考點02名詞和主謂一致

1、中學英語網(wǎng)考點02 名詞和主謂一致 名詞是歷年高考的重要考點，常常出現(xiàn)在完形填空、語法填空和短文改錯題型中。名詞部分主要考查： 名詞的詞義辨析和習慣搭配名詞的數(shù)（可數(shù)與不可數(shù)、單數(shù)與復數(shù)）名詞的所有格抽象名詞的具體化名詞和冠詞的搭配名詞是中學英語的主要詞匯之一，也是歷年高考的重要考點。研究近年的高考題我們不難看出，名詞部分主要考查名詞的詞義辨析和習慣搭配、名詞的數(shù)（可數(shù)與不可數(shù)、單數(shù)與復數(shù)）、名詞的所有格、抽象名詞的具體化、物質名詞的量化、名詞和冠詞的搭配以及主謂一致等。在學習過程中，要掌握常用名詞的基本用法，注意一詞多義和舊詞新義。另外要多歸納總結，做題時要結合語境。 名詞的數(shù) 可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)

2、1. 可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)（不規(guī)則變化）（1）單、復數(shù)同形。如：means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese, sheep。（2） 合成名詞的復數(shù)。如：boyfriendboyfriends, go-betweengo-betweens(中間人), grown-upgrown-ups, passer-bypassers-by, looker-onlookers-on, woman doctorwomen doctors。（3）只有復數(shù)形式的名詞。此類名詞往往以復數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，表示“衣服”、“工具”等的總稱，不能用具體的數(shù)字修飾，也不能加不定冠詞a/an，但

3、可以用a pair of/two pairs of, many等修飾。如：clothes, tights, jeans, pajamas, pants, shorts, socks, stockings, trousers, glasses, chopsticks, compasses, pincers, scissors, scales等；另外一類總是以復數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但不能用具體的數(shù)字修飾，也不能用a/an，a pair of等修飾，只能用many, a great many, a lot of等修飾。如：belongings, congratulations, contents, earn

4、ings, fireworks, goods, leavings, pains, spirits, savings, stairs, surroundings, wages, arms等。（4） 集體名詞的數(shù)。有些集體名詞通常只用作復數(shù)，如：people, cattle, police；有些名詞只用作單數(shù)，如：machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery；有些名詞既可用作單數(shù)又可用作復數(shù)，單數(shù)看作整體，復數(shù)看作集體的各個成員。如：The crew is large.船員人數(shù)很多(指整體)。The crew are all tired.船員們都累壞了(指個體)

5、?！镜淅?.【2018·新課標卷I·語法填空】Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 67 (cause).【答案】causes 【解析】考查名詞復數(shù)。一項研究表明，僅僅每天5到10分鐘的跑步，就能減少各種原因的心臟病和早亡。根據(jù)句意用復

6、數(shù)形式。故填causes。2.【2018·浙江卷】Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook. Making Chinese 56 (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.【答案】dishes【解析】考查名詞。此處指中國菜，表示泛指應該用名詞復數(shù)，故填dishes。 不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)（1）一般說來抽象名詞為不可數(shù)名詞，但當抽象名詞表示具體的東西時，可用作可數(shù)名詞且詞義發(fā)生變化，主要類型如下：抽象名詞表示具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、感情情緒的人或事。如：a surprise一件令人

7、驚訝的事；a success一個(件)成功的人(事)；an honour一個(件)引起尊敬的人(事)；a failure一個(件)失敗的人(事)；an experience一次經(jīng)歷；a pleasure一件樂事抽象名詞與a(n)連用，淡化了抽象概念，轉化為似乎可以體驗到的動作、行為或類別。如：A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.；Would you like to have a walk (swim，bath，talk) with me?；It is a waste of time reading such a nov

8、el.；She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.（2）有些物質名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，但表示數(shù)量或種類時，可以用作可數(shù)名詞。如：a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡；a drink一杯飲料，three drinks三杯飲料；a few grey hairs幾根白發(fā)；a glass一只玻璃杯。【典例】1.【2018·新課標卷I·語法填空】Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that/whi

9、ch showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 67 (cause).【答案】causes 【解析】考查名詞復數(shù)。一項研究表明，僅僅每天5到10分鐘的跑步，就能減少各種原因的心臟病和早亡。根據(jù)句意用復數(shù)形式。故填causes。2. 【2018·浙江卷 】Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook. Making Chinese 56 (

10、dish) is seen as especially troublesome.【答案】dishes【解析】考查名詞。此處指中國菜，表示泛指應該用名詞復數(shù)，故填dishes。 名詞所有格名詞所有格（1）-s所有格the boys mother；the childrens toys；the teachers books；Lucy and Lily s bedroom（共用的）；Lucys and Lilys bedrooms(各自的)（2）“of名詞”所有格the roof of the house；the cover of the book；the name of the girl；a pic

