博士課后英語(yǔ)翻譯習(xí)題

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上Unit11. “Equality between women and men is no longer a negotiable issue.”. “As long as women remain unequal, they cannot have access to resources, they can never participate in political decision-making, they cannot make their choices in life. That is the bottom line.” Mrs Mongella says

2、 women round the world ear all concerned about equality. In developing countries, in states emerging as industrial powers, in the countries of west, women are looking for action, action she sometimes calls a revolution.男女平等已不是什么可以商討的問(wèn)題。只要婦女仍處?kù)恫黄降鹊牡匚?，他們就得不到各種資源，永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法參加政治決策，甚至在生活中都不能做出自己的選擇。這就是底線。Monge

3、lla夫人說(shuō)全世界的女人都關(guān)心平等問(wèn)題。無(wú)論是發(fā)展中國(guó)家，正在成為工業(yè)國(guó)的國(guó)家，還是西方國(guó)家，婦女都希望采取行動(dòng)，她有時(shí)稱之為革命。2. 一些婦女認(rèn)為犧牲一個(gè)女?huà)肟梢源_保下次懷孕生個(gè)兒子。Some women believe that sacrificing a female infant guarantees a son in the next pregnancy.3. 對(duì)于許多母親來(lái)說(shuō)，親自宣判女兒的死刑，勝過(guò)判定女兒一輩子遭受歧視忍受貧困。For many mothers， sentencing a daughter to death is better than condemning

4、her to life with cradle-to-grave discrimination and poverty4. 城市婦女可以根據(jù)胎兒性別選擇墮胎，因?yàn)樗麄兏菀子袡C(jī)會(huì)享用現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)技術(shù)。In urban areas，easier access to modern medical technology enables women to undergo sex-selective abortions5. 在印度，一個(gè)年輕女子只是被看成是她出生家庭的臨時(shí)成員，而且對(duì)這個(gè)家庭的財(cái)力是極大的消耗。In India, a young women is regarded as a temporar

5、y member of her natural family and a drain on its wealth6. 燒柴做飯的女人一天吸入的致癌物質(zhì)相當(dāng)于每天抽20包煙。Those women who use wood fuels in cooking inhale carcinogenic pollutants that are the equivalent of smoking 20 packs of cigarettes a day7. 婦女的健康需求過(guò)去常常被忽視，或者被認(rèn)為和男人的相同。去年開(kāi)羅的大會(huì)上一致認(rèn)為不安全的流產(chǎn)，應(yīng)該是整個(gè)醫(yī)療保健中要注意的一個(gè)方面。多次會(huì)議都承認(rèn)，必須

6、理解婦女有特殊的健康需求，婦女應(yīng)充分獲得足夠的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)。Womens health needs have in the past often been over looked, or assumed to be the same as mans. At Cairo conference last year it was agreed that the consequence of unsafe abortions are part of overall health care. The conferences recognize that women have specific healt

7、h needs which must be understood, and that women must have full access to adequate health-care services.Unit 21. In 1993 national survey of 50,000 junior and senior high school students revealed a marked increase in marijuana use among high school students. One of the researchers noted, we have the

8、unenviable role of informing the country that drug use are making a comeback, that the epidemic could be re-emerging.This increase in the use of marijuana on the part of teenagers is significant because of some of this young people, pot will become a gateway drug, that is, a relatively mild or soft

9、mind-altering substance that lead to the ingestion more powerful drugs. Substance abuse expert Herbert Kleber notes, if you used marijuana less than 10 times the likelihood of use cocaine was practically nil. But if you used marijuana more than 100 times, or twice a week for a year, the likelihood o

10、f using cocaine went up 70 percent. 1993年國(guó)家對(duì)5萬(wàn)名初中高中生進(jìn)行的調(diào)查顯示中學(xué)生中吸食大麻的人數(shù)明顯上升。一個(gè)研究人員陳述說(shuō)，我們肩負(fù)一個(gè)不值得羨慕的責(zé)任，要讓全國(guó)人民了解到吸食毒品現(xiàn)象正在回潮，這一流行病有可能重新出現(xiàn)。就青少年這方面而言，吸食大麻的這種上升是值得注意的。因?yàn)閷?duì)一些年輕人來(lái)說(shuō)，大麻會(huì)成為一種入門(mén)毒品，即，這種相當(dāng)溫醇和輕微改變意識(shí)的物質(zhì)會(huì)導(dǎo)致吸食更具效力的毒品。專門(mén)從事毒品濫用研究的專家Herbert Kleber說(shuō)，你如果吸食大麻少于10次，吸食可卡因的可能性實(shí)際上為零。但是，如果你吸食大麻超過(guò)100次，或者說(shuō)一年里每周兩次，那么

