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1、專題02代詞和介詞【考向解讀】代詞是用來代替名詞或名詞短語的詞類。在單項(xiàng)填空考查中主要考查人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞以及it的特殊用法、代詞的辨析、代詞與否定詞構(gòu)成的否定與半否定等。對介詞的考查主要集中在介詞的基本用法上,最常見的是介詞短語的考查及介詞的固定搭配。【命題熱點(diǎn)突破一】人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞和反身代詞例 1、 Half of surveyed in 16 countries say they go first to their closestfriend to share their deepest wishes and darkest fears.A.

2、 theseB. someC. onesD. those解析:考查代詞期析.句意:來自鑿個(gè)國冢的受訪人當(dāng)中有一半人說,在他們有最強(qiáng)烈的愿望和最恐懼的 時(shí)晶他們苜先想到他們最親近的朋友馬所以這里用出口轉(zhuǎn)來指代前面提到的那些襁調(diào)查的大馬答案:D1.在沒有謂語動詞的句子中,人稱代詞常用賓格。 Glad to meet you.很高興見到你。一Me, too.我也是。 I ' d like to go to climb the mountain this weekend. 這個(gè)周末我想去爬山。 Me, too.我也想去。2 .形容詞性物主代詞通常在句中作定語。名詞性物主代詞通常在句中起名詞作用

3、,可以作主語、賓語和表語。名詞 性物主代詞相當(dāng)于名詞,不能用于名詞之前。We took our fishing pole and headed for the lake.我們帶上魚竿朝湖走去。This camera is mine and that is yours.這部相機(jī)是我的,那個(gè)是你的。3 .反身代詞的用法:(1)反身代詞可以在 be, feel , look , seem等系動詞后作表語,表示身體或精神狀態(tài)。She is not quite herself today.她今天身體不太舒服。(2)含有反身代詞的習(xí)慣用語:介詞+反身代詞:by oneself 單獨(dú)地,獨(dú)自地;for on

4、eself 親自,為自己動詞+ 反身代詞: devote oneself to 致力于;apply oneself to 專心致志于;enjoy oneself過得愉快;help oneself to 隨便吃;隨便用;make yourself at home 不拘束;seat oneself坐下;behave oneself舉止得體;come to oneself恢復(fù)知覺;蘇醒過來;adapt/adjustoneself to適應(yīng)于;abandon oneself to沉迷于,放縱于; express oneself 表達(dá)某人的思想;lose oneself in( = be lost in

5、 迷失);say to oneself 心里想;talk to oneself 自言自語4 .指示代詞常見用法有:指上文提到的事,一般用that或those ;指下文或?qū)⒁岬降氖挛铮S胻his或these。此外,this在電話用語中作自我介紹,that則為詢問對方;this和that還用作副詞,相當(dāng)于 so。Those are the facts ; what do you conclude from them?那些都是事實(shí),你能從中得出什么結(jié)論?They are happy to learn in their own language , and that makes them eage

6、r to know more.他們很高興能用自己的語言學(xué)習(xí),這就激發(fā)了他們的求知欲。習(xí)慣搭配有:that is to say = that is.也就是說That' s it! 正是如此!對了!That' s enough. 那就夠了。That' s that. 就這么決定了?!咀兪教骄俊恳籑ike, you don ' t seem to be quite today.Well , I hardly slept last night.I was preparing for a report.A. itself B . yourselfC. you D. our

7、selves解析二句意:邁克,你今天的狀態(tài)似乎不太好。我昨晚幾乎沒有睡,我在準(zhǔn)備一個(gè)報(bào)告口從口璉配 技為固定用法/意為文身體, 精神等方面)處于正常狀態(tài)為根據(jù)王語V可知,應(yīng)選加皿轉(zhuǎn)答案:B【命題熱點(diǎn)突破二】it的用法例 2、(2015 高考浙江卷,T12)How would you like if you were watching yourfavoriteTV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without askingyou?A. themB. oneC. thoseD. it解析;考查代詞的用法。句意

