語法專項情態(tài)動詞與虛擬語氣導學提綱

1、安福中學“一三六六高效課堂”導學提綱 制作時間：2017年9月26日 使用時間：_年_月_日 高三英語備課組語法專項情態(tài)動詞與虛擬語氣導學提綱一、 情態(tài)動詞（一） 情態(tài)動詞的語法特征情態(tài)動詞主要有can, may, must, could, might, shall , should, will, would, ought to, have to, need, dare1） 情態(tài)動詞不能表示正在發(fā)生或已經發(fā)生的事情，只表示期待或估計某事的發(fā)生。2） 情態(tài)動詞 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不帶to 的不定式,即動詞原形。3） 情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱，數的變化，即情態(tài)動詞第三人稱單數不加-s

2、。4） 情態(tài)動詞沒有非謂語形式，即沒有不定式，分詞等形式。（二） 情態(tài)動詞表推測情態(tài)動詞對現(xiàn)在和未來的推測對過去的推測使用場合mustmustdomust have done肯定句may/mightmay/mightdomay/might have done肯定句、否定句can/couldcan/could docan/could have done否定句、疑問句(could可用于肯定句)ought to/ should用來表示一種估計的情況“按理會/估計會”should doshould have

3、60;done肯定句、否定句、疑問句1. 形式肯定的推測：must 否定的推測：cant couldnt可能的推測：may might can could 疑問的推測：can could2. 時間對過去：情態(tài)動詞+完成式（have donehave been done） 對正在進行：情態(tài)動詞+be doing對現(xiàn)在或將來：情態(tài)動詞+do 不同的“肯定”程度可按下列層次排列： He is at home. (事實) He must be at home.（非?？隙ǖ耐茢啵?He could be at home.（很可能） He ought to be at home.（很可能） He may

4、be at home.（僅僅可能而已） He might be at home.（或許, 非常不確定） He might not be at home.（也許不在家） He may not be at home. （比might可能） He couldnt be at home.（很可能不在家） He cant be at home.（一定不在家）He isn't at home.（事實） （三） 高考常用情態(tài)動詞辨析考點一can和could的用法1表示請求、允許(表請求時，口語中常用could代替can使語氣更委婉，回答時用can)。Can I go now?Could I come

5、 to see you tomorrow?Yes，_. (否定答語可用No，Im afraid not.)2表示驚訝，常用在否定句和疑問句中。How _ such a silly thing? 你怎么能做那樣的蠢事呢？3表示可能性，意為“可能，有時會”，一般用于疑問句和否定句，用于否定句，意為“應該不是，不可能”。表示理論上客觀的可能性，用于肯定句，指常有的行為或情形，意為“有時會”。can和could沒有時態(tài)的差異，只是could不太肯定。Can the news be true? No. It cant be true.Jogging _ the health. 慢跑可能會對健康有害。Ac

6、cidents can/could happen on such rainy days. 這樣的多雨天氣可能會發(fā)生交通事故。(客觀的可能性)4cannot.too/enough表示“無論也不過分”；“越越好”。You _ while driving. 開車時越小心越好。You _ English words. 你記的英語單詞越多越好。5 cannot butdo sth.表示“不得不，只好”。I couldn't but choose to go. _6. can could be able to表示能力can和be able to都表示能力(Ability)，意思上沒多大區(qū)別。但ca

7、n只有現(xiàn)在和過去時，而be able to則有更多的形式。但當成功地完成某一具體動作時，通常不用could而用was/were able to來表示，這時was/were able to 相當于managed to，表示經過一番努力，終于能夠完成某事。I'm sure we shall be able to get you a job soon.（不可用can）He has been able to finish the work on time.（不可用can）After years of hard work he was able to win the prize.（不可用coul

