2018年10月3日五夜十篇講義

1、第八篇：科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)第一段1. In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.1） In the idealized (理想) version（狀態(tài)） of how science is done（科研） Version (2007.2)variation2） fac

2、ts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers3） who use the scientific method to carry out their work2. But in the everyday（日常） practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.discovery discovery frequently follows route pro

3、cessan ambiguous and complicated 特征the process of discovery is characterized by its.（特征？） Auncertainty and complexityBmisconception and deceptiveness Clogicality and objectivityDsystematicness and regularity3. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the contex（t 環(huán)境，語境） of our unique life experi

4、ences.4. Prior knowledge and interests influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent（隨之，之后） actions we take.Prior to 在之前A influence B, C and D B=what we experienceC=what we think our experiences mean D=the subsequent actions we take.5. Opportunities for misinte

5、rpretation（錯(cuò)誤的解釋）, error, and self-deception abound. InterpretOpportunities abound第二段1. Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. (科學(xué)的原型)雛形2. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. newly staked mining claimsstake（標(biāo)注，打樁，賭注，重要性）寫作：The stakes invol

6、ving the education has been the highest now.3. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.（IT= to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery）takes (requires) collective scrutiny（strict inspection） and acceptance.credibility process

7、 requires.Astrict inspectionefforts 模糊替換BC individual wisdomD persistent innovation4. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researchers me,here, now becomes the commus anyone, anywhere, anytime.This = to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery5. Objective knowledg

8、e is the goal, not the starting point.第三段1. Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit.2. But, unlike with mining claims, the commutakes control of what happensnext.3. Within the complex social structure of the scientific commu , researchers make discoveries;

9、editors and reviewers agatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit（滿足） their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying（伴隨出現(xiàn)的，相應(yīng)的，隨之產(chǎn)生的，）sharedtechnology.4. As a discover

10、y claim works its way through the commuthe interactionand confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and thetechnology involved transforms an individuals discovery claim into the commu credible discovery.s1）As a discovery claim works its way through the commu2）the interacti

11、on(互動) and confrontation（） between shared（相同的）and competing（不同的） beliefs（觀念） about the science and the technology involved（相應(yīng)的，涉及到的）3）就 transforms an individuals discovery claim into the commu discovery.s credible33. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it.Ahas attracted t

12、he attention of teral publicOnce a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer credit.Becomes public?The company of WENDU becomes public.receivesintellectualBhas been examined by the scientific commuC has received recognition from editors and reviewersD has been frequently quoted by peer scientis

13、ts第四段1. Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.2. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.3. Little reward accompanies duplication（ what is already known and believed.） and confirmation（確認(rèn)） of4. The goal

14、is new-search, not re-search.5. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challengeand potential modification or refutation（） by future researchers.(哪有什么的發(fā)現(xiàn)？一直都在被質(zhì)疑！)6. Second, novelty itself frequent

15、ly provokes disbelief.7. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”Albert Azent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree that. Ascientific claims will survive challenges Bdiscoveries today inspire fut

16、ure research Cefforts to make discoveries are justifiedDscientific work calls for a critical mind8. But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.9. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and apprec

17、iated.（創(chuàng)新被接受的時(shí)候其實(shí)已經(jīng)不新了?。┑谖宥?. In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claima process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.1） credibility “happens” to a discovery claim2） This is a process that corresponds to(相一致) what philosopher Annett

18、e Baier has described as the commons of the mind.2. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each others reasoning（推理） and each others conceptions（概念） of reason.”Which of the following would be the best title of the test? ANovelty as an Engine of Scientific Development BCollective Scruti

19、ny in Scientific DiscoveryCEvolution（過程=process） of Credibility in Doing ScienceDChallenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its. Auncertainty and complexityB misconception and deceptivenessC logicality and objecti

20、vity Dsystematicness and regularity32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires. Astrict inspectionB shared effortsC individual wisdom Dpersistent innovation33. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it.Ahas attracted the attention of teral publi

21、cB has been examined by the scientific commuC has received recognition from editors and reviewers Dhas been frequently quoted by peer scientists34. Albert Azent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree that. Ascientific claims will survive challenges Bdiscoveries today inspire future research Cefforts to mak

22、e discoveries are justifiedDscientific work calls for a critical mind35. Which of the following would be the best title of the test? ANovelty as an Engine of Scientific Development BCollective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery CEvolution of Credibility in Doing ScienceDChallenge to Credibility at the

23、 Gate to Science第九篇：新的第一段1. The U.S.$ 3experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this years award in Mlion Fundam1)The U.S.$ 3 million Fundamental Physics Prize is experiment,as Alexander Polyakov saidwhen he accepted this years award in March.an interesting2)3)2. And it is far

24、 from the only one of its type.3. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years.Da handsome reward for researchers4.Many,liketheFundamentalPhysicsPrize,arefundedfromthe telephone-number-sized bank accounts of

25、Internet entrepreneurs.5. These benefactors (施主，恩公，金主，資助者，出資人) have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to（讓人們關(guān)注） those who have succeeded in science.31. The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as. Aa symbol of the entrepreneurs wealthBa poss