11、吸食可卡因的可能性就上升到70%。2. 如果你到醫(yī)院去，你會(huì)見(jiàn)到病人在做手術(shù)前吸止痛藥If you go to a hospital, you will find that patients usually snort pain-killing medicine before an operation3. 那個(gè)議員在她的政黨里是一股很強(qiáng)的勢(shì)力，所以她今年很可能贏得今年的那個(gè)席位Since the senator is a potent force in her political party, she is most surely to win the place this year4. 自從

12、他得知了事實(shí)真相以來(lái)，他就一直尋找機(jī)會(huì)為被謀殺的兄弟報(bào)仇He has been seeking vengeance for the murder of his brother since he was told of the fact5. 在較長(zhǎng)的節(jié)假日周末，死亡人數(shù)會(huì)因?yàn)檐嚨溕仙齇n long holidays weekends there is always raise in the number of fatalities due to auto accidents6. 你在中學(xué)度過(guò)的那段時(shí)間是你受教育的一個(gè)重要時(shí)期The time you spent in high school is

13、 an important phase of your education 7. 然而，我應(yīng)該指出的是在醫(yī)學(xué)和科學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域里，實(shí)際上在進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的，并且是有價(jià)值與毒品有關(guān)的工作。但是，在對(duì)毒品政策進(jìn)行大規(guī)模的討論中，學(xué)術(shù)界和知識(shí)界的來(lái)說(shuō)沒(méi)有提出什么好辦法，提出的辦法也很少真正有用。I should point out, however, that in the field of medical and scientific research, there is indeed serious and valuable drug-related work going on. But in the g

14、reat public policy debate over drugs, the academic and intellectual communities have by and large had little to contribute, and little of that has been genuinely useful.Unit 31. The primacy of genes also assumes that genes act on their own. How do they know when to turn on and off the synthesis of p

15、articular proteins? If you view genes as autonomous, the answer is that they just know. No one tells a gene what to do; instead, that bucks start and stop there. However, that view is far from accurate too. Within the staggeringly long sequences of DNA, it turns out that only a tiny percentage of le

16、tters actually form the words that constitute genes and serve as code for proteins. More than 95 percent of DNA, instead, is non-coding. Much of DNA simple constitute on and off switches for regulating the activity of genes. Its like you have a 100-page book, and 95 of the pages are instructions and

17、 advice for reading the other five pages. Thus, genes dont independently determine when proteins are synthesized. They follow instructions originating somewhere else.What regulates those switches? In some instances, chemical messengers from other parts of the cell. In other cases, messengers from ot

18、her cells in the body (this is the way many hormones work). And, critical, in still other cases, genes are turned on or off by environmental factors. As a crude example, some carcinogens work by getting into cells, binding to one of those DNA switches and turning on genes that cause the uncontrolled

19、 growth that constitutes cancer.基因至上論還認(rèn)為基因可自發(fā)作用?；蛉绾沃篮螘r(shí)開(kāi)始和結(jié)束某些蛋白質(zhì)的合成呢？如果你將基因看成是自發(fā)作用的，那么結(jié)論就是基因自己知道如何行事。沒(méi)有人告訴基因應(yīng)該怎么做；換而言之，他們自主行事。但是，這種觀點(diǎn)也遠(yuǎn)非正確。結(jié)果證實(shí)，在長(zhǎng)得驚人的DNA鏈中，事實(shí)上只有很小一部分字母組成了構(gòu)成基因的詞匯并充當(dāng)?shù)鞍踪|(zhì)的密碼。95%以上的DNA只是構(gòu)成了調(diào)節(jié)基因活動(dòng)的開(kāi)關(guān)。這就像你有一本100頁(yè)的書(shū)，其中有95頁(yè)是關(guān)于如何閱讀另外5頁(yè)的指示和建議。因此，基因不是獨(dú)立地決定什么時(shí)候合成蛋白質(zhì)的。他們需要根據(jù)來(lái)自外部的指示行事。那么是什么調(diào)節(jié)這些