11、ture of my father（3）雙重所有格a friend of my brothers (one of my brothers friends)；a picture of my fathers(one of my fathers pictures)（4）s所有格的特殊表示形式有：用于表示人的名詞或表集體、機構的名詞后，如：Toms home，the doctors，the companys new factory等。用于表示時間、距離、價格、重量等的名詞后，如：todays newspaper，five minutes walk(drive)，five pounds weight，t

12、en dollars worth of coffee。用于表示國家、世界、城市等地方的名詞后，如：the worlds population，Chinas industry，New Yorks parks。（5）所有格的句法功能表所有關系： Jacks brother表主謂關系： Mr Wangs praise表動賓關系： the famous stars admirers表修飾關系： a doctors degree表同位關系(只用of所有格)：the city of Beijing【典例】1. Once I broke a (neighbor) window. Seeing nobody

13、around, I ran away immediately.【答案】neighbors2. There is a nice picture in the little    bedroom. She likes it very much.A. girl B. girls C. girls D. girls 【答案】C3. This is reading-room.A. the teachers B. teachers C. teacher D. the teachers 【答案】D4.The newly-built library is a build

14、ing.A. five storey B. five storeys C. five-storeys D. five storeys【答案】D 名詞的功能及詞義辨析名詞的功能（1）可作主語、賓語、表語、賓語補足語Mary is to meet you at the airport.（2）作定語英語中有些名詞沒有其對應的同根形容詞，這些名詞可以直接用來作定語修飾另一個名詞。分類意義air pollution空氣污染；coffee cup咖啡杯；body language身體語言；road accident交通事故； the Nobel Prize諾貝爾獎時間、地點、稱呼等Doctor Jack杰

15、克醫(yī)生；Professor Li李教授；evening school夜校；winter sleep冬眠表目的、來源、材料、所屬意義reception desk接待臺；sports field田徑場；stone table石桌；color TV彩電（3）作狀語名詞作狀語多為表時間或距離等概念的名詞。The war lasted eight years.（4）作同位語Tom, our monitor, left school last year. 名詞的詞義辨析主要考察單詞基本義的引申和拓展、易錯的名詞固定搭配以及對同義詞、近義詞的考查等，是高考中名詞考點的重要部分。要解決名詞詞義辨析，需注意平時

16、積累?！镜淅?（2020·江蘇省高考真題）The health security systems of many countries are undergoing considerable _.AreservationBtransformationCdistinctionDSubmission【答案】B【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：許多國家的衛(wèi)生安全系統(tǒng)正在經(jīng)歷重大變革。A. reservation預訂；B. transformation改革，變革；C. distinction區(qū)別；D. submission提交。根據(jù)前文The health security systems可知

17、，此處指“衛(wèi)生安全系統(tǒng)的變革”。故選B。2（2020·天津高考真題）His vivid descriptions of country life quickly became popular, which established his _as one of America's greatest writers.AtrustBcontactCreputationDTheory【答案】C【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：他對鄉(xiāng)村生活的生動描述迅速流行起來，這樹立了他作為美國偉大作家之一的聲譽。A. trust信任；B. contact聯(lián)系；C. reputation聲譽；D. t

18、heory理論。根據(jù)句意，尤其是greatest writers可知此處用reputation“聲譽”符合語境，故選C項。3. 【2019·江蘇卷 】26.Nowadays the _ for travelling is shifted from shopping to food and scenery.A. priorityB. potentialC. proportionD. pension【解析】考查名詞辨析。句意：當今，旅行的重點從購物轉變成了品嘗美食和欣賞風景。A. priority優(yōu)先；優(yōu)先權；B. potential潛在的，可能的；C. proportion比例，占比；

19、D. pension退休金，撫恤金。故選A。4. 【2018·江蘇】Try to understand whats actually happening instead of acting on the _ youve made.A. assignment B. association C. acquisition D. assumption【答案】D【解析】考查名詞，詞義辨析及語境理解。 句意：試著去理解實際發(fā)生的事情，而不是按照你所做的假設行事。A. assignment 分配； B. association 交往； C. acquisit

20、ion 獲得；D. assumption 假設。故選D。5. .【2019·天津卷 】7.We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made a(n) _on our lives in many ways.A. statementB. impactC. impressionD. judgment【答案】B【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：我們能夠看到人工智能在許多方面已經(jīng)對我們的生活產(chǎn)生了強烈的影響。 statement“陳述說明”； impact“強烈的影響，沖擊力”； impression“印象，感想”； jud

21、gement“判斷力判斷”。故選B。6.【2018·天津】6. The_ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.A. advice B. orderC. possibility D. invitation【答案】C【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析及語境理解。句意：宇宙中其它星球上存在生命這種可能性總是激勵科學家們去探索外部空間。A. advice建議；B. order命令；C. possibility可能性；D.