26、ible replacement of the Nobel Prizes Can example of bankers investmentsDa handsome reward for researchers第二段1. Whats not to like?2. Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists （一小撮）quoted in the News Feature.3. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs canno

27、t buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels.4. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion（自我炒作） for thosebehind them, say scientists. = 這些只是有利于獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)的設(shè)立人。32. The critics think that the new awards will most benefit. Athe profit-oriented scientistsB the founders of the awardsC the achievement-base

28、d system Dpeer-review-led research5. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research.6. They could cement the status quo（現(xiàn)狀） of peer-reviewed research.7.They do not fund peer-reviewed research.8. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.第三段1. The goals of the prize-giv

29、ers seem as scattered a（s 和一樣的） the criticism.2. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.第四段1. As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate（合理的） concerns about how science prizesboth new and oldare distr

30、ibuted.2. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes anunrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. （新的的不足！）3. But the Nobel Foundations limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of m

31、odern researchas will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. （老的 也有不足!）A has long been outgrown by B= B outgrow A ( B 使得 A 不合時(shí)宜了。)A= the Nobel Foundations limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still

32、be living,B= the collaborative nature of modern researchAs= the collaborative nature of modern research B will be demonstrated by CC= the inevitable row ( 爭吵) over who is ignored when it comes toacknowledging the discovery of theHiggs boson.Bthe joint effort of modern researchersThe discovery of the

33、 Higgs boson is a typical case which involves. Acontroversies over the recipients statusBthe joint effort of modern researchers Clegitimate concerns over the new prizesDthe demonstration of research findings4. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided wh

34、at he wanted to do with his own money.5. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.A Their endurance has done justice to them.34. According to Paragraph 4, which of the following is true of the Nobels? ATheir endurance has done justice to them.BTheir legitimacy has long been in dispute.

35、 CThey are the most representative honor.DHistory has never cast doubt on them.第五段1. As much as(盡管) some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear.2. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one.3. Second, it is surely a good thing that the mon

36、ey and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere.4. It is fair to criticize and question the mechanismthat is the culture of research, after allbut it is the prize-givers money to do with as they please.5. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.Aacceptable despite the critic

37、ism35.The author believes that the new awards are. Aacceptable despite the criticismBharmful to the culture of researchC subject to undesirable changesD unworthy of public attention第九篇譯文：The US 3-million Fundamental Physics Price isan interesting experiment, asAlexander Polyakov said when he accepte

38、d this years award in March.正如到 300.在今年三月接受今年的基礎(chǔ)物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)的時(shí)候所說的那樣，金的基礎(chǔ)物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)的確是個(gè)有趣的嘗試。（這一獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)的本質(zhì)與獎(jiǎng)有著天壤之別，后者只有當(dāng)一項(xiàng)成果已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了徹底的測試和驗(yàn)證被認(rèn)定為是性的進(jìn)展，有時(shí)往往與最初的相隔幾十年的光景。與此相反，基礎(chǔ)物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)似乎以那些理論上的進(jìn)步為目標(biāo)，在這次獲獎(jiǎng)的 9 位科學(xué)家中，有 6 人都從事與弦理論有關(guān)的研究。）Yuri Milner投資人：、Whatsup、AirBnB、 Snapchat、Spotify 等以及阿里巴巴、京東、滴滴、小米和美團(tuán)等公司。 And it is far from the

39、 only one of its type.1.far from being;China is far from being a world economy leader.中國遠(yuǎn)不是世界的者。同類型的獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)也遠(yuǎn)非這一個(gè)。As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years.正如自然雜志上一篇專題文章所討論的那樣，近年來一系列金額豐厚的獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)加入到了獎(jiǎng)的行列。Many, like t

40、he Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephones-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs.像基礎(chǔ)物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)一樣，很多獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)的經(jīng)費(fèi)來自互聯(lián)網(wǎng)企業(yè)家的賬戶。These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science

41、.這些出資人在他們所選領(lǐng)域獲得了。他們想用他們的讓人們?nèi)リP(guān)注那些在科學(xué)上取得的人。Whats not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature.有什么不妥呢？就專題的少數(shù)科學(xué)家的話來講，有很多。You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels.俗話說，你買不來的

42、聲望。，這些新興的企業(yè)家沒法給他們設(shè)立的獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)買來像獎(jiǎng)那樣The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists.科學(xué)家們說，這些獎(jiǎng)只不過是設(shè)立這些獎(jiǎng)的人的自我炒作而已。這些獎(jiǎng)是背后的企業(yè)家們?yōu)榱俗晕倚麄鞫O(shè)置的。They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research.他們會扭曲以成果為基礎(chǔ)，以評審為引導(dǎo)的體系。They could cement the status quo of p

43、eer-reviewed research.他們會使評審研究的現(xiàn)狀不前。They do not fund peer-reviewed research.他們資助評審研究。They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.Perpetuate: 使長存；myth of the lone genius 個(gè)人天才的神話The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism.A seem as scattered as BA 和B 一樣，各不相同；A are as diversified a

