定語與定語從句

1、定語及定語從句一，定語句子中修飾名詞或代詞的成分叫做定語。定語可以由形容詞，名詞，不定式，分詞，動名詞或從句來充當。eg:Sheisabeautifulgirl.（形容詞）ImetsomeonefunnyonmywaytoBeijing.（形容詞）（修飾不定代詞的定語后置）HeisanEnglishteacher.（名詞）（ 名 詞 作 定 語 時 一 般 用 單 數(shù) ， 例 外 的 有 sports, 如asportsstar）Ihavealotofworktodo.（不定式）Thebookwrittenbyaschoolboyisverypopularnow. （過去分詞短語）Wecans

2、eetherisingsun.（現(xiàn)在分詞）=thesunisrising.Heisinthereadingroom.forreadingTheboywhobrokethewindowisTomsbrother.（從句）注意：1.形容詞作定語一般放在所修飾的詞前面；但當形容詞修飾的是something,anything,everything,nothing,someone,everyone,everybody,somewhere 等不定代詞時，要放在這些詞的后面。present（在場的）,absent（缺席的）作定語時需要后置。studentspresent/absent2.不定式做定語通常要放

3、在被修飾的詞后。3 分詞作定語時，即可放在所修飾詞前，也可放在所修飾詞后1）分詞前置：單獨的一個分詞作定語，一般放在所修飾詞前。Heisaretiredworker.他是位退休的工人（動名詞）=theroom2）分詞后置分詞在以下情況，放在所修飾詞的后面i. 分詞詞組；Therewasagirlsittingthere.有個女孩坐在那里ii. 個別分詞如 given,left;Thisisthequestiongiven.這是所給的問題iii. 修飾不定代詞 something 等Thereisnothinginteresting.沒有有趣的東西過去分詞作定語與其修飾的詞是被動關(guān)系，相當于一個

4、被動語態(tài)的定語從句。Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientists.=MostofthepeoplewhowereinvitedtothepartywerefromSouthAfrica二，定語從句(AttributiveClauses)在句中做定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞，詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常由現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引由。關(guān)系代詞有：who,whom,whose,that,which 等。關(guān)系副詞有：when,where,why 等。Ilikethebooksthatarewrittenb

5、yMr.Green.先行詞關(guān)系詞A.關(guān)系詞：關(guān)系詞通常有三個作用：引導定語從句，指代先行詞，在定語從句中充當句子成分。關(guān)系詞類別關(guān)系詞先行詞充當從句中的句子成分關(guān)系代詞who人主，賓，表whom人賓which物主，賓，表that人或物主，賓，表as人或物主，賓，表whose人或物定關(guān)系副詞where地點狀when時間狀whyreason狀Anyonewhobreaksthelawwillsurelybepunished.1.先行詞指人時，定語從句的引導詞：(1)指人時，who 和 that 都可以使用.(2)who 和 whom 都可以作定語從句賓語，但從句中的介詞提前時，不能用 who.He

6、isthemanwho/whomItalkedtoyouabout.=HeisthemanaboutwhomItalkedtoyou.(3)先行詞是人時，只用 who,不用或少用 that 的情況：a.當先行詞是 one,ones,anyone 時， 引導定語從句的關(guān)系詞一般只用 who,不用 that如果先行詞是 someone,也可用 thatHeisnotonewhoiseasilyfrightened.IthinkJoeistheonewhoborrowedmypeo.Theoneswhotelllieswontgainotherstrust.Anyonewhosawtheaccide

7、ntshouldphonethepolice.Someonewho/thatclaimstobeyourunclewantstoseeyou.b.先行詞是 those 時，關(guān)系代詞一般用 who 不用 thatThosewhodontwishtogoneednotgo.c.Therebe 句型中，修飾人的定語從句的關(guān)系代詞一般只用 who 來引導Thereisacertainoldmaninthevillagewhononeofuslikes.d.若一個句子中有兩個定語從句，第一個已經(jīng)用 that,則第二個一般用 whoThemanthatistalkingwithourteacheristh

8、eprofessorwhogaveusareportyesterday.e.當定語從句與先行詞較遠時，引導定語從句的關(guān)系代詞一般只用 whoIcameacrossmyfirstteacherinthestoreyesterdaywhowasstillbeautiful.f 非限定性定語從句只用 who 來引導，不用 thatHehasason,whoisadoctor.(4)當先行詞是人，只用 that 不用 who 的情況：a.以 who 開頭的特殊疑問句， 定語從句的先行詞如果是人， 關(guān)系代詞只用that 不用 whoWhoisthegirlthatsaidhellotoyoujustno

