有機化學術(shù)語(中英文對照)

1、精品1 .有機化合物的官能團和重要的基團官能團functionalgroup雙鍵doublebond三鍵triplebond烴基hydroxylgroup琉基mercapto硫輕基sulfhydrylgroup羰基carbonylgroup氨基aminogroup亞氨基iminogroup硝基nitrogroup亞硝基nitrosogroup氰基cyanogroup羧基carboxylgroup磺基sulphogroup烷基alkylgroup苯基phenylgroup卡基benzylgroup芳基arylgroup烯基allylgroup烷氧基alkoxylgroup酰基acylgroup活

2、性亞甲基activemethylenegroup2 .有機化合物的類型烴hydrocarbon石蠟paraffin脂肪烴aliphatichydrocarbon烷烴alkane烯烴alkene炔烴alkyne共扼二烯烴conjugateddiene脂環(huán)烴alicyclichydrocarbon螺環(huán)化合物spirocompound橋環(huán)化合物bridgedringcompound芳烴aromatichydrocarbon非苯芳烴nonbenzenoidaromatichydrocarbon稠環(huán)芳烴condensedaromatics鹵代烴halohydrocarbon醇alcohol酚phenol

3、醚ether環(huán)氧化合物epoxide冠醚crownether硫醇thiol硫酚thiophenol硫醚sulfide二硫化物disulfide亞磺酸sulfinicacid磺酸sulfonicacid亞砜sulfoxide砜sulfone醛aldehyde酮ketone半縮醛hemiacetaI半縮酮hemiketal縮醛acetal縮酮ketal西佛堿shiff'sbase肟oxime腙hydrozone縮氨脲semicarbazoneketonea,B-不飽和酮a,B-unsaturated醌quinone羧酸carboxylicacid酰鹵acidhalide酸酐acidanhy

4、dride酯ester酰胺amide內(nèi)酯lactone內(nèi)酰胺lactam月青nitrile取代酸substitutedacid羥基酸hydroxyacid醇酸alcoholicacid酚酸phenolicacid酮酸ketoacidB-酮酸酯B-ketoneester乙酰乙酸乙醋ethylacetoacetate亞硝基化合物nitrosocompound硝基化合物njtrocompound亞胺imine胺amine伯胺primaryamine仲胺secondaryamine叔胺tertiaryamine季銨鹽quaternaryammoniumsalt季銨堿quaternaryammonium

5、hydroxide重氮鹽diazoniumsalt偶氮化合物azocompound胍guanidine氨基酸aminoacid磷phosphine磷酸酯phosphate亞磷酸酯phosphite膦酸酯phosphonate膦酸phosphonicacid3 .雜環(huán)化合物吡咯pyrrol呋喃furane噻吩thiophone吲哚indole卟吩porphine咪唑imidazole噻唑thioazole吡啶pyridine喹啉quinoline異喹啉isoquinoline口比喃金翁鹽pyryliumsalts黃酮flavone嘧啶pirimidine嘌呤purine4 .有機天然產(chǎn)物肽pep

6、tide多肽polypeptide核酸nucleicacid核苷nucleoside核苷酸nucleotide生物堿alkaloid碳水化合物carbohydrate單糖monosaccharide醛糖aldoses酮糖ketosesD-核糖riboseD-2-脫氧核糖deoxyribose葡萄糖glucose果糖fructose糖脎osazone糖苷glucoside低聚糖oligosaccharide麥芽糖maltose蔗糖sucrose纖維二糖cellobiose環(huán)糊精cyclodextrin多糖polysaccharide淀粉starch纖維素cellulose類脂lipid萜類化合物

7、terpenoidsteroid感謝下載載脂肪fat油oil脂肪酸fattyacid甘油三羧酸酯triglyceride磷脂phospholipid磷脂酸phosphalidicacid蠟wax5 .有機化合物的結(jié)構(gòu)理論價鍵理論valence-bondtheory分子軌道理論molecularorbitaltheory共振論resonancetheory凱庫勒式Kekuleformula路易斯式Lewisformulao鍵o-bond冗鍵冗bond鍵能bondenergy鍵角bondangle鍵長bondIength成鍵軌道bondingorbital反鍵軌道antibondingorbita

8、l最高已占軌道HOMOhighestoccupiedmolecularorbital最低末占軌道LUMOlowestunoccupiedmolecularorbital誘導(dǎo)效應(yīng)inductive effect共軛效應(yīng)conjugated effect冗，冗-共腕冗,九-conjugationp,兀-共腕p,九-conjugation超共軛作用hyperconjugation離域能delocalizationenergy共振能resonanceenergy給電子基團 electron donatinggroup吸電子基團electronwithdrawinggroup芳性aromaticity休

9、克爾規(guī)律Huckel'srule兩性離子Zwitterion6 .有機化學中的同分異構(gòu)異構(gòu)體isomer構(gòu)造constitution構(gòu)型configuration構(gòu)象conformation構(gòu)造異構(gòu)constitutionalisomerism立體異構(gòu)stereoisomerism構(gòu)型異構(gòu)configurationalisomerism順反異構(gòu)cis-transisomerism次序規(guī)則sequenceruIe同側(cè)ZugammenZ異側(cè)EntgegenE順式cis反式trans對映異構(gòu)enantiomerism=光學異構(gòu)旋光異構(gòu)opticalisomerism旋光性opticalact

10、ivity旋光度opticalrotationspecificrotation對稱面planeofsymmetry對稱中心centerofsymmetry對稱軸axisofsymmetry手性chirality手性分子chiralmolecules對映異構(gòu)體，對映體enantiomer非對映體diastereomer外消旋體raceme左旋體leveisomer右旋體dextroisomer內(nèi)消旋體mesomer費歇爾投影式Fischerprojection相對構(gòu)型relativeconfiguration絕對構(gòu)型absoluteconfigurationR-構(gòu)型R-configuration