8、d）考題印證(2013·安徽)It _ be the vocabulary that caused you the problem in the exercise because you know a lot of words.不可能是詞匯導致了你練習中的問題，因為你知道很多的詞。cnjy.c考點二may和might的用法may和might表示“許可”，“可能性”，“祝愿”等意義。1表示許可。Might I borrow your computer? 我可以借一下你的電腦嗎？May I play basketball this afternoon? - Yes,_ No, _. ma

9、y作“可以”講時，其否定式也常用mustn't表示“禁止”；must作“必須”講時，其否定式是“needn't”，表示“不必”。May I use your car? 我可以用你的車嗎？No,_.(委婉的拒絕可用：Sorry，but I am using it now.或You'd better not.等) 2表示可能性，可以對現(xiàn)在、過去或將來進行推測。might比may的可能性小，may表示的可能性比can小(主要用于陳述句、肯定或否定句，疑問句用can代替)。Peter _tonight, but he isn't sure yet.彼得今晚可能和我們一起

10、來，但他還沒確定。(實際可能性，不用can)He_ in the classroom. 他可能正在教室里學習。3 “may/might as well動詞原形”意為“最好，滿可以，倒不如”。You _ it at once. 你最好馬上就做這件事。We may as well stay where we are. 我們留在現(xiàn)在的地方倒也不錯。區(qū)分：may/might well+ 動詞原形 意為“很可能 ” He may well be late for class. _4表示祝愿(不用might)祝你成功。 _考題印證(2013·北京)You needn't take an

11、umbrella. It isn't going to rain.【來源：21·世紀·教 Well, I don't know. It _ do.考點三must的用法1表示義務，意為“必須”(主觀意志)。We must do everything step by step. 我們一切都必須循序漸進地做。在這種用法中must表示出于主觀意識而必須要做某事，have to表示由于某種客觀原因而不得不做某事。除此以外，have to自身有時態(tài)的變化。2-1-c-n-j-yI have to go now for I've got a meeting 15

12、minutes later.我現(xiàn)在必須要走了，因為我15分鐘后有個會要開。注意：回答以must引導的問句時，若是否定回答，不可以用mustn't而用needn't或是don't have to，因為mustn't意思是“絕不能，一定不要”，而沒有“不必”的意思?！緛碓矗?1cnj*y.co*m】Must we hand in our exercises today? 我們今天必須交作業(yè)嗎？Yes, _. 是的，必須交。(肯定回答)No, _ (you don't have to) 不，不必今天交。(否定回答)2表示猜測、推測。must常用于肯定句中表示猜

13、測。對現(xiàn)在或未來的事進行猜測時，后接動詞原形；對已經發(fā)生的事進行猜測時，后接have過去分詞。He _ill. He looks so pale. 他準是病了。他的臉色蒼白。I didn't hear the phone. I _. 我沒聽見電話鈴響。當時我一定睡著了。3表示禁止(用于否定句)。Smoking must not be allowed in the office. 嚴禁在辦公室吸煙。4表示“偏執(zhí)”，“固執(zhí)”。來源:21世紀教育網_ so much noise? 你非得弄出這么大聲嗎？If you_, please go out. 如果你偏要吸煙，那你就出去吧。考題印證Wh

14、y don't you wear you jogging shorts, Mum?Well, my legs are too skinny, if you _ know.考點四shall的用法1用于第一、第三人稱疑問句中，表示說話人征求對方的意見和向對方請示。Shall we begin our class? 我們可以開始上課嗎？_wait outside? 司機在外邊等著可以嗎？2用于第二、三人稱陳述句中，表示說話人給對方的命令、警告、允諾、威脅或按照規(guī)定等。I promised he shall get a present for his birthday. 我許諾給他一件生日禮物

15、。Nothing _the plan. 什么也不能阻止我們執(zhí)行這項計劃。（決心）You _ my support if you do such a thing. 假如你做那種事，我就不支持你。All the candidates_ when the bell rings.所有考生鈴聲響時都必須坐在座位上。3. should表示責任、義務，意為“應該”。表示驚訝語氣，意為“竟然”。You _slippers in class. 你上課竟然穿拖鞋。用于條件句，表示“假如，萬一”，省去if，should可提至句首。_，apologize to the teacher. 假如你遲到的話，就要跟老師道歉

