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1、英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全1. 名詞名詞可以分為專(zhuān)有名詞(Proper Nouns)和普通名詞 (Common Nouns),普通名詞又可分為下面四類(lèi): 1)個(gè)體名詞(Individual Nouns):表示某類(lèi)人或東西中的個(gè)體,如:gun。 2)集體名詞(Collective Nouns):表示若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體,如:family。 3)物質(zhì)名詞(Material Nouns):表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物,如:air。 4)抽象名詞(Abstract Nouns):表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念,如:work。 個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來(lái)計(jì)算,稱(chēng)為可數(shù)名詞(Countable Nouns),物質(zhì)

2、名詞和抽象名詞一般無(wú)法用數(shù)目計(jì)算,稱(chēng)為不可數(shù)名詞(Uncountable Nouns)。1.1 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化1)child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice man-men woman-women注意:與 man 和 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是 -men 和-women。如: an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成詞,故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans;Bowman是姓,其復(fù)數(shù)是the Bowmans。2)單復(fù)同形如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese ,li

3、,jin,yuan,但除人民幣元、角、分外,美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters3)集體名詞,以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。如: peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是復(fù)數(shù),不能說(shuō) a people,a police,a cattle,但可以說(shuō)a person,a policeman,a head of cattle,the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名詞,表示國(guó)民總稱(chēng)時(shí),作復(fù)數(shù)用。如: The

4、Chinese are industries and brave.中國(guó)人民是勤勞勇敢的。4)以s結(jié)尾,仍為單數(shù)的名詞,如: a. maths,politics,physics等學(xué)科名詞,為不可數(shù)名詞,是單數(shù)。 b. news 是不可數(shù)名詞。 c. the United States,the United Nations 應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。The United Nations was organized in 1945. 聯(lián)合國(guó)是1945年組建起來(lái)的。 d. 以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書(shū)名,劇名,報(bào)紙,雜志名,也可視為單數(shù)。"The Arabian Nights" is a very int

5、eresting story-book. <<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事書(shū)。5) 表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西,如:glasses (眼鏡)trousers,clothes, 若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目,要借助數(shù)量詞 pair(對(duì),雙);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers6)還有一些名詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時(shí)可表示特別意思,如:goods貨物,waters水域,fishes(各種)魚(yú)1.2 定語(yǔ)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作定語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù),但也有以下例外。1) 用復(fù)數(shù)作定語(yǔ)。 如:sports meeting 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì) students

6、reading-room 學(xué)生閱覽室 talks table 談判桌 the foreign languages department 外語(yǔ)系 2) man, woman, gentleman等作定語(yǔ)時(shí),其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。 如:men workerswomen teachers gentlemen officials3) 有些原有s結(jié)尾的名詞,作定語(yǔ)時(shí),s保留。 如:goods train (貨車(chē)) arms produce武器生產(chǎn) customs papers 海關(guān)文件 clothes brush衣刷 4) 數(shù)詞+名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。 如:two-doz

7、en eggs兩打雞蛋 a ten-mile walk 十里路 two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹(shù) a five-year plan.一個(gè)五年計(jì)劃 個(gè)別的有用復(fù)數(shù)作定語(yǔ)的,如: a seven-years child1.3 不同國(guó)家的人的單復(fù)數(shù)名稱(chēng) 總稱(chēng)(謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)) 一個(gè)人 兩個(gè)人中國(guó)人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss澳大利亞人the Australians an Australiantwo Australians 俄國(guó)人the Russians a Russian two Russi

8、ans意大利人the Italians an Italian two Italians希臘人the Greek a Greek two Greeks法國(guó)人the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen日本人the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese美國(guó)人the Americans an American two Americans印度人the Indians an Indian two Indians加拿大人the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians德國(guó)人the Germans a Germans two

9、 Germans英國(guó)人the English an Englishman two Englishmen瑞典人the Swedish a Swede two Swedes2. 冠詞和數(shù)詞冠詞是虛詞,有三種,一種是定冠詞(the Definite Article),另一種是不定冠詞(the Indefinite Article),還有一種是零冠詞(Zero Article)。2.1 不定冠詞的用法1) 表示"一個(gè)",意為one;指某人或某物,意為a certain。 A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.2) 代表一類(lèi)人或物。 A knife is a t

10、ool for cutting with. Mr. Smith is an engineer.3) 詞組或成語(yǔ)。 a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word/ in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden2.2 定冠詞的用法1)特指雙方都明白的人或物: Ta