9、w?b.當先行詞既有人也有物時，定語從句只用 that 來弓導Theyoftertalkaboutthepersonandthingsthattheyremember.c.當關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作表語時，只用 that 來弓導Heschanged.Heisnotthemanthathewas.d.當先行詞被形容詞的最高級修飾時，只用 that.ThisisthemostbeautifulladythatIhaveevermet.e.當先行詞是 other 時，定語從句只用 that 引導。Youcanasktheoldmanoranyotherthatwasthereatthetime.2.先

10、行詞是物時 that 和 which 一般可以互換使用，但有時不可換用。(1)下列場合一般用 that:a.先行詞是 all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,theone,none 等不定代詞Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.ThelittlethatIhaveseenofhisworkissatisfactory.b.先行詞被序數(shù)詞，形容詞最高級以及 first,last,any,only,few,much,no,some,very 等詞修飾ThefirstbookthatIbough

11、tinthisbookstoreisadictionary.ThelastpersonthatItalkedwithinLondonismygirlfriendThebestteacherthatIhaveevermethasgoneabroadYoucantakeanyseatthatisvacant.c.先行詞有兩個：一個指人，另一個指物Imissallthepeopleandplacesthatwevisitedlastsummerd.主句是以 who 或 which 開頭的特殊疑問句。e.Therebe 句型中，Thereisaseatinthecornerthatisfree.f.先

12、行詞為數(shù)詞時Threebuildingshavebeencompleted,buttherearetwothatarestillunderconstruction.(2)下列場合不能用 thata.在非限定性定語從句中，即逗號后的定語從句不用 that 引導，指人時用 who 或 whom,指物時用 which.b.在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中不用 that,指人時用 whom,指物時用 which.Thisisthebookaboutwhichwearetalking.c.先行詞為 that,those 時，關(guān)系詞用 which 指物,who 指人Whatsthatwhichyouhavego

13、tinyourhand?d.兩個定語從句，一個用了 that,另一個則用 which.LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.e.關(guān)系代詞后有插入語時，只用 whichHerearesomestampswhichIthink-youcantakeaway.3 .當關(guān)系詞在從句中作賓語時，關(guān)系詞可以省略。4 .當先行詞指時間，地點，原因(thereason)時，且關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語，用 when,where,why如果關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語，表語或賓語，則用 that 或which.Iwanttov

14、isittheplacewheremymotherwasborn.=Iwanttovisittheplaceinwhichmymotherwasborn.IstillremembertheyearswhenIstudiedinthemiddleschool.=IstillremembertheyearsinwhichIstudiedinthemiddleschool.Idontknowthereasonwhyhedidntagreewithus.=Ididntknowthereasonforwhichhedidntagreewithus.5 .當先行詞是 theway,并且關(guān)系詞在從句中作方式

15、狀語時，可以用that,inwhich 引導，也可省略。當先行詞是 time,time 當“次數(shù)”講時，用 that 引導定語從句，且 that 可以省略；當 time 表示“一段時間，時間”講時，定語從句用 when 或 at/duringwhich 弓 I 導Idontliketheway(that/inwhich)hetalkedtohismother.Icanhardlyrememberhowmanytimes(that)Ivefailed.Ilneverforgetthetimewhen/atwhichwevisitedyourhometown.6 .當先行詞 family,clas

16、s,team,army,company 等被當作單數(shù)時，定語從句中用 which,被當作復數(shù)時，用 who 或 whom.Thefamily,whichisalargeandrichone,waspoor.Theparty,whoareallchildren,havelosttheirway.7 .當先行詞是動物時，定語從句一般用 whichThedog,whichhehadkeptforfiveyears,waskilledbysomeoneyesterday.8 .“介詞+which/whom”引導的定語從句關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞的賓語時，常常將介詞前置于作賓語的關(guān)系詞前，Ilovet

17、hemusicthatIcandanceto.=IlovethemusictowhichIcandance.ThemanwhoItalkedtojustnowismybrother.=ThemantowhomItalkedjustnowismybrother.介詞后面的關(guān)系詞指人時只用 whom,不能用 who 或 that;指物時只用 which,不能用 that.注意，并非所有情況下介詞都可以前移，含有介詞的短語動詞不可拆開，介詞仍需放在動詞后面，如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof 等?！敖樵~+which/whom”前還可以用 some,any,none,all,