20、開(kāi)關(guān)呢？有些時(shí)候，是來(lái)自細(xì)胞其他部分的化學(xué)信使擔(dān)當(dāng)此任。在另外一些情況下，化學(xué)信使來(lái)自于身體的其他細(xì)胞（許多荷爾蒙是這樣工作的）。而起關(guān)鍵作用的是，在還有一些情況下，基因的關(guān)閉和開(kāi)啟由環(huán)境因素決定。舉個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子，一些致癌物質(zhì)通過(guò)進(jìn)入細(xì)胞內(nèi)部起作用，它們吸附在某些DNA開(kāi)關(guān)的一個(gè)開(kāi)關(guān)上，啟動(dòng)能造成細(xì)胞增長(zhǎng)失控的基因，最終導(dǎo)致癌癥。再比如，一只母耗子通過(guò)舔撫小耗子而引發(fā)一系列的事件，最終啟動(dòng)小耗子體內(nèi)與生長(zhǎng)有關(guān)的基因。2. 賽萊拉公司已經(jīng)把他們測(cè)得的20多個(gè)顯示出特質(zhì)的基因登記申請(qǐng)專利。Celra has filed for about two dozen patents on the iden

21、tification of genes that signal for unique traits3. 對(duì)科學(xué)家來(lái)說(shuō)，未來(lái)幾年中一個(gè)更迫切要面對(duì)的道德難題是：有多少基因密碼應(yīng)該公開(kāi)，有又有多少內(nèi)容各有關(guān)公司有權(quán)申請(qǐng)專利以為他們的研究提供資金。A more immediate ethical dilemma that sciences face in the coming years is deciding how much of genetic code should be made public and how much companies should have the right to

22、patent to fund their research.4. 各類機(jī)構(gòu)會(huì)因?yàn)楦鞣N各樣的事情而越來(lái)越希望獲得個(gè)人的基因圖譜。Increasingly agencies are going to want genetic profiling for all kinds of things5. 基因?qū)W研究從來(lái)沒(méi)有像現(xiàn)在這樣包羅萬(wàn)象，涵蓋了從醫(yī)學(xué)到社會(huì)學(xué)每個(gè)學(xué)科。The study of genetic will never be so all encompassing as to gobble up every subject from medicine to sociology.6. 或者是，

23、炎熱中母靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物散發(fā)的氣味會(huì)誘發(fā)公靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物體內(nèi)有關(guān)生殖的基因開(kāi)始工作。Or the smell of a female in heat will activate genes in certain male primates related to reproduction.7. 基因芯片這種能力的奧秘在于兩股DNA以非常獨(dú)特的方式結(jié)合在一起這一事實(shí)。兩股DNA形成的雙螺旋線的內(nèi)部鏈接由標(biāo)名為ATCG的四種不同的化學(xué)單位或堿基組成。一股DNA上的A總是鏈接到另一股DNA的T上；同樣，C總是和G相連。因此，知道一股DNA上的堿基順序也就知道了另一股DNA上的堿基順序。The secret to

24、 this ability lies in that fact two strands of DNA adhere in a very specific way. The inner rungs of the double helix formed by two DNA strands are made up of four deferent chemical unit, or base, dubbed ATCG. The As on one strand always link to Ts on the other; likewise, Cs always bind Gs. Thus, kn

25、owing the sequence of base on one strand reveals the sequence on the other.Unit41. Now, in 1995, the time has come to bring the vision of a global marshall plan into focus again. Getting on with the industrial revolution is the most urgent challenge civilization faces now. if foreign aid was being c

26、onsidered an act of common humanity at mid-century, it is now dictated by the exigencies of common survival. The population of the world has more than doubled since 1950-from 2.5 billion to 5.3 billion. The number of living in direct poverty has increased to 1.3 billion-close to the total population

27、 of underdeveloped countries in 1950. The population is doubling now again. The number in direct poverty could equal the present world population. A doubling after that would bring human species close to full occupation of the Earth.到了1995年，全球馬歇爾計(jì)劃再次成為焦點(diǎn)。如今文明所面臨的最緊迫挑戰(zhàn)是伴隨著工業(yè)革命。如果說(shuō)上個(gè)世紀(jì)中葉外國(guó)援助被看成是普通的人道精

