中國低碳生態(tài)城市的有效規(guī)劃MarkHewlett--Atkins

1、Effective Planning for Low Carbon Eco-Cities in China中國低碳生態(tài)城市的有效規(guī)劃中國低碳生態(tài)城市的有效規(guī)劃Plan Design Enable規(guī)劃規(guī)劃 設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)計(jì) 實(shí)施實(shí)施2012 Conference on Urban Development and Planning2012 城市發(fā)展與規(guī)劃大會(huì)Guilin,12 June 20122012年6月12日Mark Hewlett休伊特歐洲最大設(shè)計(jì)及工程顧問歐洲最大設(shè)計(jì)及工程顧問 Europes largest design and engineering consultancy.全球兩萬高端技術(shù)

2、人員全球兩萬高端技術(shù)人員Worldwide 20,000 highly skilled staff.倫敦交易所上市倫敦交易所上市Listed on the London stock exchange.中國分支機(jī)構(gòu)在香港、上海、北京、深圳、中國分支機(jī)構(gòu)在香港、上海、北京、深圳、重慶和成都重慶和成都China Offices located at Hong Kong, Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen, Chongqing, and Chengdu.可持續(xù)發(fā)展和低碳可持續(xù)發(fā)展和低碳設(shè)計(jì)的先鋒設(shè)計(jì)的先鋒Pioneer in sustainable carbon critical

3、 design.得獎(jiǎng)設(shè)計(jì)建筑作品得獎(jiǎng)設(shè)計(jì)建筑作品Portfolio of award winning buildings.包括多幢世界知名建筑作品包括多幢世界知名建筑作品Including many of the worlds most prestigious buildings.阿特金斯阿特金斯 ATKINS阿特金斯簡介阿特金斯簡介 Overview of Atkins阿特金斯簡介阿特金斯簡介 Overview of AtkinsUrban Carbon Emissions 世界城市碳排放Source: Economist Intelligence Unit, 2011; Internati

4、onal Institute for Environment and Development, 2011Defining Low Carbon Eco-cities中國低碳生態(tài)城市的定義 Reducing greenhouse gases (carbon) 減少溫室氣體排放量（碳碳） Making more efficient use of resources高效利用資源資源 Protecting biodiversity and natural environment保護(hù)生物多樣性和自然環(huán)境自然環(huán)境 Improving quality of life改善生活質(zhì)量生活質(zhì)量 Supporting

5、 local economy支持當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展Low Carbon Eco-city Goals 低碳生態(tài)城目標(biāo)低碳生態(tài)城目標(biāo)Defining Low Carbon Eco-cities中國低碳生態(tài)城市的定義 Positioning / marketing 城市定位/市場 Affordability 支付力 Investment returns 投資收益 More efficient, better managed, more competitive 更高的效率，更好的管理，更強(qiáng)的競爭力Low Carbon Eco-city Goals 2 低碳生態(tài)城目標(biāo)低碳生態(tài)城目標(biāo) 2阿特金斯低碳規(guī)

6、劃 Atkins Low Carbon PlanningLow Carbon Eco-city Planning低碳生態(tài)城規(guī)劃What are the Benefits? 低碳給城市建設(shè)帶來的效益是什么？ Low Carbon Eco-city Planning Principles 低碳生態(tài)城規(guī)劃原則 Land use and spatial structure土地利用和空間結(jié)構(gòu) Clustering 聚集 Mixed use 混合利用 Co-location 共址 Density 密度 Transit Oriented Development 以公共交通為導(dǎo)向的開發(fā) Green areas

7、 綠化區(qū)Urban environment城市環(huán)境 Efficient water use高效的水體利用 Flooding 洪澇 Reduce waste廢物減少 Pollution 污染 Biodiversity 生物多樣性 Green infrastructure綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施Urban design 城市設(shè)計(jì) Form 形態(tài) Orientation 方位 Layout 布局 Massing 體塊Isnt low carbon eco-city development really mostly about green buildings?低碳生態(tài)城開發(fā)并不主要是指低碳生態(tài)城開發(fā)并不主要是指

8、綠色建筑嗎？綠色建筑嗎？Defining Low Carbon Eco-cities中國低碳生態(tài)城市的定義Residential住宅Retail零售Office辦公Energy consumption per m2 GFA 單位建筑面積能耗單位建筑面積能耗Electrical and thermal consumption mix strongly affects carbon impacts 電能和熱能的混合消耗對(duì)碳排放的影響顯著電能和熱能的混合消耗對(duì)碳排放的影響顯著Buildings 建筑物Buildings 建筑物30-50%Typical office building典型辦公樓The