18、both,neither,many,most,each,few 等代詞，名詞或數(shù)詞等。Hissons,bothofwhomlovedmusicverymuch,spentmostoftheirmoneyonCDs.Thehouse,theroofofwhichisblue,willbeusedasalibrary.9 .非限定性定語從句非限定性定語從句和主句的關(guān)系不密切，去掉定語從句，句子的意思仍然完整，形式上用逗號把主句和從句分開，使用時注意以下幾點：l 非限定性定語從句不能用 that 引導l 非限定性定語從句中的關(guān)系詞不能省略。D.as 引導的定語從句的用法1. as 可引導限定性定語從

19、句，用于suchas.，so.as.,thesame.as結(jié)構(gòu)中。Heboughtmesuchawatchaswasadvertisedinthenewspaper.注意：比較 thesameas和 thesamethatHeboughtmethesamewatchasIlostlastweek.他買了一塊和我上星期丟的一樣的表。（一樣，但不是同一個）HeboughtmethesamewatchthatIlostlastweek,他把我上星期丟的那塊表又買回來了。（同一個）2,當非限定性定語從句的先行詞不是主句中的某一個詞，而是整個主句時，可以用 which 或 as 引導。在以下情況下用 a

20、s 引導：a.從句意思為“正如/正像.一樣b.從句位于句首，構(gòu)成以下結(jié)構(gòu)：asiswellknown 眾所周知 asoftenhappens這種情況經(jīng)常發(fā)生asisoftenthecase 情況經(jīng)常這樣 asissupposed 如所預料的一樣ashasbeenpointedout 如所指由的 ashasbeensaidbefore 如前所說在下面情況經(jīng)常用 which 引導：主句和從句表示因果關(guān)系。Helostthegame,whichmadeusverydisappointed.非限定性定語從句是否定意義。Hegainedabigfortune,whichmeantnothingtohim

21、.E.其他：1.分隔定語從句：定語從句與先行詞之間被其他成分分隔開來，這種定語從句叫做分隔定語從句，此時須注意辨別從句的先行詞。Thedaysaregonewhenwesufferedsomuch.Thebossofthecompany,whosenamewasMr.Joe,toldthestory.2.定語從句的謂語與先行詞保持人稱和數(shù)的一致。注意：先行詞前有 oneof 修飾，定語從句的謂語用復數(shù)；(nottheonlyoneof=oneof)先行詞前有 the(only)oneof 修飾時，定語從句的謂語用單數(shù)。Timisoneofthestudentswhoaregoingtostud

22、yabroad.(很多學生由國，Tim 是其中之一)Timisnottheonlyoneofthestudentswhoaregoingtostudyabroad.Timistheoneofthestudentswhoisgoingtostudyabroad.(學生中只有 Tim 一個人由國)現(xiàn)象：1)Thegirlwhodancesbeautifullygaveusaperformancethatday.2)Doyouknowthecomradewhospokejustnow?3)Sheisnotthegirlthatshewasthreeyearsago.4)Thisisthebookth

23、atIboughtlastweek.5)Ihaveahousewhichfacesthesouth.6)Hellreadallthebooksthataresoldhere.7)ThesearesomequestionsthatIwanttoaskyou.概念：在復合句中修飾名詞或代詞，充當定語的從句叫定語從句。定語從句翻譯模式：”的”。特點：1） 從句開頭的 that,which,who,whom 等叫引導詞它們的作用是把從句引導由來.2）在理論上，從句都有引導詞。3）常見的定語從句的引導詞有 that,which,who,who,whose 等。4）引導詞其實指代它所說明的名詞或代詞。5）

24、引導詞同時又作定語從句的一個成份（主語賓語定語狀語）O6）定語從句一般緊跟在它所說明的名詞或代詞（先行詞）后面（有例外情況）。7）先行詞指定語從句說明（修飾）的名詞或代詞。引導詞的用法：引導詞指代人（先行詞是人）的情況（主賓定）：Doyouknowthecomradewhospokejustnow?Theboythat/whomIlikemostisnotonlytallandhandsomebutgenerous.Thisisthegirlwhosefatherisadriver.引導詞指代物（先行詞是物）的情況（主賓定）：Ihaveahousewhichislocatedonthehill

25、side.Thisisthebookthat/whichIboughtlastweek.ThesearesomequestionsthatIwanttoaskyouIwanttobuythehousewhosewindowsarelargeandred.引導詞作主語的情況：1)ThewomanwhooftencomesisTomsmother.2)Ihavefoundamanwhocanrepairmywatch.3)Heisamanwhoshouldlearnfromothers.4)Thehouseswhicharetobebuiltwillbegiventoyoungworkers.5)