28、神，而現(xiàn)在則受到普遍的生存需求的支配。自從1950年以來(lái)，全世界人口增加了一倍多從25億增加到53億。直接生活在貧困中的人口增加到了13億-接近1950年時(shí)不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的總?cè)藬?shù)。現(xiàn)在人口還在翻番。到某天直接生活在貧困的人口總數(shù)可能等于現(xiàn)在的人口總數(shù)。在這之后，人口再翻番的話，人類就將充斥著整個(gè)地球。2. 盡管Davos文化在全球事務(wù)中有著極其重要的影響，但它遠(yuǎn)不能作為全球文明統(tǒng)一的象征While the davos culture is playing a tremendously important role in global affairs, it is far from a symbol

29、 of a universal civilization.3. 只有無(wú)知傲慢才會(huì)使西方人認(rèn)為，西方產(chǎn)品的全球化將帶來(lái)全球的西化Only naïve arrogance can lead westerners to assume that the whole world will become westernized by the globalization of western goods.4. 非西方國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)的迅速發(fā)展導(dǎo)致了能適合滿足不同社會(huì)品味的地區(qū)性區(qū)域性傳播業(yè)的發(fā)展。The rapid economic development in non-western countries

30、 is leading to the emergence of local and regional media industries which cater to various social tastes.5. 英語(yǔ)已經(jīng)成為不同民族交往時(shí)使用的混合語(yǔ)，這一現(xiàn)象正好說(shuō)明了世界上存在著不同文化這一事實(shí)。The English language has become the worlds lingua franca, which presupposes the existence of separate cultures.6. 認(rèn)為某種全球統(tǒng)一文明正在出現(xiàn)的論點(diǎn)僅僅基于人們的一些設(shè)想。The a

31、rgument that some sort of universal civilization is emerging rests on some assumptions.7. 隨著國(guó)家之間聯(lián)系的日益緊密，經(jīng)濟(jì)上的相互依存和優(yōu)勢(shì)互補(bǔ)也越發(fā)明顯。任何國(guó)家都不能置身于國(guó)際事務(wù)之外，不能脫離世界大市場(chǎng)。經(jīng)濟(jì)生活的國(guó)際化，要求各國(guó)在經(jīng)濟(jì)科技金融貿(mào)易等領(lǐng)域開(kāi)展廣泛的交流合作。As the countries become increasingly closer in their relations, their economic interdependence and mutual support o

32、f relative advantages have grown all the more obvious. No country can afford to stand aloof from the international community and isolate itself from the global market. The internationalization of economic life requires that all countries conduct extensive exchange and co-operation in economies, tech

33、nology, finance, trade and other fields.Unit51. American medical television series, such as ER, regularly show the hi technology used in modern US hospitals. A good example is the thin flat screens used on all computers. Know why they have thin, flat monitors? Because they are LCD, which is less bul

34、ky and smaller than the standard CRT, the kind used in television sets. The LCD screens dont emit any electromagnetic radiation, which could interfere with the heart machines and other sophisticated electronic equipment in hospitals and thereby cause crisis. LCD screens are lighter, flatter and thro

35、w out less heat than CRTs. They are also at least three times the price and as such, out of the league of home users. This wont be the case forever, and technologies such as Fujitsus super-thin Plasmavision screen ($16000 for the 42-inch or 1.07metre model) will get cheaper, too. 美國(guó)有關(guān)醫(yī)療的電視連續(xù)劇，如急癥室的故

36、事不斷表現(xiàn)出現(xiàn)代美國(guó)醫(yī)院所使用的高科技。一個(gè)很好的例子就是所有的計(jì)算機(jī)都使用又薄又平的顯示器。知道為什么使用又薄又平的顯示器嗎？因?yàn)樗鼈兪且壕э@示的，比應(yīng)用在電視機(jī)上的準(zhǔn)陰極射線管顯示器更小，更輕便。液晶顯示器不會(huì)釋放出任何電磁波而電磁波會(huì)干擾檢查心臟的儀器和醫(yī)院里的其他先進(jìn)的電子儀器，從而引發(fā)危險(xiǎn)。液晶顯示器更輕，更平，而且比陰極射線管顯示器釋放更少的熱量。但是，它們的價(jià)格也會(huì)至少高出一兩倍，正因?yàn)槿绱?，是家庭使用者望塵莫及的。情況不會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)這樣，像富士通的超薄顯示器（42寸或1.07米的價(jià)格是16000美元）也會(huì)降價(jià)。2. 計(jì)算機(jī)犯罪從心懷不滿的職員對(duì)其先前供職的公司搞破壞，到某公司非法進(jìn)入