11、ke the medicine.2)上文提到過(guò)的人或事: He bought a house. I've been to the house.3)指世上獨(dú)一物二的事物: the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth 4)單數(shù)名詞連用表示一類(lèi)事物,如:the dollar 美元;the fox 狐貍;或與形容詞或分詞連用,表示一類(lèi)人:the rich 富人; the living 生者。5)用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí),及形容詞only, very, same等前面: Where do you live?I live on the second floor. T

12、hat's the very thing I've been looking for. 那正是我要找的東西。6)與復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用,指整個(gè)群體: They are the teachers of this school.(指全體教師) They are teachers of this school. (指部分教師)7)表示所有,相當(dāng)于物主代詞,用在表示身體部位的名詞前:She caught me by the arm.8)用在某些由普通名詞構(gòu)成的國(guó)家名稱(chēng)、機(jī)關(guān)團(tuán)體、階級(jí)、等專(zhuān)有名詞前: the People's Republic of China the United S

13、tates 9)用在表示樂(lè)器的名詞之前: She plays the piano.10) 用在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞之前,表示一家人: the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫婦)11) 用在慣用語(yǔ)中:in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening), the day after tomorrow,the day beforeyesterday,the next morning,in the sky (water,field,country)in the dark,in the rain,in the distance,in the middle (of

14、),in the end, on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre2.3 零冠詞的用法1) 國(guó)名,人名前通常不用定冠詞:England,Mary;2)泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,表示一類(lèi)人或事物時(shí),可不用定冠詞;They are teachers. 3)抽象名詞表示一般概念時(shí),通常不加冠詞;Failure is the mother of success.失敗乃成功之母。4)物質(zhì)名詞表示一般概念時(shí),通常不加冠詞,當(dāng)表示特定的意思時(shí),需要加定冠詞;Man cannot live without water.5)在季節(jié)、月份、節(jié)日、 假日、日期、星期等表示時(shí)間的名詞

15、之前,不加冠詞; We go to school from Monday to Friday. 6)在稱(chēng)呼或表示官銜,職位的名詞前不加冠詞; The guards took the American to General Lee. 7)在三餐、球類(lèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)和娛樂(lè)運(yùn)動(dòng)的名稱(chēng)前,不加冠詞 如:have breakfast,play chess 8)當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上名詞并用時(shí),常省去冠詞; I can't write without pen or pencil.9)當(dāng)by 與火車(chē)等交通工具連用,表示一種方式時(shí),中間無(wú)冠詞;by bus,by train; 10)有些個(gè)體名詞不用冠詞;如: sch

16、ool,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town, church,court 等個(gè)體名詞,直接置于介詞后,表示該名詞的深層含義; go to hospital去醫(yī)院看病 go to the hospital 去醫(yī)院 (并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)11)不用冠詞的序數(shù)詞;a. 序數(shù)詞前有物主代詞 b. 序數(shù)詞作副詞 He came first in the race.c. 在固定詞組中 at (the) first,first of all,from first to last2.4 冠詞與形容詞+名詞結(jié)構(gòu)1) 兩個(gè)形容詞都有冠詞,

17、表示兩個(gè)不同東西。 He raises a black and a white cat. 他養(yǎng)了一只黑貓和一只白貓。 The black and the white cats are hers. 這只黑貓和白貓都是他的。2) 如后一個(gè)形容詞無(wú)冠詞,則指一物。 He raises a black and white cat. 他養(yǎng)了一只花貓。2.5 冠詞位置1) 不定冠詞位置不定冠詞常位于名詞或名詞修飾語(yǔ)前。注意:a. 位于下列形容詞之后: such,what,many,half, I have never seen such an animal. Many a man is fit for t

18、he job.b. 當(dāng)名詞前的形容詞被副詞as, so, too, how, however, enough修飾時(shí),不定冠詞應(yīng)放在形容詞之后: It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. So short a time. Too long a distance.c. quite,rather與單數(shù)名詞連用,冠詞放在其后。 但當(dāng)rather,quite 前仍有形容詞,不定冠詞放其前后均可。如:quite a lot d. 在as,though 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中,當(dāng)標(biāo)語(yǔ)為形容詞修飾的名詞時(shí),不定冠詞放形容詞后: Brave a man thoug

19、h he is,he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他盡管勇敢,可見(jiàn)到蛇還是發(fā)抖。 當(dāng)名詞被比較級(jí)形容詞修飾時(shí),不定冠詞通常置于比較級(jí)形容詞之后。2) 定冠詞位置 定冠詞通常位于名詞或名詞修飾語(yǔ)前,但放在all, both,double,half,twice,three times等詞之后, 名詞之前。 All the students in the class went out.2.6 數(shù)詞一、基數(shù)詞1)基數(shù)詞寫(xiě)法和讀法: 345three hundred and forty-five;2)基數(shù)詞一般是單數(shù)形式,但下列情況,常用復(fù)數(shù): a. 與of 短語(yǔ)連

