歐洲文化入門復(fù)習(xí)資料

1、一 細節(jié)知識點（一） Greek Roman 1. dramal Aeschylus埃斯基洛斯：Prometheus Bound 被束縛的普羅米修斯,Persians波斯人，Agamennonl Sophcles索發(fā)克里斯：（tragic art）Oedipus the king, Electra，Antigonel Euripides歐里庇得斯：“problem plays”，Andromache，Medea，Trojan Womenl Aristophanes阿里斯多芬尼斯：Frogs，Clouds，Wasps，Birds2. Historianl Herodotus：*“father o

2、f history”* from Greek to Persians *full of anecdotes and dialogues ,interestingl Thucydides: *younger than Herodotus *Athens to Sparta and Athens to Syracuse希拉庫薩 *style is imagination and power *the greatest historian that ever lived3. philosophy and sciencel Pythagoras畢達哥拉斯： *bold thinker *believe

3、 everything is numbers* scientific mathematics-point，line ，magnitude震級，surface，body，first proportionl Heracleitus赫拉克里克：*fire is the primary element of universe*sayings: all is flux，nothing stationary/you cannot step twice into the same river/fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you/ the sun is new

4、every day.*believe mingling of opposites ,opposites produce harmony (二) Bible translationl Latin version：383-405AD by St .Jerome l English version：1382 John Wycliff (三)Middle ages/ Medieval 1. AD 476 Roman power was gone 2. after 1054 Church was divided into Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churc

5、h 3.The Crusades: 10961291 last for about 200 years 4.learning： Charlemagne查理曼大帝：*western and central Europe*father of Europe .Emperor of Romans in 800*Carolingian Renaissance加洛林*encourage Christian religion and ancient learning by setting monastery schools Alfred the Great阿爾弗雷德大帝：*ruler of Anglo Sa

6、xon of Wessex*Encourage teacher and scholars , Wessex center of learning*Anglo Saxon chronicles英國編年史 St .Thomas Aquinas *Italian philosopher ,scholasticism經(jīng)院哲學(xué) *Summa Contra Centiles , Summa Theologiae 神學(xué)大全*building a society of “Gods rule”Gods will” ，Pope is“Christs plenipotentiary基督的全權(quán)代表 ” above s

7、ecular rulers Roger Bacon羅杰培根*a British monk ,one of the earliest advocates of experimental scientific research and observation *works :Opus maius ,encyclopedia of the sciences of his time5Literature Beowulf :an Anglo Saxon epic Song of Roland ，La Chanson de Gestes: French Dante：the divine of comedy

8、神曲 greatest poet of Italy Geoffrey Chaucer 喬叟：English poet ：canterbury tales坎特伯雷故事集，（first short story teller, first modern poet in English literature ）（四）Renaissance 1.started in Florence and Venice， Italy 2.heart of Renaissance philosophy is greatness of man ，humanism 3.masterpieces : Giovanni Boc

9、caccio薄伽丘：Decameron十日談（the greatest achievement of prose fiction 散文小說in the middle ages） Francesco Petrarch彼德拉克：*discover Ciceros Oration Oro Arochia,a Roman defense of poetry *Works： Canzoniers（lyrical）, Africa，Metrical Epistles，On Contempt for the Worldly Life，On Solitude，Ecologues， The LettersGio

10、tto喬托： *forerunner of Renaissance，led the way to humanism，realistic depiction of space *works: Flight into Egypt ,Betrayal of JudasGiorgione喬爾喬捏：Tempesta , Sleeping Venus （use of colour schemes to unify picture and most revolutionary result in this sphere)Leonardo da Vinci: *painter, sculptor, archi

11、tect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer.*12 paintings 5000 books ,Renaissance man in the true sense of word.*Last Supper(most famous religious pictures), Mona Lisa(most portrait) Michelangelo Buonarroti: * an Italian sculptor, paint

12、er, architect, poet, and engineer * David ，Sistine Chapel ，Dying Slave ,Moses Raphael：Madonna（Virgin Mary）各種圣母畫，school of Athens Rabelais拉伯雷： French ，Gargantua and Pantagruel巨人傳 Pleiade 七星詩社：French ,leader is Pirre de Ronsard(Sonnet Pour Helene) ，發(fā)揚保衛(wèi)法蘭西語言Cervantes塞萬提斯：Spanish，Don Quixote 1062 Erasm

13、us：Dutch， Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, teacher, and theologian，Greek edition of New Testament ,Praise of Folly愚人頌Durer : German ,follower of Martin Luther the four horsemen of apocalypse 天啟四騎士knight ，death and the devil Thomas more：英國人，Utopia烏托邦，conclusion Shakespeare：英國人 Twelfth night ，As

14、 you like it ，Hamlet，Othello，King Lear ，Macbeth，Antony and Cleopatra，Sonnets, King Henry 5，6二 .名詞解釋1. RenaissanceRenaissance is a period of western civilization between 14-17th century. The word Renaissance means revival .it also means the revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture，which

15、 started in Florence and Venice ，Italy . the heart ofis humanism.2 . Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement ,which began with Martin Luthers 95 theses in 1517. The Reformation began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church. 3Middle ages ： is

16、also called Medieval ,”the year of faith”* or the thousand-year period following the fall of the western roman empire in the 5th century .it came between ancient times and modern times .During this period Germanic kingdom grew into nations such as England ,French ,Spain, Italy, Germany.4 . Feudalism

17、is a system of holding land in exchange for military service .the wordwas derived from the Latin “feudum” , a grant of land.5 CatholicMeans” universal”. church was a highly centralized and disciplined international religious organization .in the middle ages ,almost every Europeans belonged to it. 6.

18、 old testament is one of the two parts of the Bible ,which is about the God and the laws of God. Testament means agreementthe agreement between God and man. 7. Pentateuch 摩西五書 The oldest first five parts of the Bible including Genesis ,Exodus，Leviticus, Numbers， Deuteronomy 8. doric ：one of Greek ar

19、chitecture styles，is also called masculine style .its sturdy堅定的，powerful，severelooking ，showing sense of proportions and numbers. Ionic： feminine style graceful and elegant，showing wealth of ornament裝飾三.問答 1. What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire? After the Roman Empi

20、re lost its predominance優(yōu)勢, a great many Germanic Kingdoms began to grow into the nations know as England, France, Italy, and Germany in its place. These nations of Western Europe were in the scene of frequent wars and invasions. The political unity had given way to widespread destruction and confus

21、ion. Hunger and disease killed many lives and village fell into ruin and great areas of land lay waste. There was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. Christianity was almost the all and the one of Medieval lives in west

22、ern Europe and took lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds years. 2. What were the cultural characteristics of the period from 500 to 1000? Above all, the cultural characters of this period were the heritage and achievement of Roman culture and the emergence of Hebrew and Gothic cultu

23、re.3.What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance? Because of its geographical position, foreign trade developed early in Italy. This brought Italy into contact with other cultures and gave rise to urban economy and helped Italy accumulate wealth which was an essential factor for the flowering

24、of art and literature. For two centuries beginning from the late 15th century, Florence was the golden city which gave birth to a whole generation of poets, scholars, artists and sculptors. There was in Florence a revival of interest in classical learning and rising of humanist ideas. And to spread

25、the new ideas, libraries and academies were founded. In the 15th century printing was invented and helped to spread humanist ideas.4. How did Italian Renaissance art and architecture break away from medieval traditions? The Italia

26、n Renaissance art and architecture radically broke away from the medieval methods of representing the visible world. Compared with the latter, the former has the following distinct features: 1 Art broke away from the domination of church and artist who used to