2013屆中考英語語法專題復(fù)習(xí)

1、動(dòng)詞（Verbs）動(dòng)詞的種類 按其作用可分為行為動(dòng)詞（實(shí)義動(dòng)詞）、連系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞行為動(dòng)詞（實(shí)義動(dòng)詞） 行為動(dòng)詞意義完整，能獨(dú)立用作謂語 e.g. The sun shone brightly this morning.連系動(dòng)詞 連系動(dòng)詞本身有一定的意義，但不完整，不能單獨(dú)作謂語，必須和表語一起構(gòu)成謂語。常見的連系動(dòng)詞有be，become，get，look，seem，feel，smell，sound，keep，become，turn，fall等 e.g. She is a good swimmer.助動(dòng)詞 助動(dòng)詞本身沒有詞義，不能獨(dú)立作謂語，只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語，表示否定、疑問

2、、時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)或其他語法形式。常見的助動(dòng)詞有be，have(has)，do(does)，will(would)，shall(should)助動(dòng)詞的基本形式原形一般式過去式過去分詞現(xiàn)在分詞amisarewerehavehasdoesdoshallshallshouldwillwillwould(表中be，do，have及它們的相應(yīng)形式已不表示“是”、“做”、“有”之意。)助動(dòng)詞的用法助動(dòng)詞be的用法be后面跟現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成各種進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài) e.g. My mother is cooking in the chicken.be后面跟過去分詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài) e.g. This bridge was built

3、 twenty years ago.be后面跟動(dòng)詞不定式表示根據(jù)安排要發(fā)生的事情e.g. We are to have an English evening next week.助動(dòng)詞have的用法have后面跟過去分詞構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài) e.g. I have been to the teachers office.have后面跟動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成謂語，表示因客觀環(huán)境而不得不做的事情 e.g. Its raining hard. She has to stay at home.助動(dòng)詞do的用法用來構(gòu)成疑問句和否定句 e.g. I dont think you are right.我認(rèn)為你不對。用來加強(qiáng)

4、語氣，起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，一般解釋為“一定要”，“真的” e.g. Do come and see me.用來代替前面剛提到的動(dòng)詞以避免重復(fù) e.g. I work harder than he does.助動(dòng)詞shall/should與will/would的用法shall構(gòu)成一般將來時(shí)，should構(gòu)成過去將來時(shí)，用于第一人稱，后接動(dòng)詞原形。 e.g. We shall visit the Science Museum next month. He asked me if I should take part in the sports meet.will構(gòu)成一般將來時(shí)，would構(gòu)成過去將來時(shí)，用

5、于第二、三人稱，后接動(dòng)詞原形 e.g. The weather report says that there will be heavy rain tomorrow afternoon. 【注】現(xiàn)代英語有一個(gè)明顯的發(fā)展趨勢，就是第一人稱用shall表示將來時(shí)間已越來越少，大量采用will，它在陳述句中能用于所有人稱，即使是第一人稱疑問句也用will。 e.g. We will set off soon. Will I be able to go out tomorrow.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞本身有詞義，表示說話人對某種動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)的看法，但不能獨(dú)立作謂語，和動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱和

6、數(shù)的變化。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本形式現(xiàn)在式否定式的縮寫過去式否定式的縮寫cancantcouldcouldntmaymightmustmustntshallshantshouldshouldntwillwontwouldwouldntneedneednt幾個(gè)常用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can(could)的用法表示智力、體力方面的能力 e.g. He can speak both English and French.在口語中，can常代替may，表示“許可”、“可以” e.g. Can I use your computer?can有時(shí)意為可能，表示說話人的“懷疑”、“猜測”或“不肯定”，常用于否定句

7、或疑問句 e.g. Can the news be true?could可代表can表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間的動(dòng)作，但語氣較為婉轉(zhuǎn) e.g. Could you please ring up again at six?【注】 be able to可以和can(could)表示同樣意思 e.g. No one can do it.=No one is able to do it. 表示將來或其他時(shí)間的能力和做具體一件事的能力時(shí)要用be able to， e.g. Will you be able to come tonight?情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may(might)的用法表示允許或征求對方的許可，有“可以”的意思 e

8、.g. You may go now.【注】回答帶有may的疑問句時(shí)，否定式常用must not(mustnt)，表示“不可以”、“禁止”的意思 e.g. May I take this magazine out of the reading-room? No, you mustnt.表示說話人的猜測，認(rèn)為某一件事“或許”、“可能”發(fā)生 e.g. You may be right.Might也可以代替may，表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間的動(dòng)作，但語氣較為婉轉(zhuǎn)客氣或更加不肯定 e.g. It might rain this afternoon.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must和have to的用法表示“必須”，“應(yīng)當(dāng)” e.g

9、. We must be strict in our work.must的否定形式must notmustnt，表示“不可以”、“禁止”的意思，語氣比較強(qiáng)烈。回答must的疑問句時(shí)，否定式常用need notneednt或dont have，表示“不必”、“用不著” e.g. Must we hand in our exercise today？ No，you neednt.表示說話人對事物的推測，比may語氣肯定得多，意為“一定”、“準(zhǔn)是” e.g. She must know how to solve the problem.have to表示“不得不”、“必須”的意思，它比must更含有

10、“客觀條件時(shí)的必須如此做”的意思，并有較多的時(shí)態(tài) e.g. She has to do a lot of housework every day.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should的用法表示勸告、建議，常譯為“應(yīng)當(dāng)” e.g. You should listen to the doctors advice.表示預(yù)測，常譯為“可能” e.g. They should be here by now.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞need的用法need作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，主要用于否定句和疑問句中，表示“需要”、“必須” e.g. You neednt come here so early tomorrow.need可用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，其否定形式