9、rmal熱Electrical電District scale區(qū)域規(guī)模Site-wide Infrastructure規(guī)劃范圍內(nèi)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施Renewables可再生能源應(yīng)用Large scale 大規(guī)模Local smart grid當(dāng)?shù)刂悄茈娋W(wǎng)District heating, cooling systems區(qū)域供熱制冷系統(tǒng)Wastewater 廢水Solid waste固體廢棄物Tri-gen 熱電冷三聯(lián)供Energy storage能量儲(chǔ)存Small scale小規(guī)模Demand Reduction減少需求Passive design, MEP, behaviour 被動(dòng)式設(shè)計(jì)，機(jī)械電力暖

10、通系統(tǒng)改進(jìn)10-15%District Scale Energy Systems 區(qū)域規(guī)模能源系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)Carbon Efficient Generation 有效低碳產(chǎn)能 傳統(tǒng)能源的輸入方式 159Traditional energy input 159有效能源利用輸入 100New energy input 10034電能Electricity1005910053熱能Thermal鍋爐 Boiler火力發(fā)電Thermal power熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)CHP損失損失Loss 13節(jié)能一次能源節(jié)能一次能源 37% Saves primary energy 37%666損失損失 Loss Large fue

11、l input savings 節(jié)省大量的燃料輸入Reduces electrical infrastructure cost減少電力基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施運(yùn)行成本Improves supply reliability增加能源供應(yīng)的可靠性More efficient use of different grades of energy不同等級(jí)能源的高效利用Enhances flexibility for renewables integration提高可接入可再生能源系統(tǒng)的靈活性Low Carbon Energy Integration 低碳城市能源市政系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)Integrating high and low

12、 grade energy sources lower carbon, more efficient整合高低品位能源進(jìn)行綜合利用整合高低品位能源進(jìn)行綜合利用 - 更低碳，更高效更低碳，更高效Low Carbon Urban Water Infrastructure 城市水設(shè)施低碳規(guī)劃 Low Carbon Solid Waste Management 固體廢物低碳管理 Low Carbon Transport 低碳交通規(guī)劃 Low Carbon Transport 低碳交通規(guī)劃 Infrastructure = networks基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施 = 網(wǎng)絡(luò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)Defining Low Carbo

13、n Eco-cities中國低碳生態(tài)城市的定義Networks = more integration; greater flexibility, adaptability; future-proofing網(wǎng)絡(luò)網(wǎng)絡(luò) = 更緊密，更靈活，適應(yīng)性更緊密，更靈活，適應(yīng)性更強(qiáng)，適應(yīng)未來發(fā)展更強(qiáng)，適應(yīng)未來發(fā)展Infrastructure: Who Pays, Who Gains?基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資模式：誰支付，誰收益？ Occupational savings運(yùn)行過程中節(jié)能量Capital costs 基建費(fèi)Occupational revenues運(yùn)行的節(jié)能量收益Developers 開發(fā)商Utilities

14、 / government公用事業(yè) / 政府機(jī)構(gòu)Tenants / users租戶 / 用戶Utilities / government公用事業(yè) / 政府Key issues 關(guān)鍵問題如何解決關(guān)鍵問題如何解決 ？ Difficult for developers to realise direct returns 開發(fā)商很難得到直接回報(bào)開發(fā)商很難得到直接回報(bào) Longer-term timeframes for returns 遠(yuǎn)期收益將需要更長時(shí)間遠(yuǎn)期收益將需要更長時(shí)間Key advantages of private sector participation 私企參與的主要好處私企參與的主

15、要好處Sharing benefits, costs and risks 分享收益，成本和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)More efficient infrastructure service delivery 更有效的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施服務(wù)Private sector responsibility, financing and risk私企的責(zé)任，融資和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Service Contract 勞務(wù)合同Management Contract 管理合同Lease 租約DBO/BOT 設(shè)計(jì)-建設(shè)-運(yùn)營Concession 特許 Private Sector Participation in Infrastructure Delive

16、ry私營企業(yè)參與基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資運(yùn)營交付模式Contract duration and complexity 合同期和復(fù)雜度Energy Performance Contracts 能源利用績效管理合同能源利用績效管理合同Energy savings (relative to industry benchmark or existing usage) basis for contract due to more efficient infrastructure 高效的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施所帶來的能源節(jié)約（相對(duì)于工業(yè)基準(zhǔn)或現(xiàn)階段的使用水平）Service provider finances capital of