16、?？碱}印證Can I get out in the daytime?No. The school rules state that no child _ be allowed out during the day, unless accompanied by an adult.【版權所有：21教育】考點五will和would的用法作情態(tài)動詞的will，would與作助動詞的will，would的各種形式相同。1表示自愿做或主動提出做什么，如意志、愿望或決定等。would用于過去的情況。Can someone fetch some water? 誰能去取點水來？ _. 我去。2與you連用表示請

17、求或要求：用won't you強調邀請的語氣。would比will更客氣、委婉。21教_ you mind opening the window for me? 請你給我打開窗戶好嗎？3will表示規(guī)律性的“注定會”。You _ if you lose the chance. 如果失去這個機會你會后悔一輩子的。4.will和would可表示某種傾向或習慣性動作。Will表示事物的固有性質和一種傾向性，would表示過去的習慣動作。The door _ open. 這門打不開。He _ be nervous when he met strangers. 過去遇見陌生人時他總是緊張。 考題

18、印證(2012·滄州聯(lián)考改編)These plants _ die if it doesn't rain in another week.區(qū)分used to和would1表示過去重復、習慣性動作時，used to可用would代替。He _ waiting for his son coming back. 他老是坐在門口等兒子回來。2used to強調過去與現(xiàn)在對比，would則沒這個意思。He _. 他以前常常起得很早。(他現(xiàn)在不早起了)3表示過去的狀態(tài)，只能用used to，不可以用would。不能說：“she would be a quiet girl.”而應說：_ 考

19、題印證There _ to be a lot of trees here, but now none is left.考點六need和dare的用法need和dare既可用作情態(tài)動詞，也可用作實義動詞。用作情態(tài)動詞時，主要用于否定句和疑問句。用作實義動詞時，可用于各種句式。21*om1用作情態(tài)動詞Need I come? 我需要來嗎？ Yes, _. 需要。You needn't telephone him now. 你現(xiàn)在不必打電話給他。She_ alone at night. 她晚上不敢一個人出去。Dare you go home alone at eleven in the ev

20、ening?2用作實義動詞You _ it yourself. 你不必親自做這件事。We need to tell them the news. 我們需要把這消息告訴他們。We should dare to give our own opinion. 我們要敢于提出自己的觀點。He _ look up. 他不敢抬頭看。3. need和dare的特殊用法need表“需要”時，可用want，require代替。The desk needs to be repaired.= _dare作實義動詞時，在肯定句中要接to，在疑問句和否定句中to可省去。He dares to catch a snake.

21、I do not dare (to) complain.Do you dare (to) swim in the river?考題印證 Who is late for class again? _ you ask? Tim, of course.考點七could/might/would/should表委婉的功能Could/Might I use your bike tomorrow morning? 明天上午我能用你的自行車嗎？Yes, _.(否定：No, I'm afraid not.) 好，你可以(用)。不可說：Yes, you could/might.回答允許時，用could/m

22、ight表委婉是不恰當的。_? 請幫我一下好嗎？考點八“情態(tài)動詞have done”的用法1must have done 此結構常用在肯定句中，表示對過去發(fā)生的行為的推測，意為“一定，肯定”。其否定或疑問形式用can't，而不用mustn't。He _ to say that. 他準是喝醉了才那樣說的。2shouldhave done表示本應該做而實際上沒有做，其否定式“shouldn't have done”表示某行為不該發(fā)生卻發(fā)生了。I think he_ get more qualifications before applying for the job.我認為