22、 invitation邀請。故選C。7.(2018·全國卷)This switch has decreased       (pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.【答案】pollution 解析： 作動詞decrease 的賓語，用名詞形式。 主謂一致 主謂一致的三個原則一語法一致原則，即主語語法形式上的單復數(shù)形式與謂語的單復數(shù)形式要一致。 1.單數(shù)名詞、代詞、動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語

23、或從句做主語時，謂語動詞一般采用單數(shù)形式。注意：一個主語從句做主語，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。但若從句謂語或從句后的表語是復數(shù)形式，則謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。2.當主語是and, bothand 連接的并列結構時，如果主語指的是兩個或兩個以上的人或物，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。注意：兩個單數(shù)名詞用and連接，表示同一人，同一物、同一概念，或不可分割的整體時，謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)。這時and 后面的名詞沒有冠詞。3.由 and 連接的并列單數(shù)主語的前面分別有each、every 、no、many a修飾時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。Every man and every woman has a good reason

24、to be proud of the work done by their fathers.每一個人都很有理由為他們的父親所從事的職業(yè)感到驕傲。Each boy and each girl has an apple.每個男孩和每個女孩都有一個蘋果。Many a teacher and many a student has seen the film.許多老師和學生都看過這部電影。注意：each作主語或其修飾的名詞作主語：each作主語或其修飾的名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Each student has an MP3, which gives them more ways to enjoy

25、their spare time.每個學生都有一個MP3，這給他們在課余時間享受生活提供了更多的方式。Each of the class has been given a bike.這個班里的每一個學生都得到了一輛自行車。注意：each位于復數(shù)主語后或句尾，不影響謂語動詞的數(shù)。They each have built a happy family. (=They have built a happy family each.)他們每個人都組建了幸福的家庭。4某些不定代詞，如 either, neither, each, one, the other, another, anybody, any

26、one, anything, somebody, someone, something, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing 等做主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Each of the students has a book.每個學生都有一本書。5主語是由“many a +名詞”或“more than one+名詞”構成，其意義雖屬多數(shù)，但是隨后的謂語動詞仍然用單數(shù)。Many a student is here.很多學生在這里。More than one student goes to the park.很多學生去了公園。注意

27、：“many+復數(shù)名詞+than one”結構之后， 謂語動詞一般多用復數(shù)形式。More employees than one are against your suggestion. 反對你的提議的雇員不止一個。二. 意義一致原則，即主語意義上的單復數(shù)要與謂語的單復數(shù)形式一致。1.時間、距離、金錢、重量等復數(shù)名詞做主語時，其謂語動詞用單數(shù)。時間：Three weeks is a long time to wait for an answer.距離：One hundred kilometers is not a long distance.金錢：20,000 dollars is not a

28、small sum of money.重量：Two hundred tons of water was used in that factory last month.2.一個算式時，表示數(shù)目的主語通常作單數(shù)看待，其謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。Twenty-five plus five is equal to thirty.Forty-three minus twenty-five makes eighteen.3.s 結尾的學科名稱，如：mathematics, physics, politics, economics，mechanics, athletics, linguistics 等；Math

29、ematics seems to be difficult to me.注意：專有名詞，如國名、人名、書名、戲劇名、組織機構及形式復數(shù)意義單數(shù)的名詞news和以-s結尾的疾病的名詞,如measles，arthritis, bronchitis, rickets, mumps等，他們形式上是復數(shù)，但意義上是單數(shù)。用作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。No news is good news.The Arabian Nights is a very interesting book.The United States is a powerful country in the world.4.山脈、群島、瀑布

30、、運動會等以-s 結尾的專有名詞做主語，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。 The Olympic Games are held once every four years.5一些常用作復數(shù)或只有復數(shù)形式的名詞做主語，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。常用的這類詞有：a. Goods（貨物）；arms(武器); wages(工資);contents(內容); remains(尸體); fireworks(煙火)；clothes（衣服）；stairs(樓梯)等;b.凡是由-ings 結尾的名詞，如surroundings(環(huán)境); savings(儲蓄存款);clippings (剪下來的東西), diggings(挖出來的東西)

31、，earnings(收入)，filings(銼屑)，lodgings ( 租住的房間)，sweepings (掃攏的垃圾)等;cglasses; shorts(短褲）; trousers; shoes; scissors(剪刀); scales(天平); gloves(手套); compasses(圓規(guī)); spectacles(眼鏡). 但是若其前面有pair 等表示單位的名詞時，那么謂語動詞的單復數(shù)由這些表示單位的詞的單復數(shù)決定。One pair of shoes is missing.。Two pairs of trousers are missing. 6單復數(shù)同形的名詞作主語，應根據(jù)