8、;如果你正在看最喜式的電視節(jié)目,有人走進(jìn)來,不說一聲就關(guān)掉了電視1 你會作何感想?上指代if you were wa+dniiig. sskins y 這件事> How do ycm like i-t if ?安口果你作何感想?答案:DC.指代前面所提到過的事物或說話者不清楚或沒有必要說明說話對象的性別時(shí)。The Smiths bought a new house but it will need a lot of work before they can move in.史密斯一家買了 一套新房子,但是在入住之前有大量的工作要做。2. It用作形式主語或形式賓語,而把真正的主語或賓語放

9、在后面,真正的主語或賓語往往由從句、動名詞、不定式充當(dāng)。No matter where he is , he makes it a rule to go for a walk before breakfast.不管在哪里,他養(yǎng)成了早餐前散步的習(xí)慣。It ' s no use complaining without taking action.不采取行動而只是抱怨是沒有用的。It occurred to me that I had visited him before.我突然想起我以前曾拜訪過他。3. 某些及物動詞或短語不能直接加賓語從句,此時(shí)須先用it作形式賓語,然后接賓語從句,有此用

10、法的動詞(短語):like , dislike , hate , appreciate , depend on, see to 等。They would appreciate it , to be frank , if the goods could be delivered as soon as possible.坦率地說,如果貨物盡快被送到,他們會感激不盡。4. It的固定搭配:it depends 視情況而定Don' t mention it.不客氣。Believe it or not信不信由你make it 成功,做到,及時(shí)趕到put it表達(dá)get it 明白了when it

11、 comes t。 當(dāng)談至 Utake it for granted that 認(rèn)為是理所當(dāng)然的Laughter is the best medicine - at least when it comes toprotecting your heart.笑是最好的藥,至少當(dāng)涉及保護(hù)心臟的時(shí)候?!咀兪教骄俊縎usan made clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.A. thatB. thisC. itD. her解析:考查代詞的運(yùn)用。句意:蘇珊清楚地跟我表明她希望為自己創(chuàng)造新的生活。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以看出,該句中包含

12、一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句,而且根據(jù)語境可知,that從句的內(nèi)容就是蘇珊向我表明的事情,所以后置的that從句實(shí)際 上是made的真正賓語,故用形式賓語it指代that從句,所以選 Q其余代詞均不能用作形式賓語。答案:C【命題熱點(diǎn)突破三】it , one(s) , that , those的用法區(qū)別例 3、(2015 高考天津卷, T2)The quality of education in this small school is betterthan insomelargerschools.A. thatB. oneC. itD. This解析:考查替代詞的用法&句意;這所小型學(xué)校的教

13、學(xué)質(zhì)量比有些較大的學(xué)校的教學(xué)質(zhì)量還要好.空格處指代the quality of ©duration,為不可數(shù)名詞故用thate答案? : ATo her joy , Della earned first the trust of her students and then that of her colleagues.令戴拉高興的是,她首先贏得了她的學(xué)生的信任,然后又贏得了同事的信任。We ve been looking for a cheap house but haven ' t found one yet.我一直在找一個(gè)便宜的房子但是還沒有找到。I like this

14、house with a beautiful garden in front,but I don' t have enough moneyto buy it.我喜歡這座前面有漂亮花園的房子,但是沒有足夠的錢來買它?!咀兪教骄俊縏he traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than on the smallones.A. oneB. thisC. thatD. it解析:句意:主街上交通燈的綠燈指示時(shí)間比小街上的綠燈指示時(shí)間長。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都為替代詞,one指代上文中出現(xiàn)的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,表泛指; that指代上文中出現(xiàn) 的

15、不可數(shù) 名詞 或單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,表特指,其后有修飾語限制;it指代 上文 提到的同名同物。由句子結(jié)構(gòu)和句意可知,空格處應(yīng)用that替代上文中出現(xiàn)白不可數(shù)名詞traffic答案:C【命題熱點(diǎn)突破四】不定代詞 all , both , either , any, none, neither 的用法區(qū)別When shall I call,in the morning or afternoon?. I ' ll be in all day.A. AnyB . NoneC. NeitherD . Either解折:考查代司.句意:我什么時(shí)候(給你)打電話方便,上午還是下午?一都可以?我將一整天都