17、 more efficient infrastructure 城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施服務(wù)提供商投資更高效的市政基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施Part of the cost saving to the developer is used to repay financing 開發(fā)商投資后節(jié)約的運(yùn)營部分成本用于償還額外的融資Developer has infrastructure funded and pays less for utilities over a set contract period開發(fā)商投資開發(fā)城市的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，并且在合同期內(nèi)項(xiàng)目投入運(yùn)營期間享受到相開發(fā)商投資開發(fā)城市的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，并且在合同期內(nèi)項(xiàng)目投入運(yùn)營期間

18、享受到相對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)的城市開發(fā)模式較便宜的市政設(shè)施服務(wù)對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)的城市開發(fā)模式較便宜的市政設(shè)施服務(wù)Low Carbon Infrastructure Cost and Revenue Sharing Between Developers and Service Providers開發(fā)商和服務(wù)提供商之間的低碳基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施成本和收入分配模式UK uptake of small scale solar PV since FIT introduction (April 2010)引入上網(wǎng)電價(jià)后，英國小規(guī)模太陽能光伏量引入上網(wǎng)電價(jià)后，英國小規(guī)模太陽能光伏量 （2010年年4月）月）UK average solar

19、 resource significantly worse than Beijing 英國平均太陽能資源明顯差于北京的太陽能資源英國平均太陽能資源明顯差于北京的太陽能資源April 201026MWMarch 20121.3GWGovernment has set target of 22GW by 2020 政府設(shè)定2020年的目標(biāo)為22GWLow Carbon Infrastructure Costs and Revenues低碳基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施成本和收益 New national feed-in tariff, NDRC, August 2011:1RMB / kWh. 國家發(fā)改委，2011年8

20、月出臺(tái)的可再生能源光伏項(xiàng)目上網(wǎng)電價(jià)，: 1元 / 度電 。Golden Sun Demonstration Projects, Ministry of Finance, June 2011: 9RMB / W installed capacity. Requires ESCO management. 金太陽示范項(xiàng)目，財(cái)政部，2011年6月： 裝機(jī)容量9元 / 瓦。需要有資質(zhì)的節(jié)能服務(wù)公司管理。Based on current average installation costs for Chinese PV equipment, following payback periods feasib

21、le: 基于目前中國光伏設(shè)備的平均安裝成本，得出如下投資回收期：Good resource: 4-5 years 優(yōu)質(zhì)資源：優(yōu)質(zhì)資源：4-5 年年Average resource: 6-7 years 平均資源：平均資源：6-7年年Below average resource: 7-9 years 不足平均水平：不足平均水平：7-9年年Solar Photovoltaic Renewable Energy 太陽能光伏可再生能源太陽能光伏可再生能源Low Carbon Infrastructure Costs and Revenues低碳基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施成本和收益 N. Europe 北歐北歐 “Fir

22、st of a kind” in innovation 創(chuàng)新獨(dú)一無二 Substantial government support (subsides, grants, funding) 政府大力支持 （補(bǔ)助） Significant losses 重大損失N. America 北美北美 Significant government support 政府的大力支持 Close to commercially viable 具備商業(yè)投資回報(bào)可行性 Investors seeking first-move advantage 投資者尋求先機(jī)UK, Ireland 英國，愛爾蘭英國，愛爾蘭 Mini

23、mum government support 最小的政府支持 Commercial rates of return 商業(yè)投資收益率 Investors focus on long-term commitment to sustainability 投資者注重長期的可持續(xù)承諾Australia 澳大利亞澳大利亞 Mainstream market appeal 主流市場感染力 Commercial or near-commercial rates of return 商業(yè)收益率或接近商業(yè)收益率 Minimal / no government support 最小或無政府支持Government

24、support 政府支持力度Commercial viability 具備市場商業(yè)性水平Eco-city and Low Carbon District Models International Examples 生態(tài)城市和低碳區(qū)域的典范 國際案例 One Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom 布賴頓，英布賴頓，英國國0.39 hectare site. 172 apartments. 2,000 m2 commercial. 0.39公頃，172棟公寓，2000平米為商業(yè)Highly energy efficient buildings. 50% recycl

25、ed materials. 高能效建筑，50%為可回收材料100% renewable electricity. On-site PV and biomass boilers. ESCO managed. 100% 可再生能源發(fā)電，光伏和生物能源燃燒鍋爐，能源服務(wù)管理公司。Commercial IRR of 15%, matching standard developments. 項(xiàng)目投資回收率為15%，符合市場化投資要求No government funding. 無政府基金支持Eco-city and Low Carbon District Models International Exa

26、mples 生態(tài)城市和低碳區(qū)域的典范 國際案例 Aurora, Melbourne, Australia 奧若拉，墨爾本，澳大利亞奧若拉，墨爾本，澳大利亞8,000 dwellings. 25,000 population. 8000 所住宅，人口25,000Retail, offices, five schools. 零售，辦公樓，五所學(xué)校Highly energy efficient buildings. 高能效建筑Renewables and fuel cell technology provide on-site electrical and thermal generation. 可

