三大從句語法

1、歐陽音創(chuàng)編歐陽音創(chuàng)編2021.03.112021.03.11從句可分為三類：即名詞性從 句、形容詞性從句（即定語從 句）和副詞性從（即狀語從 句）。引導從句的詞稱作關(guān)聯(lián) 句。時間：2021.03.11創(chuàng)作：歐陽音、名詞性從句引導這些名詞性從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞包括：從屬連詞： that, if, whether 連接代詞： who, whoeverwhom, whomever, wh i ch, wh i chever, wha t, whatever, whose 連接副詞 where, when, why, howo其中，從屬連詞只起連接作用，在從句中不 充當任何句法成分，而連接代詞和連接副詞既起連

2、 接作用，在從句中又充當一定的成分.不可省略的連詞：介詞后的連詞2.引導主語從 句和同位語從句的連詞不可省略。That she was chosen made us very happy. We歐陽音創(chuàng)編歐陽音創(chuàng)編2021.03.112021.03.11歐陽音創(chuàng)編歐陽音創(chuàng)編2021.03.112021.03.11heard the news that our tearn had won.比較：whether與if均為"是否"的意思。但在下 列情況下,whether不能被if取代：1. whether 引導主語從句并在句首2引導表語從句3. whether從句作介詞賓語4.從

3、句后有"or not" 例 : Whether he wi I I come i s not c I ear. The fac t is that he did n't go to the dinner partyI don't know if he wi I I attend the meeting.1. 在含有主語從句的復合句中，為保持句子平衡， 常用it作形式主語，而將真正的主語從句置于句末. That-從句作主語通常用it作先行詞，而將that- 從句置于句末，例如：It is quite c I ear that the who I e pro j

4、ec t is doomed to fai lure.很清楚，整個計劃注定要失 敗。It's a pity that you shouId have to leave. 你 非走不可真是件憾事。用it作形式主語的that-從句有以下四種不同的搭 配關(guān)系：歐陽音創(chuàng)編歐陽音創(chuàng)編2021.03.112021.03.11歐陽音創(chuàng)編歐陽音創(chuàng)編2021.03.112021.03.11A 11 + be +形容詞+ that-從句例：11 i s necessary that 有必要It is importantthat重要的是 It i s obvious that 很明 顯B. It + be

5、+ ed 分詞 + that-從句例如：It i sbe I i eved that 人們相信 It i s known to a I I that從所周知It has been decidedthat-已決定C. 11 + be + 名詞 + that-從句 例：11 i scommon knowledge that是常識 It is asurpr i se that 令人驚奇的是It i s a factthat-事實是D. It +不及物動詞+ that-分句例：11 appearsthat彳以乎 It happens that 召亞巧 It occurred to me that我突然

6、想起2. 為保持句子平衡，that引導的賓語從句也常用 it代替，而將真正的賓語從句置于主句句末。這常 常出現(xiàn)在主句有形容詞或分詞作賓語補足語的情況 下。He made it quite c I ear that he preferred to歐陽音創(chuàng)編歐陽音創(chuàng)編2021.03.112021.03.11歐陽音創(chuàng)編歐陽音創(chuàng)編2021.03.112021.03.11I i ve here.3. 從屬連詞whether和if都作“是否”解，但 if不可引導主語從句和表語從句。whether可與 or (not)連用，而 if 不可以。I don't know whether (if) she

7、 i s at home.Whether she comes or not makes no d i fference.4. that和what引導名詞性從句的區(qū)別：that在 從句中不充當成分，而what在從句中充當一定的成 分，如主語、表語、賓語等。that可省略，what 則不可省。He a I ways means wha t he says.She suggested (that) he do it at once.5. 同位語從句大多由從屬連詞that引導，常跟在 下列名詞后面，如 fact, idea, opinion, news, hope, belief等，that不可省。同

8、位語從句一般 用來解釋說明這些名詞的具體含義和內(nèi)容。We are fami I i ar with the idea that a I I matter cons i sts of atoms.The n ews that we are invited to the conference i s very encouraging.歐陽音創(chuàng)編歐陽音創(chuàng)編2021.03.112021.03.11歐陽音創(chuàng)編歐陽音創(chuàng)編2021.03.112021.03.11二、形容詞性從句引導定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞包括：(1)關(guān)系代詞:that, which, whose, who, whom, as; (2)關(guān)系副詞:wh

9、en, where, whyo關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中都充當一定的句 法成分，關(guān)系代詞在句中充當動詞的賓語時，一般 可省去。關(guān)系代詞的選用比較復雜，它受下列條件 的制約：(1)先行詞是指人還是指物關(guān)系代詞在 從句中的句法功能(3)定語從句是限定性的還是非 限定性的。關(guān)系代詞的選用情況見下表：先行詞在從句中的句法功能用于限定性或非限定性 定語從句只用于限定性定語從句指人或指物指人指物主語whowh i chthat賓語whom wh i chthat定語whose whose (ofwhich)歐陽音創(chuàng)編歐陽音創(chuàng)編2021.03.112021.03.11歐陽音創(chuàng)編歐陽音創(chuàng)編2021.03.