23、他在申請這份工作之前應首先努力取得更多的資格證明。3can (could)have done肯定式表示本來可以做而實際上未能做某事，疑問或否定形式表示對過去發(fā)生行為的懷疑或不肯定。You_ you were going to be late. 你本來可以早告訴我你會晚到的。4may (might)have done 表示對過去(將來)發(fā)生的行為的推測，表示可能干了某事。Who knows what will happen? You _ by then.誰知道會發(fā)生什么呢？到那時你甚至可能已經結婚了。5ought tohave done 表示過去應做某事而實際未做，其否定式是“ought not

24、 to不定式完成式”，此時ought to可與should換用。What you_ is call the police. 你早該報警了。6needn'thave done 表示本來不必做某事而實際上做了某事。Terence has done so little work; he _ come to school today.特倫斯幾乎沒做什么功課，他今天其實就不用來學校。區(qū)分：didnt need to do 表示過去沒必要而實際上也沒有做某事7. would rather have done 表示“當時寧愿做了某事”，其否定式would rather not have done表示

25、相反的含義，兩者都表示“后悔”之意。I would rather not have taken that train.8. had better have done 用于事后的建議，含輕微責備的口吻，意為“當時最好做了某事”，其否定式had better not have done表示相反的含義。You had better have taken his advice.考題印證(2013·遼寧改編)Harry is feeling uncomfortable. He _(drink) too much at the party last night.哈里感覺很不舒服。他一定是在昨晚的

26、聚會上喝得太多了。（四）情態(tài)動詞的反義疑問句1當陳述句部分有情態(tài)動詞must時（1）must表示“必須、禁止“時，反意疑問部分要用must (mustnt) 。 You mustnt stop your car here, _?（2）must表示“有必要”時，反意疑問句部分要用neednt。 They must finish the work today, _? （3）當must用來表示對現(xiàn)在的情況進行“推測”時，反意疑問部分要根據must后面的動詞采用相應的形式。 He must be good at maths,_? （4）當must用來表示對過去的情況進行“推測”（must + have

27、 done）時：a). 單純表示對過去的推測, 與現(xiàn)在無關, 反意疑問句附加部分用過去式。 b). 表示對過去的推測且影響到現(xiàn)在或持續(xù)現(xiàn)在, 反意疑問句附加部分用現(xiàn)在完成式。 She must have read the novel last week, _? You must have told her about it, _? She must have had a very good time, _?He must have lived here at least ten years, _?2.當陳述部分含有情態(tài)動詞used to時，疑問部分可用usednt或didntThe old m

28、an used to smoke, _?或_? 3. 當陳述部分帶有情態(tài)動詞ought to時，疑問部分用oughtnt或shouldnt We ought to read this book, _?或_?4.當陳述部分含有had better時，疑問部分用had Youd better finish your homework now, _?5.陳述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.)，疑問部分常用don't +主語（didn't +主語） We have to get there at eight tomorrow, _?6. 陳述部分有would ra

29、ther +v.，疑問部分多用 wouldn't +主語He would rather read it ten times than recite it, _?7. 帶情態(tài)動詞dare或need的反意疑問句，疑問部分常用 need (dare ) +主語We need not do it again, _?He dare not say so, _?當dare, need 為實義動詞時，疑問部分用助動詞do + 主語。She doesn't dare to go home alone,_?二、虛擬語氣考點一虛擬語氣用于狀語從句中1虛擬語氣用于非真實條件句條件從句主句例句與現(xiàn)在事

30、實相反21世紀教育網If I (we，you，he，she，it，they)動詞過去式(be的形式一律用were)I (we，you，he，she，it，they)would/should/could/might動詞原形If he _(be) indoors, he _ (not feel) so cold.與過去事實相反If I (we，you，he，she，it，they) had過去分詞I (we，you，he，she，it，they)would/should/could/mighthave doneIf you _ (take) my advice, you _ (not fail)