27、再生能源和燃料電池技術(shù)提供電力和熱力On-site recycled water treatment. 當(dāng)?shù)亟ㄓ兄兴幚碓O(shè)施Entirely privately financed. 100%為市場行為私人投資Statutory sustainable planning framework which all developers have to comply with. 所有開發(fā)商均需遵守強(qiáng)制法定可持續(xù)規(guī)劃框架Eco-city and Low Carbon District Models International Examples 生態(tài)城和低碳區(qū)的典范 國際案例 Conventional C

28、ity Planning 傳統(tǒng)城市規(guī)劃Low Carbon Eco-city Planning 生態(tài)城低碳規(guī)劃Planning stage = greatest influence on overall carbon reductions規(guī)劃階段規(guī)劃階段 = 對(duì)總碳減排影響最大對(duì)總碳減排影響最大Critical for low carbon eco-cities = getting in early and integrating低碳生態(tài)城低碳生態(tài)城 的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn) = 早動(dòng)手，綜早動(dòng)手，綜合規(guī)劃合規(guī)劃Low Carbon Eco-city Planning生態(tài)城低碳規(guī)劃Guidelines

29、 / Manuals - Embedding in the Regulatory Plan城市規(guī)劃導(dǎo)則/手冊(cè) 低碳指標(biāo)納入控規(guī) Energy Targets 能源目標(biāo) Materials & Waste Targets材料和廢物的目標(biāo) Transport Targets 交通目標(biāo)Water Targets 水目標(biāo)Project LC Target項(xiàng)目低碳目標(biāo)Sub Area 1Plots 1, 2, 3 . X地區(qū)1地塊1 2 3XSub Area 2 Plots 1, 2, 3 . X地區(qū)2地塊1 2 3XStrategic LC Target戰(zhàn)略低碳目標(biāo)MOHURD low car

30、bon eco-city evaluation system:住建部低碳生態(tài)城評(píng)估系統(tǒng) : Indicators 指標(biāo) Targets 目標(biāo)International Examples 國外項(xiàng)目案例馬斯達(dá)爾市，阿布扎比市，阿拉伯酋長國馬斯達(dá)爾市，阿布扎比市，阿拉伯酋長國 Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, UAEInternational Examples 國外項(xiàng)目案例倫敦倫敦2012奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)，英國奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)，英國 London 2012 Olympics, UK China Examples 中國案例Yinchuan CBD銀川閱海灣中央商務(wù)區(qū)的低碳規(guī)劃，寧夏Sheny

31、ang Auto City沈陽汽博城，遼寧Nanchang CT Pilot低碳城市發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略白皮書，南昌Rui Hong, Shanghai新城總體規(guī)劃，上海Chongming Chenjia崇明陳家 新城總體規(guī)劃Jinan Queshan 濟(jì)南鵲山China Examples 中國案例長沙梅溪湖，湖南，中國長沙梅溪湖，湖南，中國 Changsha Meixi Lake, Hunan, China Client: Franshion Properties (China) Limited. 客戶：中國方興地產(chǎn)有限公司 Model new eco-city master plan. 7.6km2

32、site. 206,000 population 制定新生態(tài)城總體規(guī)劃。面積 7.6 平方公里； 人口 - 206,000 New CBD. High density mixed use core areas. 2km2 artificial lake, wetland islands and river 新CBD。高密度混合利用核心區(qū)。人造湖，濕地島，河流面積 2 平方公里 All infrastructure networks presently under construction 項(xiàng)目基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施均在建設(shè)中Meixi Lake Low Carbon Plan梅溪湖低碳規(guī)劃Meixi Lak

33、e Low Carbon Plan梅溪湖低碳規(guī)劃Meixi Lake Low Carbon Plan梅溪湖低碳規(guī)劃Meixi Lake Low Carbon Plan梅溪湖低碳規(guī)劃Potential Energy Centre Location 能源中心位置Sizing and location of the tri-gen plants should be based on optimization of the cooling and heating network. 三聯(lián)供廠的規(guī)模和位置應(yīng)該基于供熱和制冷網(wǎng)絡(luò)的最優(yōu)化。Use of lake water for chiller cooli

34、ng would reduce cooling tower sizes.利用湖水來使冷卻機(jī)冷卻，可以使冷卻塔的尺寸減小。Local power network connected to the grid allowing import to meet demand shortfall. 與輸電網(wǎng)連接的當(dāng)?shù)氐碾娋W(wǎng)可以輸電以滿足電力需求差值。 Meixi Lake Low Carbon Plan梅溪湖低碳規(guī)劃Smart metering and smart sensor equipment would be deployed at key electrical load locations, as