11、要借助dont，doesnt或didnt；疑問形式要借助do，does或did e.g. Do you need any help?情態(tài)動(dòng)詞willwould的用法用于疑問句,一般用于第二人稱,表示說話人向?qū)Ψ教岢稣埱蠡蛟儐?e.g. Will you have another cup of coffee?表示“意愿”、“決心”等，可用于各種人稱 e.g. Ill do my best.用would時(shí)語氣比will委婉 e.g. Would you please pass me the ruler?情態(tài)動(dòng)詞shall的用法在疑問句中，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞shall用于第一、三人稱，表示說話人征求對方的意見

12、或向?qū)Ψ秸埵?e.g. Shall we go out for a walk?短語動(dòng)詞的類型動(dòng)詞+介詞（用作及物動(dòng)詞，后跟賓語），此類短語動(dòng)詞有wait for，look for，look after，look at，look into，agree to，agree with，hear from等 e.g. He looked after us very well.動(dòng)詞+副詞（有的用作及物動(dòng)詞，有的用作不及物動(dòng)詞），此類短語有find out，give up，hand in，hurry up，knock down，leave behind，look out，look up，put on，slo

13、w down，think over，try on，try out，wake up，work out等 e.g. He called up the man.【注】當(dāng)這類短語動(dòng)詞的賓語是名詞時(shí)，它可以置于短語動(dòng)詞之后， 置于短語動(dòng)詞之中。但若賓語是代詞擔(dān)任時(shí)，則其只能置于短語動(dòng)詞之中。 e.g. Can I try them on, please?動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞 此類短語有catch up with，come out of，do away with，get down to，get on with，keep up with，look forward to，put up with等 e.g. I c

14、ant put up with these noisy people.動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞 此類短語有catch hold of，have pity on，make friends with，make fun of，make room for，pay a visit to，pay attention to，play a part in，take care of，take interest in，take part in，take hold of等 e.g. The elder sister takes care of the young children.動(dòng)詞+介詞+名詞 此類短語有come to

15、 life，bring to an end，go to bed，take by surprise，set on fire，get in touch等 e.g. The cigarette set the house on fire.be+形容詞+介詞 此類短語有be afraid of，be fond of，be angry with/at，be strict with，be good at，be worried about，be weak in，be interested in，be proud of，be tired of，be sick of，be surprised at等 e.g.

16、She was afraid of snakes.及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞及物動(dòng)詞必須帶賓語，表示動(dòng)作的對象 e.g. I like music.不及物動(dòng)詞不能或不需帶賓語 e.g. The wind is blowing hard.多數(shù)動(dòng)詞既可作及物動(dòng)詞，又可作不及物動(dòng)詞 e.g. I hear your father has left Beijing for Tokyo.(及物動(dòng)詞) When did he leave?(不及物動(dòng)詞)動(dòng)詞的基本形式 動(dòng)詞有四種基本形式：動(dòng)詞原形、過去式、過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去式和過去分詞是在原形動(dòng)詞后面加-ed構(gòu)成，現(xiàn)在分詞是在原形動(dòng)詞后面加-ing

17、構(gòu)成規(guī)則動(dòng)詞加-ed構(gòu)成過去式和過去分詞的情況及其讀音詳見下表：詞形 讀音在清輔音后讀/t/在元音和濁輔音后讀/d/在輔音/t/d/后讀/id/一般動(dòng)詞加-edasked, helped, finished, workedplayed, answered, opened, called, enteredwanted, needed, repeated以e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后加-dhoped, likedlived, died, tied, changed以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，先將y改為i，再加-edstudied, tried, carried, cried, worried以重度閉音節(jié)或r結(jié)尾而

18、且末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的動(dòng)詞，先雙寫輔音字母，再加-edstopped, droppedplanned, referred, beggedregretted, permitted, admitted規(guī)則動(dòng)詞加-ing構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在分詞的情況詳見下表：詞 形加-ing例 詞一般動(dòng)詞加-ingseeseeing，skiskiing以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞先去e，再加-ingbecomebecoming，useusing以重度閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾又只有一個(gè)輔音字母的動(dòng)詞將末尾輔音字母雙寫，再加-ingbeginbeginning， sitsitting，planplanning，stopstopping以i

19、e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞將ie變?yōu)閥，再加-ingdiedying，lielying，tietying不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞 則詳見不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞表不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞表現(xiàn)在式過去式過去分詞am, iswasbeenarewerebeenbabysitbabysatbabysatbecomebecamebecomebendbentbentbeginbeganbegunbitebitbittenbleedbledbledblowblewblownbreakbrokebrokenbringbroughtbroughtbuildbuiltbuiltburnburnt/burnedburnt/burnedbuyboughtboughtca

20、ncould-catchcaughtcaughtchoosechosechosencomecamecomecostcostcostcutcutcutdigdugdugdo, doesdiddonedrawdrewdrawndrinkdrankdrunkdrivedrovedriveneatateeatenfallfellfallenfeedfedfedfeelfeltfeltfightfoughtfoughtfindfoundfoundflyflewflownforgetforgotforgottenfreezefrozefrozenforgiveforgaveforgivengetgotgo

21、tgivegavegivengowentgonegrowgrewgrownhas, havehadhadhearheardheardhidehidhiddenhithithitholdheldheldhurthurthurtkeepkeptkeptknowknewknownlaylaidlaidleapleapt/leapedleapt/leapedlearnlearnt/learnedlearnt/learnedleaveleftleftlendlentlentletletletlielaylainlightlit/lightedlit/lightedloselostlostmakemademademaymight-meanmeantmeantmeetmetme