31、in the examination.與將來事實相反A式：If主語一般過去時B式：If主語were to doC式：If主語should doI (we，do，he，she，it，they) would/should/could/might動詞原形A：If he_(come) here this evening, we _ (play) cards.B：If she _ to marry Jack, she would be happy.C：If she _ know it, she would tell me.考題印證(2013·重慶改編)What are you doing th

32、is Saturday?I'm not sure, but I _ go to the Rolling Stones concert.2虛擬條件句和主句動作如發(fā)生的時間不一致，主句和從句的謂語要根據各自所指的不同時間選用適當的虛擬語氣形式，這種句子叫做錯綜時間條件句。2·1·c·n·j·yIf I _you, I _ the film last night.如果我是你，我就不會錯過昨晚那部電影了。(現(xiàn)在過去)If they_ in early morning, they _ in half an hour.要是他們一大早離開家的話，再過

33、半個小時就該到了。(過去將來)考題印證(2013·天津改編)If he had spent more time practising speaking English before, he _(be) able to speak it much better now.3有時虛擬條件不用從句，而是通過上下文或用介詞短語等表示出來，這種句子叫含蓄虛擬條件句。常用的介詞有with，without，but for等。But for your help, we _. 要不是你的幫助，我們本來是不會成功的。Without electricity life _quite different tod

34、ay.如果沒有電，今天的生活就會完全不同?？碱}印證(2013·)I _(go) to my cousin's birthday party last night, but I was not available.21世紀考點二虛擬語氣用于名詞性從句中1用于賓語從句中。(1)wish后面所跟賓語從句中的虛擬語氣。表示對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬：從句中用動詞過去式或were表示對過去情況的虛擬：從句中用had過去分詞來源:21世紀教育網表示對將來情況的虛擬：從句中用would/could動詞原形I wish (that) I_ a bird and _ freely in the sky.

35、 我希望我是只小鳥能在天空自由飛翔。How I wish _ my parents' advice! 我多么希望聽了父母的建議！How I wish_ now. 我多希望現(xiàn)在沒下雨啊。考題印證(2012·北京西城期末改編)Let's play football together tomorrow afternoon.OK, but how I wish I_(play) it as skillfully as you. (2)用于表示建議、愿望、命令等詞后的賓語從句中，常見的動詞有：command, order，demand， require，insist，sugge

36、st，propose，advise等。賓語從句中的虛擬語氣結構為“should動詞原形”，should可以省略。He suggested that we _ the next day. 他建議我們第二天早點出發(fā)?？碱}印證Eye doctors recommend that a child's first eye exam _(be) at the age of six months old. (3)在would rather后的賓語從句中，也用虛擬語氣，其結構為：would rather sb.過去時（與現(xiàn)在或將來事實相反） + 過去完成時（與過去事實相反）I would rather

37、 they _ the news. 我寧愿他們不會聽到那個消息。I would rather you _ him the news yet. 我寧愿你沒把消息告訴他。考題印證Our teacher insisted that the key words worth paying attention to _(underline) before class.2用于主語從句中。It is desired/suggested/proposed/recommended/necessary/important/strange/natural/a pity/essentialthat從句，從句中的謂語動詞

38、用“should動詞原形”，should可以省略。It is suggested that _ till next week. 人們建議會議推遲到下周。It is strange that _ toward his parents like that. 真奇怪他竟然那樣對他父母?？碱}印證It's strongly suggested that measures _(take) to forbid students to cheat in the exams.3用于表語從句和同位語從句中。在suggestion，proposal，order，plan，idea，request，advic

39、e等名詞后的表語從句和同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣，其構成是“should動詞原形”，should可以省略。My idea is that_ before accepting it. 我的意見是在接受之前要反復考慮。We all agreed to his suggestion that _Dalian for sightseeing.我們都同意他讓我們去大連旅游的建議?？键c三特殊句型中的虛擬語氣1it is (high/about) time (that).句型中的虛擬語氣。在句型“it is (high/about) time (that).”后面也可跟虛擬語氣，從句中常用過去式。有時也用“s