20、用,表示概數(shù),不能與具體數(shù)目連 用,如scores of people 指許多人; b.在一些表示"一排"或"一組"的詞組里; 如:They arrived in twos and threes.他們?nèi)齼蓛傻牡竭_(dá)了。 c. 表示"幾十歲"; d. 表示"年代",用 in +the +數(shù)詞復(fù)數(shù); e. 在乘法運(yùn)算的一種表示法里,如:3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fifteen.二、序數(shù)詞 序數(shù)詞的縮寫(xiě)形式: first-1stsecond-2ndthirty-first-31st三

21、、數(shù)詞的用法1)倍數(shù)表示法 a. 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+倍數(shù)(或分?jǐn)?shù))+ as + adj. + as I have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。 b. 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+倍數(shù)(分?jǐn)?shù))+ the size (amount,length) of The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。 c. 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+倍數(shù)(分?jǐn)?shù))+ 形容詞(副詞)比較級(jí)+ than The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 今年比去年

22、糧食產(chǎn)量增加8%。 d. 還可以用by+倍數(shù),表示增加多少倍 The production of grain has been increased by four times this year. 今年糧食產(chǎn)量增加了4倍。2)分?jǐn)?shù)表示法構(gòu)成:基數(shù)詞代表分子,序數(shù)詞代表分母。分子大于1時(shí),分子的序數(shù)詞用單數(shù),分母序數(shù)詞用復(fù)數(shù): 1/3 one-third ; 3/37 three and three-sevenths.3. 代詞代詞是代替名詞的一種詞類(lèi)。英語(yǔ)中的代詞,按其意義、特征及在句中的作用分為:人稱(chēng)代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、自身代詞、相互代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、關(guān)系代詞和不定代詞八種。一、人稱(chēng)代詞

23、是表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、"我們"、"你們"、"他們"的詞。人稱(chēng)代詞有人稱(chēng)、數(shù)和格的變化,見(jiàn)下表:數(shù) 單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù) 格 主格 賓格 主格賓格 第一人稱(chēng) I me weus 第二人稱(chēng) you you youyou he him they them 第三人稱(chēng) she her they them it it they them 如:He is my friend.It's me.二、 物主代詞表示所有關(guān)系的代詞,也可

24、叫做代詞所有格。物主代詞分形容性物主代詞和名詞性物主代 詞二種,其人物和數(shù)的變化見(jiàn)下表。 數(shù) 單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù) 人稱(chēng) 第一 第二 第三 第一第二第三 容詞性物主代詞 my your his/her/its our your their 名詞性物主代詞 mine yours his/hers/its ours yours theirs如: I like his car. Our school is here,and theirs is there.三、 指示代詞有this,that,these,those等。如: That is a good idea.四、反身代詞有myself, ourselves

25、, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves如: She was talking to herself. 她自言自語(yǔ)。五、相互代詞有each other 和one another兩組,但在運(yùn)用中,這兩組詞沒(méi)什么區(qū)別。如: They love each other.他們彼此相愛(ài)。六、不定代詞有a11,both,each,every等,以及含有some-,any-,no-等的合成代詞,如anybody, something, no one。這些不定代詞大都可以代替名詞和形容詞,在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ),但none和由

26、some,any,no等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞只能作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ);every和no只能作定語(yǔ)。如:- Do you have a car? Yes,I have one.- I don't know any of them.七、 疑問(wèn)代詞有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子中用來(lái)構(gòu)成特殊疑問(wèn)句。疑問(wèn)代詞都可用作連接代詞,引導(dǎo)名詞性從句(主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句)如:Tell me who he is. 八、 關(guān)系代詞有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等,可用作引導(dǎo)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞。它們?cè)诙ㄕZ(yǔ)從句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等;代表主句中

27、為定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的那個(gè)名詞或代詞(通稱(chēng)為先行詞)。如: He is the man whom you have been looking for. 他就是你要找的那個(gè)人。4. 形容詞和副詞4.1 形容詞及其用法 形容詞修飾名詞,說(shuō)明事物或人的性質(zhì)或特征。通??煞殖尚再|(zhì)形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類(lèi)。1)直接說(shuō)明事物的性質(zhì)或特征的形容詞是性質(zhì)形容詞,它有級(jí)的變化,可以用程度副詞修飾,在句中可作 定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。例如:hot 2)敘述形容詞只能作表語(yǔ),所以又稱(chēng)為表語(yǔ)形容詞。這類(lèi)形容詞沒(méi)有級(jí)的變化,也不可用程度副詞修飾。大多數(shù)以a開(kāi)頭的形容詞都屬于這一類(lèi)。例如:afraid 害怕的。(錯(cuò))He is an