44、s B和批評一樣，獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)設(shè)立者的目標(biāo)也不盡相同。Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.有的人是為了想世界，其他人是為了吸引從事科學(xué)研究，有些人想更好地回報(bào)那些以科學(xué)研究為事業(yè)的人。have made their careers in research. 以科研為事業(yè)的人He has made his career in teaching. 他以教書為事業(yè)。As Nature has point

45、ed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizeboth new and old are distributed.Legitimate：合理的，正當(dāng)?shù)模戏ǖ?；Legitimacy （，合理性）地位！就如自然雜志以往指出過的那樣，科學(xué)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)（無論新舊），其分配方式確有值得擔(dān)心之處。The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sc

46、ience include.今年新設(shè)立的生命科學(xué)具備代表性的觀點(diǎn)。獎(jiǎng)在就生命科學(xué)包括哪些（內(nèi)涵）這件事上采用了一種不But the Nobel Foundations limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it

47、comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson.A outgrow B ：A 使B 不適應(yīng) A 了B has been outgrown by A .但是，獎(jiǎng)在設(shè)立時(shí)規(guī)定每個(gè)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)最多有三名獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)撸颐總€(gè)人必須依然活著；這種理念早就不適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代研究的大規(guī)模協(xié)作這一事實(shí)了。就如談到玻色子的發(fā)現(xiàn)頒獎(jiǎng)時(shí)，都會不可避免地爭論誰被忽略了，這點(diǎn)也證明了現(xiàn)代研究的大規(guī)模協(xié)作這一事實(shí)。The collaborative nature of modern research will be demonstrated by the inevitable

48、row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson.acknowledge:承認(rèn)，表彰，頒獎(jiǎng)，認(rèn)可；The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money.當(dāng)然，獎(jiǎng)本身就是一個(gè)富人處置的結(jié)果。Time, rather than intention, has given the

49、m legitimacy.時(shí)間，而不是初衷成就了獎(jiǎng)的地位。As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear.As much as= much asMuch as I hate to go, it's now or never.雖然我很討厭去，但也就此一回了。雖然一些科學(xué)家對于這些新的獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)有這樣那樣的抱怨，但是有兩個(gè)事實(shí)是清晰的。First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered o

50、ne.第一，如果頒獎(jiǎng)，大多數(shù)獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)叨紩邮塥?jiǎng)金Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere.第二，金錢和關(guān)注匯聚到科學(xué)領(lǐng)域而不是其他領(lǐng)域是件好事。It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism- that is the culture of research, after all-but it is the prize-givers money to do with as they

51、 please.批評和質(zhì)疑獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)機(jī)制無可厚非，畢竟這是研究的錢，別人怎么花都行吧！的一部分。但是這些錢是別人頒獎(jiǎng)人It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.明智的做法是以感恩的心優(yōu)雅地接受獎(jiǎng)金。第八篇譯文：In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific meth

52、od to carry out their work.在科學(xué)研究的理想狀態(tài)下，關(guān)于世界的事實(shí)正在等待著那些客觀的研究者去觀察和收集， 研究者們會用科學(xué)的方法來開展他們的研究工作。But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.但是在每天的科學(xué)實(shí)踐中，發(fā)現(xiàn)通常遵循一條模糊且復(fù)雜的路徑。We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life e

53、xperience.我們的目標(biāo)是做到客觀，但我們卻無法逃離我們獨(dú)特的人生體驗(yàn)這樣一個(gè)環(huán)境。Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take.之前的知識和會影響到我們的經(jīng)歷，影響到我們對于經(jīng)歷意義的思考，以及影響到我們采取的后續(xù)行動。Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.這里充滿著，錯(cuò)誤和

54、自我的可能性。Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.所以，發(fā)現(xiàn)的應(yīng)該被作為科學(xué)的原型。Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential.這些類似于新礦勘探的，都充滿著可能性。But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.但是把發(fā)現(xiàn)的變成成發(fā)現(xiàn)需要集體的和接受。

55、This is the credibility process, through which the individual researchers me, here, nowbecomes the commus anyone, anywhere, anytime.這個(gè)過程被稱之為“取得信用的過程”，通過這一過程，一個(gè)單個(gè)研究者的我，此處，現(xiàn)在變成了這個(gè)社區(qū)中的任何人，任何地方，任何時(shí)間。Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.客觀的知識不應(yīng)該是起點(diǎn)而是目標(biāo)。Once a discovery claim becomes pu

56、blic, the discoverer receives intellectual credit.“這里的 public 到底是什么意思？真的需要本文來賦予其含義，還真不能靠我們字面理解。”一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)的變成“public”,這個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)者就獲得了學(xué)術(shù)的認(rèn)可。But, unlike with mining claims, the commutakes control of what happens next.但是和采礦不同的是，科學(xué)界會接管接下來發(fā)生的事情。Within the complex social structure of the scientific commu, researchers makediscoveries; editors and reviewers agatekeepers by controlling the publication process; otherscientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public （inclu