40、hould動詞原形”，意為“該是的時候了”。It is time_. 我們該回家了。考題印證It's high time that we _(devote) ourselves to environmental protection and ecological improvement.2if only引導的感嘆句中的虛擬語氣。在“if only”引導的感嘆句中，要求用虛擬語氣，表示愿望。用過去時或“would/could/might動詞原形”表示與現(xiàn)在或將來事實相反的愿望；用過去完成時表示與過去事實相反的愿望。If only I_ last week! 要是上周我沒病該多好啊！考題印

41、證It's too bad that my computer has got a new virus. If only I _ (run) that programme!21·cn·jy·com3as if從句中的虛擬語氣。as if從句中，看語境是否與事實相反而選擇是否使用虛擬語氣。It looks_ going to rain. 天看上去似乎要下雨。The kid talks _a grown­up. 這孩子說起話來像個成年人似的?？碱}印證Don't handle the vase as if it _(be) made of ste

42、el.針對訓練：單句語法填空1.You _ be Carol. You havent changed a bit after all these years.(2015·重慶)2.You _ feel all the training a waste of time，but Im a hundred percent sure later youll be grateful you did it.(2015·陜西)3.Although you _ find bargains in London，its not generally a cheap place to shop.(

43、2014·大綱全國)4.Mum：Are they there? Oh，my goodness. I _ have put them in there when the phone rang.(2014·新課標全國樣卷) 5.Sorry，Mum! I failed the job interview again. Oh，its too bad. You have made full preparations.(2015·福建)6.I still remember my happy childhood when my mother _ take me to Disne

44、yland at weekends.(2014·四川) 7.He walked in as if he (buy) the school. And the word quickly got around that he was from New York City.(2012·廣東)8.No one be more generous；he has a heart of gold.(2013·天津) 9.Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I _ (dance) as well as her.(2015·陜西)10.It

45、 is lucky we booked a room，or we _ (have) nowhere to stay now.(2015·安徽) 單句改錯(每小題1處錯誤) 1.If you are me，would you talk to them？(2015·四川) 2.We must found ways to protect our environment.(2015·全國) 3.Thank you for all you have done for me .Mom，though I may often say it，I do love you.(2012&

46、#183;四川) 4.My punishment lasted a year. Meanwhile，I found out that with more patience I must make my toys last. My attitude changed from then on.(2012·新課標全國) 5.I have been practising for three weeks now，but I still couldnt get used to itin fact，Ive nearly killed three people.(2010·四川) 書面表達

47、中情態(tài)動詞與虛擬語氣易錯點聚焦1.表達的單調性 例如在寫一封回信向好友表達建議時，重復使用You should.既顯得單調，同時強硬的語氣影響了交際效果。 我們可以靈活多樣地表達建議，如Youd better./You might as well./Why not.？ 2.情態(tài)動詞搭配錯誤 (誤)Youd not better quarrel with your neighbors whatever happens. Need I tell him everything that has happened to his father? (誤)Yes，you need. (誤)The King

48、was so hot-tempered that no one dared tell him the bad news.3.時間錯綜句的虛擬語氣的表達錯誤 從句與主句或上下文所表達的時間不一致，部分考生仍照搬某種形式，因未按照句中所表述的時間關系，而用錯虛擬形式。如： (誤)If his television set had not been stolen yesterday，he would have watched TV now. (誤)If I were you，I wouldnt miss the film last night. (誤)If she comes tomorrow，I

49、would tell her the news. (誤)If only she didnt miss the train the other day. (誤)Its time that they go home. (誤)Without your help，we didnt make so much progress. (誤)If she didnt miss the train，she is here now. 當 堂 練 習.單句語法填空 1. Sorry，I am too busy now. If I (have) time，I would certainly go for an outing with you.2.If we (book)a table earlier，we couldnt be standing here in a