37、其競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的電腦里竊取商業(yè)機(jī)密。Computer crimes range from a disgruntled employee who sabotages his former company to a company that hacks into a competitors computer to steal trade secrets.3. 商家將會(huì)拋棄個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)，而轉(zhuǎn)向使用更為方便的網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)算機(jī)，到處由計(jì)算機(jī)相連的辦公室和可攜式計(jì)算機(jī)。Business will dump PC and embrace easier-to-use net work computers, ubiquit

38、ous computing office and wearable computers.4. 這種對(duì)個(gè)人監(jiān)控已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)在計(jì)算機(jī)世界里了This kind of personal surveillance has begun in cyberspace.5. 電子貨幣留下顯示犯罪的事實(shí)痕跡，結(jié)果導(dǎo)致更多的逮捕定罪，這些告發(fā)反過(guò)來(lái)又會(huì)制止更多的犯罪。Electronic money would leave incriminating trails of data, resulting in more arrests and convictions. These prosecutions, in tu

39、rn, would inhibit further crimes.6. 這將使許多計(jì)算機(jī)程序出現(xiàn)混亂，如果不加以修復(fù)，許多公用設(shè)施、裝配線、銀行自動(dòng)取款機(jī)、交通信號(hào)燈和電梯等都可能關(guān)閉。This will turn many computer programs to mush. Unchecked, many public utilities assembly lines, bank teller machines, traffic lights and lifts may shut down.7. 最近一項(xiàng)研究表明，在17251名因特網(wǎng)用戶中，有6%的用戶不同程度飛癡迷上網(wǎng)。這些網(wǎng)迷承認(rèn)，他

40、們上網(wǎng)成癖導(dǎo)致了婚姻破裂，使孩子誤入歧途，滋生犯罪而且經(jīng)濟(jì)上入不敷出。敲擊鍵盤(pán)進(jìn)入網(wǎng)迷站點(diǎn)，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣一些信息：嗨，我叫鮑勃，一個(gè)網(wǎng)蟲(chóng)。A recent survey of 17251 internet users found nearly 6 percent had some sort of addiction to the medium. They revealed that their online habit contributed to disrupted marriages, childhood delinquency, crime and overspending. Tap i

41、nto online addiction sites and youll find messages such as “hello, my name is bob and Im a web aholic”.Unit61. It is highly unlikely that the death penalty will ever operate so effectively as to save many more lives than other, less severe punishments. Yet, given its defects, it would have to save m

42、any more lives in order for it to be a genuine candidate for moral legitimacy. If it had this positive effect, we would be faced with an anguished choice, just as we would be faced with an anguished choice if we found that executing innocent people save many lives. Fortunately, all of this is merely

43、 hypothetical. We have no reason to believe that the death penalty does save more lives than other punishments, and so we need not actually confront this choice.死刑判決同其他不如其嚴(yán)厲的懲罰相比根本不可能會(huì)會(huì)發(fā)揮有效的作用來(lái)挽救更多的生命。然而，考慮到它的缺點(diǎn)，它會(huì)不得不去挽救更多的生命讓其成為道義上合法的真正的選擇。如果它有積極的效果，我們就會(huì)面臨一個(gè)痛苦的選擇，正如我們發(fā)現(xiàn)處決無(wú)辜的人會(huì)挽救更多的生命所面臨的痛苦選擇一樣。幸好所有

44、這些都僅僅是假設(shè)。我們無(wú)理由相信死刑判決會(huì)比其他懲罰挽救更多的生命。所以，實(shí)際上我們無(wú)需面對(duì)這一選擇。2. 高速公路的中央分車帶有助于防止交通事故的發(fā)生。The median or median strip on the expressway prevents accidents.3. 她通過(guò)出示擁有土地的法律文件維護(hù)自己對(duì)土地的所有權(quán)。She vindicated her claim to the land by producing legal documents showing that she owns it.4. 現(xiàn)在許多著名的運(yùn)動(dòng)員都為體育器材和其他產(chǎn)品作宣傳。Nowadays many athletes endorse sports equipment and other products.5. 翻船的時(shí)候，那個(gè)男人顯得十分膽怯，自己得救了，卻讓自己的老婆淹死了。When the