16、在冢。根據(jù)文中提到的in th& MozniiLg or aftEtnom可知?此處指在兩者之間作出選擇,故科滁以、E兩 項(xiàng)寧又根據(jù)“寸11 be in all d型可加應(yīng)該是兩個(gè)時(shí)間段i洞以。答案:DAs the two dictionaries are useful , I ' ll take both and either of them is very importantto me.由于這兩本詞典都有用,我會把它們都帶走,每一本對我來說都非常重要。All that ' s important is that you are doing your best and

17、 moving in the right direction.重要的是你盡力朝正確的方向前進(jìn)。Would you like tea or coffee?你想要茶還是咖啡? Neither , thank you.I ' ve just had some water.都不要,謝謝。我剛喝過一些水。My brother would like to buy a good watch but none was available from that shop.我哥哥想買一塊好表,但是在那家店里沒有一塊合適的?!咀兪教骄俊縊f the forces shaping higher educatio

18、n is more sweeping than the movementacross borders.A. nothing B. noneC. either D . anything解析:句意:在影響高等教育發(fā)展的各種力量中, 沒有比出 國留學(xué)的影響更廣泛的。A. nothing 沒有什么東西;B. none一點(diǎn)也沒有,一個(gè)也沒有;C. either兩者中的任何 一個(gè);D. anything 任何東西。根據(jù)前面的 of短語,可知應(yīng)用none。故選B。答案:B【命題熱點(diǎn)突破五】不定代詞 other , the other , others , the others , another的用法區(qū)別例

19、 5、(2015 高考陜西卷,T13)To warmhimself , the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against.A. another B. the otherC. other D . either考杳不定代詞。句意,為了暖和自己j那個(gè)海員坐在火堆前,兩只光卻丫互相蹭著。5口加燈另一 個(gè),指三者或三者以上中的另外一個(gè)J the。小娥另一h指兩者中的另外一個(gè)j。也泣別的,其他的j 氯也打表示兩者中的任意一個(gè)口由語境可如,此處表示,另一只赤著的腳I指“兩者中的另外一個(gè)Z 故用 the other«

20、答案:BI felt so bad all day yesterday that I decided this morning I couldn' t face anotherday like that.昨天一整天我都感覺很糟糕,所以今天早晨我決定不能像那樣面對另一天了。I ' ll spend half of my holiday practising English and the other half learning drawing.我準(zhǔn)備把我假日時(shí)間的一半用來練習(xí)英語,另一半時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí)繪畫。Some are singing and dancing , some are

21、drawing , others are climbing the hill.一些人在唱歌跳舞,一些人在畫畫,還有一些人在爬山?!咀兪教骄俊縄t ' s one thing to send a short message b ut to have the person receiving themessage actually do something.A. anotherB. otherC. the otherD. others解析:考查代詞。 句意:發(fā)短信是一回事,而讓收到短信的人做某事又是另外一回事.another表示另外一個(gè),故選A項(xiàng)。答案:A【命題熱點(diǎn)突破六】不定代詞none

22、, nothing , nobody(no one)的用法區(qū)別例 6、(2015 高考重慶卷, T2)The meeting will be held in September, but knows the date for sure.A. everybodyB. nobodyC. anybodyD. somebody解析:考查不定代詞口句意:會議聘在九月份舉行,但是 知道確切的日期心句中的H折連詞卜必是解題的關(guān)鍵,表明人fl見在只知道會議在九月份開F但確切日期不知道。答案:BSophia waited for a reply , but none came.索菲亞等待答復(fù),但一個(gè)都沒有。 H

23、ow many students in your class went to the lecture?你們班有多少學(xué)生去聽報(bào)告? None.一個(gè)也沒有。Who did you see enter the lonely house?你看見誰進(jìn)了那間僻靜的房間? Nobody.沒看見一個(gè)人。 How much money do you have?你有多少錢? Nothing.一點(diǎn)也沒有?!咀兪教骄俊縏his project requires close teamwork.will be achieved unless we work well- 13 -together.A. NothingB.