28、 ill man. (錯(cuò))She is an afraid girl (對(duì))The man is ill. (對(duì))The girl is afraid. 這類(lèi)詞還有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。3)形容詞作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞時(shí),要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing為字尾的詞語(yǔ)時(shí),要放在這些詞之后,例如: something nice4.2 以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞1) 大部分形容詞加-ly可構(gòu)成副詞。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,u

29、gly,brotherly,仍為形容詞。 (錯(cuò)) She sang lovely. (錯(cuò)) He spoke to me very friendly. (對(duì)) Her singing was lovely. (對(duì)) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.2)有些以-ly 結(jié)尾既為形容詞,也為副詞。如:daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily.4.3 用形容詞表示類(lèi)別和整體1) 某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類(lèi)人,與謂語(yǔ)

30、動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry,the disabledThe poor are losing hope.2) 有關(guān)國(guó)家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個(gè)民族的整體,與動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連用。 the British,the English,the French,the Chinese. The English have wonderful sense of humor.4.4 多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞的順序多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞時(shí),其順序?yàn)椋?限定詞-數(shù)詞-描繪詞(大小,長(zhǎng)短,形狀,新舊,顏色) -出處-材料

31、性質(zhì),類(lèi)別-名詞 a small round table a tall gray building a dirty old brown shirt a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car一般與被修飾形容詞關(guān)系密切的形容詞靠近名詞;如果幾個(gè)形容詞的重要性差不多,音節(jié)少的形容詞在前,音節(jié)多的方在后,在不能確定時(shí),可參照下表:限定詞+數(shù)量詞(序數(shù)詞在前,基數(shù)詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長(zhǎng)短、高低等形體+名詞those + three + beautiful + large + square新舊+顏色+國(guó)籍+材料+

32、名詞old + brown + wood + table4.5 副詞及其基本用法副詞主要用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞,形容詞,副詞或其他結(jié)構(gòu)。一、副詞的位置: 1) 在動(dòng)詞之前。 2) 在be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞之后。 3) 多個(gè)助動(dòng)詞時(shí),副詞一般放在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞后。 注意: a. 大多數(shù)方式副詞位于句尾,但賓語(yǔ)過(guò)長(zhǎng),副詞可以提前,以使句子平衡。 We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us. b. 方式副詞well,badly糟、壞,hard等只放在句尾。 He speaks English well.二、副詞的排列順序:1) 時(shí)間,地點(diǎn)副詞,小單位的在

33、前,大單位在后。2) 方式副詞,短的在前,長(zhǎng)的在后,并用and或but等連詞連接。 Please write slowly and carefully.3) 多個(gè)不同副詞排列:程度+地點(diǎn)+方式+時(shí)間副詞。注意:a. 副詞very 可以修飾形容詞,但不能修飾動(dòng)詞。 (錯(cuò))I very like English. (對(duì))I like English very much. b. 副詞enough要放在形容詞的后面,形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可。 I don't know him well enough. There is enough food for everyone to eat.

34、(or: food enough)4.6 兼有兩種形式的副詞1) close與closely close意思是"近";closely 意思是"仔細(xì)地" He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely.2)late 與lately late意思是"晚"; lately 意思是"最近" You have come too late. What have you been doing lately?3)deep與deeply deep意思是"深",表示空間深度

35、;deeply時(shí)常表示感情上的深度,"深深地" He pushed the stick deep into the mud. Even father was deeply moved by the film.4)high與highl high表示空間高度;highly表示程度,相當(dāng)于much The plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion.5)wide與widely wide表示空間寬度;widely意思是"廣泛地","在許多地方" He opened the doo

36、r wide. English is widely used in the world.6)free與freelyfree的意思是"免費(fèi)";freely 的意思是"無(wú)限制地" You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You may speak freely; say what you like.4.7 形容詞與副詞的比較級(jí)大多數(shù)形容詞(性質(zhì)形容詞)和副詞有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的變化,即原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí),用來(lái)表示事物的等級(jí)差別。原級(jí)即形容詞的原形,比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種。1)