11、S-構(gòu)型S-configuration赤式erythro蘇式threo外消旋化racemization拆分resolution光學純度OpticalPurity對映體過量百分數(shù)enantiomericexcess立體專一性反應(yīng)stereospecificreaction立體選擇性反應(yīng)stereoselectivereaction不對稱合成asymmetricsynthesis構(gòu)象異構(gòu)conformationalisomerism構(gòu)象分析conformationalanalysis鋸架式perspectiveformula紐曼投影式Newmanprojectionformula椅式chairfo

12、rm船式boatform直立鍵a鍵axialbond平伏鍵e鍵equatorialbond互變異構(gòu)tautomerism酮式keto-form烯醇式enol-form差向異構(gòu)化epimerization變旋現(xiàn)象mutamerism哈武斯式Haworthform7 .有機反應(yīng)的名稱取代反應(yīng)substitutionreaction加成反應(yīng)additionreaction馬爾科夫尼可夫規(guī)律Markovnikovrule共軛加成conjugateaddition消去反應(yīng)eleminationreaction查依采夫規(guī)律Saytzeffrule霍夫曼規(guī)律Hofmannrule硼氫化反應(yīng)hydrobora

13、tion催化加氫catalytichydrogenation聚合反應(yīng)polymerization單體monomer聚合物polymer硝化反應(yīng)nitration鹵化反應(yīng)halogenation磺化反應(yīng)sulfonation烷基化反應(yīng)alkylation酯化反應(yīng)酰基化反應(yīng)acylationesterification酯交換反應(yīng)transesterification脫羧反應(yīng)decarboxylation氯甲基化反應(yīng)chloromethylation傅列德爾-克拉夫茨反應(yīng)Friedel-Craftsreaction格利雅反應(yīng)Grignardreaction格利雅試劑（格氏試劑）Grignardrea

14、gent賴默-梯曼反應(yīng)Reimer-Tiemannreaction鹵仿反應(yīng)haloformreaction水解反應(yīng)hydrolysisreaction醇解反應(yīng)alcoholysisreaction氨解反應(yīng)ammonolysisireaction皂化saponification插烯作用vinylogy縮合condensation克萊森縮合Claisencondensation安息香縮合benzoincondensation羥醛縮合aldolcondensation列弗爾馬茨基反應(yīng)Reformatskyreaction邁克爾反應(yīng)Michaelreaction諾文格爾反應(yīng)Knoevenagelrea

15、ction加布里反應(yīng)Gabrielreaction乙酰乙酸乙酯合成法acetoaceticestersynthesis丙二酸酯合成法malonicestersynthesis威廉遜合成法WilliamSonsynthesis海森堡試驗Hinsbergtest重氮化反應(yīng)diazotizationreaction偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)couplingreaction脫氨基反應(yīng)deaminationreaction維悌希反應(yīng)Wittigreaction氧化反應(yīng)oxidationreaction還原反應(yīng)reductionreaction周環(huán)反應(yīng)pericyclicreaction環(huán)加成反應(yīng)cycloaddition

16、reaction電環(huán)化反應(yīng)electrocyclicreaction坎尼扎羅反應(yīng)Cannizzaroreaction齊齊巴賓反應(yīng)Chichibabinreaction狄爾斯 - 阿德爾反應(yīng)Diels-alderreaction斐林試劑Fehlingreagent托倫試劑羅森蒙德還原克萊門森還原沃克還原Wolff-Kishner reductionRosenmund reductionClemmenson reductionTollensreagent分子軌道對稱守恒原理考普重排Coperearrangement霍夫曼重排Hofmannrearrangement醺哪醇重排pinacolrearr

17、angement弗里茨重排Friesrearrangement克萊森重排Claisenrearrangement二烯體diene親二烯體dienophileconversationoforbitalsymmetry8 .有機反應(yīng)機理均裂homolytic異裂heterolytic活性中間體activeintermediate碳正離子carbocation碳負離子carbanion烯醇負離子enolateanion自由基，游離基freeradical卡賓，碳烯carbene氮烯nitrene速度決定步驟rate-determiningstep哈蒙特假定Hammondpostulate能線圖ene

18、rgyprofile過渡狀態(tài)transitionstate鄰基參與neighboringgroupparticipation動力學控制kineticcontrol熱力學控制thermodynamiccontrol離去基團leavinggroup底物substrate親電試劑electrofphile親核試劑nucleophile親電加成反應(yīng)electrophilicaddition親電取代反應(yīng)electrophilicsubstitution定位規(guī)律orientationrule親核取代反應(yīng)nucleophilicsubstitutionSN2反應(yīng)機理SN1反應(yīng)機理SN2reactionmec

19、hanismSN1reactionmechanism瓦爾登轉(zhuǎn)化Waldeninversion親核加成反應(yīng)nucleophilicaddition親核加成-消去反應(yīng)nucleophilicaddition-eliminationreaction消去反應(yīng)機理eliminationreactionmechanismE1反應(yīng)機理E2反應(yīng)機理E1reactionmechanismE2reactionmechanism反式消去antielimination重排反應(yīng)機理rearrangementreactionmechanism自由基反應(yīng)freeradicalreaction鏈引發(fā)chaininitation鏈增長chainpropagation鏈終止chaintermination9 .有機化合物的光譜紅外光譜IRInfraredspectra傅立葉變換FourierTransform指紋區(qū)fingerprintregion吸收頻率absorptionfrequency紫外光譜UVUltravioletspectra電子躍遷elctronictransition吸光度absorbance摩爾消光系數(shù)molarextinctioncoefficient發(fā)色團chromophore助色團auxochrome核磁共振