26、TheyworkinfactorythatmakescolourTVsets.引導詞作賓語的情況：1Ihavereadallthebooksthatyougaveme.2ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.3ThatistheverycomputerthatIwanttobuy.4Heisamanwhomweshouldlearnfrom.5Iknowthemanwhomyoutalkedto.引導詞作定語的情況：1Thehousewhosewindowsarebigisnotnewlybuilt.2Doyouknowthewomanwhosedaughter

27、is川？引導詞作狀語的情況：引導詞作介詞的賓語的情況：、that/who/whom/which 的用法：引導詞 that 可以在定語從句中指代人或事物，充當主語或賓語。1)Sheisnotthegirlthatshewasthreeyearsago.2)ThisisthebookthatIboughtlastweek.先行詞是人，可以用 who(主語)或 whom(賓語)來代替 that;先行詞是物，可以用 which 來代替 that.1)Doyouknowthecomradewhospokejustnow?2)TheTVwhichyouboughtistooold.練習1)Illnever

28、forgetthedayswespenttogetherinthemountains.2)Thehousesaretobebuiltwillbegiventoyoungworkers.3)Theyworkinafactorymakescars.4)ThewomanoftencomesisTommother.Iknowthemanyoutalkedto.注意事項 1:(不用 that)1)介詞的賓語，不用 that2)引導非限制性定語從句，不用 that1)Thedeskontherearesomebooksarenewlybought.2)Ivelostmypen,Ilikeverymuch.

29、3)Isthisthepenwithhewrotethefamousbook?4)Thestreetalongtherenotreesisnewlybuilt.WhichisthedoorbehindMaryishidden?注意事項 2:(不用 which)1)先行詞是下面的單詞，或者被下面的單詞修飾/說明/限制，不用 which:all/few/little/much/none/nothing/something/anything/any/every/no/each/some/any/noneof2)先行詞前有序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級，不用 which3)先行詞前有 theonly/theve

30、ry/thesame/thelast,不用 which1)Allwehavetodoeverydayispractisingsinging.2)Inthelibrarythereisnobookisworthreading.3)Ivereadallthebooksyougaveme.4)ThisisthebestfilmIveeverseen.5)ThatistheverytypeofcomputersIwanttobuy.6)Itisnottheonlydictionaryhehasbought.7)Whichisthebookyouboughtyesterday?8)Whoistheman

31、istalkingwithyourfather?9)Theyweretalkingaboutthethingsandpersonstheyhadseeninthatschool.補充說明：下面情況，要用 that 引導定語從句：a)先行詞既有人又有物b)避免重復二、whose 的用法：指代人或物，在從句中作定語，表示“他/它的”：Heisusingadeskwhoselegsarenotofthesamelength.Wealldisliketheboywhosefatherisamanager.1)Thehousewhosewindowsarebigisntnewlybuilt.2)Have

32、yourcalledMrsLiu,whosedaughterwasalsohurtintheaccident?3)Canhebethemanwhosecarhasbeenstolen?三、when/where/why 的用法：指代表示時間、地點、原因的名詞，在從句中充當狀語：1)Illneverforgetthedaysweplayedvolleyballonthebeach.2)Theywanttorentahousetheykeeptheirproduct.3)Doesanybodyknowthereasonshedidntcomeyesterday?lIdoubtifthereasonh

33、etoldyouwastrue.說明 theway,用 that,而不用 how;說明 themoment、time(day),用 that 代 when:1)IthoughtyouwerestillastudentthefirsttimeIsawyou.2)ThemomentIsawyouIfeltsomethingunusualmighthavehappened.3)Canthisbethewayhedealtwiththeproblem?4)Idislikethewayhespoketohismother.5)Dontstopanduseyourdictionaryeverytimeyo

34、ucometoanewword.四、(such)as/(thesame.)as/as 的用法：表示“象”、“正如”、“就象”，代替一個單詞或者一個句子。1)Youcanneverseethesamefilmwesawlastnight.2)Cansuchadictionaryyouhavebeborrowedfromthelibrary?3)Hedidntcome,wehadexpected.4)isknowntousall,heisthebestboyinourclass.、感受定語從句1、Ahugecrackcutacrosshouses,roadsandcanals.Thecrackwaseightkilometerslongandthirtymetreswide.fAhugecrackcutacrosshouses,roadsandcanals.2.ThegirlwasJimssister.Wesawheryesterday.fThegirlwasJimssister.3. ThTheearthquakewasfeltinBeijing.Beijingismorethantwohundredkilometersaway.Theearthquake