24、AnythingC. Something D. Everything解析:考查不定代詞。句意:這個(gè)項(xiàng)目需要密切的合作,除非我們通力合作,否則一事無成。根據(jù)句意可知此處應(yīng)用表示否定意義的詞語,故選Ao答案:A【易錯(cuò)警示】部分否定和全部否定:no one, none,nobody,nothing,notany 以及 “no +名詞”者B表示全否定; all,both , everyone/everybody/everything以及“every +名詞”都表示全部肯定;當(dāng)not出現(xiàn)在含有全部肯定意義的不定代詞的句子中,不管not在它們之前還是在它們之后,都表示部分否定。Both of them h

25、aven ' t read this story.并非他倆都讀過這個(gè)故事。Not all of them smoke. = All of them don ' t smoke.他們當(dāng)中不是所有人都吸煙?!久}熱點(diǎn)突破七】介詞的用法例 7、(2015 高考浙江卷, T3)Have you ever heard of the treesthat are homesanimals both on land and sea?A. about B. toC. withD. over解析,考查固定搭配口句意:你聽說付是海陸兩棲動物棲息地的樹嗎?品品健to為固定搭配,意為"是 的棲

26、息也是“的冢0以答案:B常考介詞歸納1. against (表示方位)依靠著;碰,撞;反對;以為背景,襯托;預(yù)防An agreementseems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are againstit.看來意見達(dá)成一致是不可能的,因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)委員會委員都表示反對。2. off(表示位置)在的外面;(表示方向)偏離;從離開 Two miles off the coast ,we sailed right into the storm.在離海岸兩英里處,我們迎面遇上了暴風(fēng)雨。3. by不遲于;在旁邊;

27、到為止;按照,根據(jù);通 過方式;增減的幅度This one is shorter than that one by three inches.這一個(gè)比那一個(gè)短三英寸。4. beyond (時(shí)間)過了,比晚,遲于;(位置)在另一邊,超出之外; (表示程度)為所不及,超出的范圍No one hopes that the situation between China and Japan is beyond control due to theDiaoyu Islands.沒人希望中日局勢因釣魚島事件失控。5. with 和在一起;帶有,擁有;隨著;用工具 ;就來說;對于,關(guān)于;(表示原因)由于,因

28、為I have an appointment with Dr.Smith,but I need to change it.我與史密斯醫(yī)生有約,但是我需要改變一下。6. over 在上方;越過;超過; (表示時(shí)間或過程)在期間I ' m sorry I didn ' t phone you, but I ' ve been very busy over the past couple of weeks.很抱歉沒給你打電話,可是這幾個(gè)星期我一直很忙。7. for 為了;代表;因?yàn)?,由于;對于,關(guān)于,在方面;以為代價(jià);贊成,支持;就而言Before you pay a vis

29、it to a place of interest, look in your local library for a bookabout it.在你到某一旅游勝地去瀏覽之前,先在你當(dāng)?shù)氐膱D書館找本有關(guān)的書看看。The Smiths are praised for the way they bring up their children.史密斯夫婦因?yàn)轲B(yǎng)育孩子的方式而受到了贊揚(yáng)?!咀兪教骄俊縏he little pupil took his grandma the arm and walked her across the street.A. on B . byC. in D . at解析二考

30、查固定搭配.句意;那個(gè)小學(xué)生搏著他胡嬌的胳膊,送她過了街道聯(lián)+身體 部位”為固定搭配,意為打抓住/觸及某人的3故選E項(xiàng)。答案:B【命題熱點(diǎn)突破八】介詞短語和介詞的固定搭配(2015 高考江蘇卷, T34)Many of the things we now benefit from would not be aroundThomas Edison.A thanks to B regardless ofC aside from D but for解析:考查介詞短語意義辨析。句意:要不 是托 馬斯愛 迪生,我們現(xiàn)在從中受益的很多東西就不會存在。 由 would 可以看出本句用了虛擬語氣,在所給選項(xiàng)中

