過去時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞。例如：I (have) heard from him recently.COBUILD柯林斯 英漢雙解詞典辛克萊著第1612頁recently詞條I havent heard from her recently. 近來我沒有接到她的信。4.in recent years；in the past2個(gè)上海高考英語2015年考查過in recent years這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)；in the past可以使用過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)等結(jié)構(gòu)新概念英語第二冊(cè)第58課 A blessi

10、ng in disguise? 是因禍得福嗎？The tree was planted near a church fifty years ago, but it is only in recent yearsthat it has gained an evil reputation.后半句事實(shí)上是個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句，可理解為that it has gained an evil reputation only in recent years. 這里把recent對(duì)應(yīng)于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)源于此。麥克米倫高階英漢雙解詞典第1059頁in詞條44c: within a period of time在（一段時(shí)間）之內(nèi)：

11、Unemployment has risen by over 15% in the past year.失業(yè)率在去年一年內(nèi)上升了15%以上?，F(xiàn)代英語用法詞典（修訂版 張道真主編）第1059頁past詞條In the past I have had many jobs. (DCE)In the past trains were pulled by steam-engines. (OSD)5.in/for/over/during the last/past +時(shí)間段2個(gè)這個(gè)大結(jié)構(gòu)大多使用現(xiàn)完，高考英語考查兩處：介詞（與現(xiàn)完的搭配）；現(xiàn)完（與介詞結(jié)構(gòu)的搭配）6.This/That/It is +最高

12、級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu) (that) +從句用現(xiàn)完1個(gè)事實(shí)上，實(shí)際應(yīng)用中未見得完全如此，但考試還是一個(gè)要求。朗文英語語法第308頁9.25.1Its the most interesting book Ive ever read. 這是我讀過的最有意識(shí)的書。牛津英語用法指南（第三版）第920頁Its one of the most interesting books Ive ever read.這是我看過的最有意識(shí)的書中的一本。朗文英語語法第40頁Its the silliest argument (that) Ive ever heard. 這是我聽說過的最愚蠢的論點(diǎn)。Bachs the greatest

13、composer thats (or whos) ever lived.巴赫是曾有過的最偉大的作曲家。朗文英語語法第219頁6.28.1我們也可以在最高級(jí)之后用一關(guān)系從句。這種從句經(jīng)常伴隨著帶有ever heard, met, read, seen等詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：War and Peace is the longest book (that) I have ever read.戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與和平是我所看過的書中最長(zhǎng)的一部。Penfold is the most conceited man (that/whom) I have ever met.彭福爾德是我所遇到的人中最自負(fù)的一個(gè)。7.This/It

14、/That is the first/second time (that) +從句用現(xiàn)完1個(gè)該條目算是硬性的規(guī)定。牛津英語語法：即學(xué)即練第30頁在Its/This is the first/second time之后，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。This is the first time weve been to Scotland, so its all new to us.This is the second time Rachel has forgotten to give me a message.I love this film. I think its the fourth time Ive s

15、een it.牛津英語用法指南（第三版）第920頁This is the first that Ive heard her sing. 這是我第一次聽見她唱歌。8.This/That/It is the only(that) +從句用現(xiàn)完1個(gè)本條目屬于語法結(jié)構(gòu)上的規(guī)定。牛津英語用法指南（第三版）第920頁在以this/it/that is the first/second/third/only/best/worst等構(gòu)建的句子里，要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。朗文英語語法第42頁1.43關(guān)系從句之所指：一個(gè)句子可以包括一個(gè)以上的關(guān)系詞：Its the only building (which) Ive ev

16、er seen which is made entirely of glass.這是我所見過的唯一的一座全部用玻璃造的建筑物。（第一個(gè)which一般可以省略。）9.不很常見的up to the present, to date, thus far3個(gè)相當(dāng)于by now, so far結(jié)構(gòu)，只是目前的教科書、語法書講解得不多而已。韋氏高階英漢雙解詞典第1633頁present詞條I have worked here from 2000 to the present.我自2000年到現(xiàn)在一直在這兒工作。韋氏高階英漢雙解詞典第2310頁up詞條Up to this point, we have be

17、en discussing our long-term goals.直到現(xiàn)在為止，我們一直在談?wù)撐覀兊拈L(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)。Up to (= until) that time they had been fairly successful. 他們一直相當(dāng)成功。韋氏高階英漢雙解詞典第536頁date詞條to date: up to now; until the present time迄今為止Weve received no complaints to date. (= yet) 迄今為止，我們沒有接到任何投訴。To date, most of their work has been preparatory

18、.迄今為止，他們做的工作大多是籌備方面的。韋氏高階英漢雙解詞典第767頁far詞條thus far: until the present time: so far到目前為止Thus far the results have been disappointing. 到目前為止結(jié)果令人失望。10.不很常見的long ago, from2個(gè)long ago屬于常見的（違反含義與語法的結(jié)構(gòu)，但事實(shí)上是屬于）固定搭配；from例句不多，但也可見到from（介詞）與現(xiàn)完搭配的實(shí)例并非重要考點(diǎn)。韋氏高階英漢雙解詞典第1238頁long詞條long since很久以前questions that have long since been answered (= questions that were answered long ago)早已回答過的問題an animal that has long since disappeared from this region這一地區(qū)絕跡已久的一種動(dòng)物COBUILD英漢雙解詞典第1818頁since詞條long since早就The time for talk