10、112021.03.11I know that he i s a man who (that) means what be says.The gent I eman whom (that) she met addressed her with courtesy (禮貌)。The watch wh i ch (that) was I ost has been foundHere i s the meterial which (that) you need You' re the on I y one whose adv i ce he mi ght I i sten to.關(guān)系副詞的選用

11、相對來說較簡單。如先行詞為表示 時間的名詞，如time, day等，則用when;如先行 詞為表示地點的名詞，如place, house, area等, 則用where;如先行詞為reason,則用why。例： I'll never forget the mountain vi I I age where (in which) I spent my chi Idhood.I dor/t know the reason why (for wh i ch) he d i d that.1.當先行詞是all, something, nothing等不定 代詞時；或先行詞前有first, la

12、st, only, few, much, some, any, no等修飾時；或先行詞前有形容歐陽音創(chuàng)編歐陽音創(chuàng)編2021.03.112021.03.11歐陽音創(chuàng)編歐陽音創(chuàng)編2021.03.112021.03.11詞最高級修時，一般只用that而不用which來引 導定語從句。例：I 1 ve exp I a ined every thing (that) I can to you.Th i s i s the most beautiful compus (that)I 1ve ever been to.2. 定語從句分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語 從句，限定性定語從句與主句關(guān)系緊密，為句中

13、不 可缺少的部分，如去掉，主句意思不完整。非限定 性定語從句與主句關(guān)系松散，如去掉，主句內(nèi)容仍 完整。在書面語中，非限定性定語從句一般被逗句 隔開。非限定性定語從句一般不用that引導。引 導非限定性定語從句的關(guān)系詞不可省略。H i s speech, wh i ch bored everyone, went on and on.The gen era I ' s daugh ter. whose name i s Ann. gave me a sweet smile3. 先行詞也可以是整個句子。這時，一般用which 或as來引導定語從句。which在從句中可充當主 語、賓語等，as

14、在從句中一般只充當主語。which 與as引導此類定語從句的區(qū)別在于：which只能置歐陽音創(chuàng)編歐陽音創(chuàng)編2021.03.112021.03.11歐陽音創(chuàng)編歐陽音創(chuàng)編2021.03.112021.03.11于句中或句末，而as的位置比較靈活，可置于句 中、句末，又可置于句首。Water cons i sts of hydrogen and oxygen, which (as) i s known to all.As had bee n expec ted. he fin ished f i rs t in decath I on (十項全能)at that 01 ymp i c Games.4

15、.關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中有時也做介詞的賓語。 如果介詞被置于關(guān)系代詞前，一般只用介詞+which 或介詞+whom,而不用介詞+that來此導定語從句。 如果介詞被置于從句句末，則可用that代替which 或whom,且that這時可省去。This i s the ring on which she spe nt 11000 do I I ars.One of my co I I eagues whom (that) you are fami Iiar with wi I I come today.區(qū)分關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞方法一：用關(guān)系代詞， 還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物 動詞后

16、面無賓語，就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞；而不及 物動詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。例如：This is the mountain v i I I age where I stayed I ast year.歐陽音創(chuàng)編歐陽音創(chuàng)編2021.03.112021.03.11歐陽音創(chuàng)編歐陽音創(chuàng)編2021.03.112021.03.11I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.方法二：準確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分 (主、謂、賓、定、狀)，也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞 /關(guān)系副詞。例 1. Is this museum _D you v i s

17、 i ted a few days age?A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one 例 2. I s t h i s the museum _A_ the exh i b i tion was he Id. A whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one三、副詞性從句在復合句中，起狀語作用的從句稱作狀語從句。狀語從句分為：時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句、條 件狀誤從句、原因狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、比較 狀語從句、目的狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、方式狀 語從句。狀語從句可放在句首或句末。如狀語從句位于主語 前，一般用逗號將其與主句隔開。(-)時間