31、只有but for 可以 引出含蓄虛擬條件,故選D項(xiàng)。thanks to 由于;regardless of 不管;aside from 除了之外; but for 要不是。答案: D1 at 名詞at sea 茫然,在大海上;at will 任意地;at work 在上班;at lunch 在吃午飯;at table在吃飯;at peace 處于和平狀態(tài)2 by 名詞by accident 偶然地;by chance 碰巧; by mistake 錯(cuò)誤地;by the way 順便說3 beyond 十 名詞beyond description 難以形容;beyond words 無法用語言形

32、容; beyond doubt 無疑; beyondone s reach 夠不著4 in 名詞in advance 在前頭,事先,預(yù)先;in case 如果,萬一;in charge 主管,看管;in common共有,共同;in demand 很需 要; in order 按順序,井然有序,情況良好;in progress 進(jìn)行 中; in return 作為回報(bào);in turn 依次,轉(zhuǎn)而;in vain 徒勞; in shape 健康狀況良好5 on十名詞on purpose 故意地;on leave 在休假;on holiday 在度假;on sale 出售; on time 準(zhǔn)時(shí);

33、on the air 正在廣播6 under 名詞under construction 在建設(shè)中;under consideration 在考慮 中; under repair 在修理中7 out of 名詞out of breath 上氣不接下氣;out of balance 失去平衡;out of date 過時(shí); out of patience不耐煩;out of control 失去控制;out of touch 失去聯(lián)系8 in 名詞ofin case of 如果;in fear of 擔(dān)心,害怕;in honour of 為紀(jì) 念,對表示敬意;in memory of 為紀(jì)念;in

34、 place of 代替;in search of 尋找,尋求; in sight of 在看得見的地方;in support of 支持,支援; in face of 面對;in exchange of 與交換9 其他??冀樵~短語in terms of 就而言,依據(jù); in view of 鑒于,根據(jù); for the sake of 為了; on behalfof 代表;apart from 除了; in addition to 除了; on the basis of 以為基礎(chǔ); regardlessof不管;with regard to 至于,關(guān)于Our club is open to

35、everyone regardless of age, sex or educational background.我們的俱樂部對任何人開放,不管年齡、性別或教育背景。I am always delighted when I receive an e mail from you.With regard to the partyon July 1 st, I shall be pleased toattend.當(dāng)我收到你的e-mail時(shí),我總是很高興。至于 7月1日的聚會,我將很樂意參加。 【變式探究】I like that bookstore because whenever I buy a

36、book there, they will offer me a bookcover .A. for good measureB. at any costC. beyond my reachD. on their own解析二句意:我喜歡那家書店,因?yàn)闊o論1可時(shí)我在那里買書時(shí)他們就會一皮,口工£oodmeasuru作為微外墻忝j at any匚口§1:無論如何p在任何情況下寧buyond my工each我解不到5 ML thuir ciwn 獨(dú)白,單獨(dú)。答案:A【高考真題解讀】1. (2015 浙江,12)How would you like if youwere watc

37、hing your favorite TVprogram and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you?解析 句意:如果你正在看最喜愛的電視節(jié)目,這時(shí)有人進(jìn)來沒有征求你的意見就把電視關(guān)了,你會怎么想。固定表達(dá) how would you like it if.,在此結(jié)構(gòu)中it代替后面if句的內(nèi)容。答案it2. (2015 -重慶,2)The meeting will be held in September, but knows the datefor sure.解析 句意:會議將在九月召開,但是沒

38、人知道具體日期。句中的關(guān)鍵詞為 but,表轉(zhuǎn)折,故 nobody沒有人,符合句意。答案 nobody3. (2015 陜西,13)To warm himself , the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the .解析 句意:為了讓自己暖和起來,這個(gè)水手坐在火堆旁,光著腳,用一只腳搓另一只腳。表示兩者中的一個(gè),另一個(gè),用 onethe other. 。答案 other4. (2015 四川,10)Niki is always full of ideas , but is useful to my knowledge.解析 句意:Niki總是有很多想法,但是沒有一個(gè)想法對我的知識有用。三者或三者否定以 上用none,可指人也可指物。答案 none5. (2015 天津, 2)The quality of education in this small school is better than in some larger schools.解析

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