32、其意義來決定謂語動詞的形式。常見的名詞可分為一下幾類：某些動物名詞：deer; fish; sheep; grouse (松雞); salmon(鮭); bison(野牛); swine(豬)等.以-ese 或-ss 結尾的表示民族或國籍的名詞：Chinese; Japanese; Portuguese(葡萄牙人); Swiss（瑞士人）; Vietnamese（越南人）等。某些以-s 結尾的名詞：mans(方式，方法); species (種類); series (系列); works (工廠；著作); crossroads(十字路口); headquarters(司令部); barrack

33、s (營房); crops (部隊); links(高爾夫球場);等.某些表示計量單位的名詞：Horsepower（馬力）; hertz（赫茲）; kilohertz（千赫）其它一些名詞：Aircraft; craft(船；航空器；航天器); dice(骰子); offspring(子孫)等.There are five sheep on the farm, but there are only three goats.This glass works (factory) was set up in 1990.These glass works are near the railway sta

34、tion. Every possible means has been tried to to save the badly-hurt worker. All possible means have been tried to to save the badly-hurt worker.為了去拯救這個嚴重受傷的工人，我們已經(jīng)嘗試了所有可能的方法。7 clothing, furniture, traffic, jewellery, baggage, equipment, luggage,等無生命的集體名詞做主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Clothing is badly needed in the fl

35、ooded area.8 people, police, cattle 等有生命的集體名詞做主語，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。 The police are looking for the thief.9 集合名詞class，family, team, club, population, enemy, party, crowd, crew, audience, public, government, majority, minority, staff, class, company, union, gang, committee, council，nation等做主語，如果作為一個整體看待，其謂語動詞要用

36、單數(shù)形式；如果就其中一個個成員而言，則謂語動詞用復數(shù)。My family is a large one.My family are watching TV.10疑問代詞who, what, which; 不定代詞 all（指代的是“人”時, 謂語動詞用復數(shù)；指代的是“物”時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)）, none, some, any；half/ most/enough/the rest/ the last/ lots/plenty/part/分數(shù)/百分數(shù)+of+名詞做主語，謂語動詞的單復數(shù)要由它們所接名詞的單復數(shù)而定。根據(jù)其指代的內容而定。All is going on very well.All a

37、re present besides the professor.A lot of students are coming to the meeting.11 “a number of +復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”表示“一些，許多”，謂語動詞要用復數(shù)。“the number of +復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”表示“的數(shù)目，數(shù)量”，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。The number of people invited was fifty, but a number of them were absent for different reasons.有50個人被邀請，但是很多人因為各種各樣的原因缺席了。12 a quantity o

38、f /an amount of+名詞做主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 Quantities of / amounts of +名詞做主語，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。 A(this) kind/sort/type of+名詞做主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 These (those) kinds/sorts/types of +名詞做主語，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。A large quantity of books is here.Large quantities of books are here.A large amount of money is wasted.Large amounts of money are waste

39、d.13. “one and a half+可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)”，“one in (out of )+可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)”作主語，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)。One and a half days is all the manager can spare. 經(jīng)理只能抽出一天半的時間。One in three students can speak English in this school. 在這所學校的每三個學生中就有一個會說英語的。注意：one or two, aor two修飾的名詞作主語：One or two后接復數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動詞要用復數(shù)。但在“a/an+單數(shù)名詞+or two”結構之后，位于卻常用

40、單數(shù)。14關系代詞who, that, which等在定語從句中做主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)應與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。Those who want to go to the park, please stand up.Some of the energy that is used by man nowadays comes from the atom.“one of +復數(shù)名詞+定語從句”，定語從句的謂語動詞用復數(shù)?！皌he only/the very/the first/the last + one of +復數(shù)名詞+定語從句”, 定語從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù)。15 “the +形容詞/分詞”做主語，

41、如果指的是一類人，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。The rich are not always happy.三就(靠)近原則，即謂語動詞的單復形式取決于最靠近它的詞語，一般一般來說，不可數(shù)名詞用動詞單數(shù)，可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)用動詞復數(shù)。1.由 or; eitheror; neithernor; whetheror; not onlybut also，notbut等連接的并列主語，謂語動詞常與最近的主語在單復數(shù)上保持一致。Neither you nor I am fit for the work.Not only Tom but also Mary and Jane are tired of doing the sa

42、me thing every day. 注意：“with /along with/ together with/ combined with/ as well as/ like/unlike/ rather than/ but/ except /besides/ in addition to/ including/ more than/ no less than/accompanied by +名詞”置于主語后，他們都充當插入語，謂語動詞一般仍與前面的名詞在單復數(shù)上保持一致。He, like you and Jim, is clever.The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible.Mary, as well as her sisters, studies Chinese in China.Nobody excep