18、狀語從句When you cross a ma i n road, you must be very carefuI.歐陽音創(chuàng)編歐陽音創(chuàng)編2021.03.112021.03.11歐陽音創(chuàng)編歐陽音創(chuàng)編2021.03.112021.03.11Until we I earn the facts, we can't do anyth i ng about it注1. when, as, while引導時間狀語從句時都可 以表示主句的動作與從句的動作同時發(fā)生，即同時 性。它們的區(qū)別在于：when和as引導的狀語從句 中的動作既可以是延續(xù)性的，也可以是非延續(xù)性的, 即瞬時性的；while引導的狀語

19、從句中的動作只能 是延續(xù)的動作或狀態(tài)。當主句和從句中的動作均為延續(xù)動作時，一般用 while,而不用when或as。當表示兩個同時發(fā)展、 變化的情況時，一般用as,作“隨著”解。When she comes, I shaI I teI I her to wa i t for you. As she got older, she got wi ser.While Peter was reading,hi s wife wascook i ng.2.有些副詞和一些表示時間的名詞詞組也可用作 從屬連詞，引導時間狀語從句。如instantly, i mmed i ately, d i rectly,

20、the day, every ti me, the mi nute, the second, the moment 等。Immed i ately he arr i ved, he started歐陽音創(chuàng)編歐陽音創(chuàng)編2021.03.112021.03.11歐陽音創(chuàng)編歐陽音創(chuàng)編2021.03.112021.03.11descr i b ing us what had happenedThe day he returned home, h i s grandpa was a Irady dead(二)條件狀語從句引導條件狀語從句的從屬連詞有:if, unless, as(so) long as,

21、only if (只要)。If you don't come on time. we1 I I start out without you.As (so) long as you keep on trying, you1 I I certainly succeed.注：除了以上提到的從屬連詞外，還有其它的一些 詞或詞組也可引導條件狀語從句。女 口 ： prov i d ing that, prov i ded, , suppos i ng that. , suppose that, , on condition that. , in case 等。I wi I I go prov i

22、d i ng that my experises are paid.要是我的費用有人代付我就去Suppos i ng he i s not at home, what then?假女口 他不在家，那怎么辦？You can use the bicycle on condition that歐陽音創(chuàng)編歐陽音創(chuàng)編2021.03.112021.03.11歐陽音創(chuàng)編歐陽音創(chuàng)編2021.03.112021.03.11在于；因為。now (that)表示既然。Theory i s va I uabIe i n that it can provi de a d i rect ion for practice.

23、理論所以有價值，就在于 它能給實踐指出方向。Now (that) the we a ther has improved, let's go out for a picnic.既然天氣已轉(zhuǎn)好，我們就出 去野餐吧。(四) 讓步狀語從句引導讓步狀語從句的從屬連詞有：though, alt hough, even i f (eve n t hough), as, no matt er despi te the fac t that, in sp i te of the fact that, whi leoT i red as he was, he sat up I ate.他雖然疲倦， 可仍然

24、很晚才睡。No matter how they sIander us, we wiI I never give in.不管他們怎樣誹謗我們，我們決不讓步。While I Iike the color of the hat, I do not I ike its shape.雖然我喜歡這頂帽子的顏色，但我 不喜歡它的形狀。注：一些疑問詞在詞尾加上ever后，也可引導讓歐陽音創(chuàng)編歐陽音創(chuàng)編2021.03.112021.03.11歐陽音創(chuàng)編歐陽音創(chuàng)編2021.03.112021.03.11步狀語從句，相當于no matter+疑問詞。這些詞包 括 ： whatever, wherever, when

25、ever, whoever, howeveroWhatever he says, don't be I eve him 不管他說 什么都不要想相信他。Whoever you are, you must obey the traffic reguI at i ons.（五）目的狀語從句引導目的狀語從句的從屬連詞有：SO that, in order that, Iest, i n case, for fear thatoThey cI imbed to the top of the bui Iding in order that t hey cou Id get a bird's

26、-eye v i ew of the city.Ask her to hurry up with these letters so that I can s i gn them.Take an umbrella in case it ra i ns.We dare not pI ay jokes on him Iest he shouId become angry.我們不敢開他玩笑生怕他動氣。注：so that 和 in order that 的區(qū)別：so that 更常用，in order that更正式。so that引導的歐陽音創(chuàng)編歐陽音創(chuàng)編2021.03.112021.03.11歐陽音創(chuàng)編歐陽音創(chuàng)編2021.03.112021.03.11從句一般置于句末，而in order that引導的從句 既可置于句首，又可置于句末。In order that the grass and fIowers could b I oom aga i n, it was n ecessary that the rocks shouId be removed.She got up early so that she could catch the f i rst bus.(六) 結(jié)果狀語從句結(jié)果狀語從句一般由下列連詞引導：SO