35、 well at key points in the electrical distribution network. 智能電表和智能傳感器可以部署在電力負(fù)荷關(guān)鍵區(qū)域以及電力分布網(wǎng)絡(luò)的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)。Meters and sensors would be linked by advanced digital IT network to smart grid management centre, which would also connect energy centers and distributed generation equipment.先進(jìn)的數(shù)字IT網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以將電表和傳感器同智能電網(wǎng)管理中心相

36、連，也可以將能源中心同分布式發(fā)電設(shè)備相連。Key Load Areas 能源中心位置Smart Grid Management智能電網(wǎng)管理Two-way Digital Communications 雙向數(shù)字通信Meixi Lake Low Carbon Plan梅溪湖低碳規(guī)劃Potential for extensive use of heat pump technology. Ground and/or water sources could potentially be supplemented by sewage source.熱泵技術(shù)廣泛應(yīng)用潛力。地源/水源可以靠污水來補(bǔ)充。GSHP

37、 technology could be deployed below open ground within building plots as well beneath some areas of open space.地源熱泵技術(shù)可以部署在建筑用地和空地下面的開闊地帶。Solar thermal panels could be used for both domestic hot water, space heating and as heat source for cooling systems.太陽能光熱板可用于家庭熱水，空間加熱和冷卻系統(tǒng)的熱源。Water management 水管

38、理Grey water treatment works中水處理站Sewage pumping station污水提升站Grey water gravity network to have same alignment as planned sewerage 中水重力流管網(wǎng)采用規(guī)劃污水管網(wǎng)相同的鋪設(shè)方式Treated grey water to lake for recharge / assist circulation 處理過的中水補(bǔ)充湖水/促進(jìn)循環(huán)Treated grey water pumped to service reservoir處理過的中水提升至高位水池Service reserv

39、oir高位水池Water supply network for non-potable uses非飲用水供水管網(wǎng)Water transferred by gravity to lake 通過重力流傳輸?shù)胶碩ransfer of high quality water from west catchment reduces treatment of river water 由于西邊流域優(yōu)質(zhì)水的補(bǔ)充，減少了從河流抽取的處理水量Planned water to be pumped from river reduced (west catchment transfer and treated grey

40、 water) 需從河流抽取的水量減少（西邊流域補(bǔ)充的水量和經(jīng)過處理的中水）Gravity Sewerage 重力流污水Water Supply for Non-potable use 非飲用水供水Potable Fresh Water Supply 飲用水供水Potable Fresh Water Supply 飲用水供水To municipal waste water treatment works排至污水處理廠Meixi Lake Low Carbon Plan梅溪湖低碳規(guī)劃Gravity Grey water Drainage 重力流中水Transit Oriented Develop

41、ment 以公共交通為導(dǎo)向的開發(fā)Meixi Lake Low Carbon Plan梅溪湖低碳規(guī)劃Transit Oriented Development 以公共交通為導(dǎo)向的開發(fā)Meixi Lake Low Carbon Plan梅溪湖低碳規(guī)劃Transit Oriented Development 以公共交通為導(dǎo)向的開發(fā)Meixi Lake Low Carbon Plan梅溪湖低碳規(guī)劃Objective 目的目的Indicator 指標(biāo)指標(biāo)Target 目標(biāo)目標(biāo)Energy 能源能源 Reduce electrical demand降低電力總消耗Operational electrical

42、consumption density (kWhe / m2GFA / yr)運(yùn)營電力消耗強(qiáng)度(kWhe / m2GFA / yr)X% at Final Design, relative to current BAU最終設(shè)計(jì)方案相對(duì)于目前一切照舊降低X%Increase on-site renewable energy supply提高區(qū)內(nèi)可再生能源供給Ratio of energy supplied from on-site renewables (GWh / yr) to average site energy demand (GWh / yr)區(qū)內(nèi)可再生能源供給量(GWh / yr)占

43、區(qū)域能源需求總量（GWh / yr）比重X% within five years of commencement of operation開始運(yùn)作5年內(nèi)提高X%Materials / Waste 材料材料/ /廢物廢物 Use low carbon, sustainable materials使用低碳，可持續(xù)建材Recycled content of construction materials by weight可回收成分占建筑材料按重量百分比 X% at completion of construction項(xiàng)目完成建設(shè)時(shí)達(dá)到X%Reduce operational waste generation減少廢物產(chǎn)生 Overall waste arisings