37、 規(guī)則變化 a. 單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞,加詞尾-er,-est構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。 以y結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞改y為i,再加 -er,-est 如:easy, busy, early, angry, hungry, pretty, happy 少數(shù)以-er,-ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞,加-er,-est如:clever, narrow b. 其他雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞,在前面加more, most構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)importanteasily2) 不規(guī)則變化 原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 最高級(jí) good/ wellbetter best bad / ill worse worstold older/elder oldes

38、t/eldest much/many more mostlittle less leastfar farther/further farthest/furthest 4.8 as + 形容詞或副詞原級(jí) + as1)在否定句或疑問(wèn)句中可用so as。He cannot run so/as fast as you.2)當(dāng)as as 中間有名詞時(shí)采用以下格式: as +形容詞+ a +單數(shù)名詞 as + many/much +名詞 This is as good an example as the other is. I can carry as much paper as you can.3)用表

39、示倍數(shù)的詞或其他程度副詞做修飾語(yǔ)時(shí),放在as的前面。This room is twice as big as that one. Your room is the same size as mine.4) 倍數(shù)+ as + adj. + as<=> 倍數(shù)+ the + n + ofThis bridge is three times as long as that one. Your room is twice as large as mine. This bridge is three times the length of that one. Your room is twic

40、e the size of mine.4.9 比較級(jí)形容詞或副詞 + than注意: 1)要避免重復(fù)使用比較級(jí)。 (錯(cuò)) He is more cleverer than his brother. (對(duì)) He is more clever than his brother. (對(duì)) He is clever than his brother. 2)要避免將主語(yǔ)含在比較對(duì)象中。 (錯(cuò)) China is larger that any country in Asia. (對(duì)) China is larger than any other countries in Asia. 3)要注意對(duì)應(yīng)句型

41、,遵循前后一致的原則。 The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing. It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out. 4)要注意冠詞的使用,后有名詞的時(shí)候,前面才有可能有名詞。 比較:Which is large, Canada or Australia? She is taller than her two sisters. Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia? She is the taller of th

42、e two sisters.4.10 可修飾比較級(jí)的詞1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等 2)還可以用表示倍數(shù)的詞或度量名詞作修飾語(yǔ)。 3)以上詞(除by far)外,必須置于比較級(jí)形容詞或副詞的前面。4.12 the + 最高級(jí) + 比較范圍1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 形容詞最高級(jí)前通常必須用定冠詞 the,副詞最高級(jí)前可不用。 形容詞most前面沒(méi)有the,不表示

43、最高級(jí)的含義,只表示"非常"。It is a most important problem. = It is a very important problem. 注意: 使用最高級(jí)要注意將主語(yǔ)包括在比較范圍內(nèi)。 (錯(cuò))Tom is the tallest of his three brothers. (對(duì))Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.2) 下列詞可修飾最高級(jí),by far, far, much, mostly, almostThis hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 注意:a. ve

44、ry可修飾最高級(jí),但位置與much不同。 This is the very best. This is much the best. b. 序數(shù)詞通常只修飾最高級(jí)。 Africa is the second largest continent.3) 句型轉(zhuǎn)換:Mike is the most intelligent in his class. Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.4) "否定詞語(yǔ)+比較級(jí)","否定詞語(yǔ)+ so as"結(jié)構(gòu)表示最高級(jí)含義。 Nothing

45、 is so easy as this.= Nothing is easier than this.= This is the easiest thing.4.13 和more有關(guān)的詞組1) the more the more越越 The harder you work,the greater progress you'll make.2) more B than A , less A than B與其說(shuō)A不如說(shuō)B He is more lazy than slow at his work. = He is less slow than lazy at his work.3) no m

46、ore than 與一樣,不比多 The officials could see no more than the Emperor.no less than與一樣 He is no less diligent than you.4) more than不只是,非常 She is more than kind to us all.5. 動(dòng)詞1)根據(jù)其在句中的功能,可分為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞(Notional Verb)、系動(dòng)詞(Link Verb)、助動(dòng)詞(Auxiliary Verb)、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(Modal Verb)。注:有些情況下,有些動(dòng)詞是兼類(lèi)詞,如:We are having a meeting.

47、(having是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。) He has gone to New York.(has是助動(dòng)詞。)2)根據(jù)其后是否帶有賓語(yǔ),可分為及物動(dòng)詞(Transitive Verb即vt.)、不及物動(dòng)詞(Intransitive Verb即vi.)注:同一動(dòng)詞有時(shí)可用作及物動(dòng)詞,有時(shí)可用作不及物動(dòng)詞。如:She can dance and sing. She can sing many English songs.4)根據(jù)是否受主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的限制,可分為限定動(dòng)詞(Finite Verb)、非限定動(dòng)詞(Non-finite Verb)如:She sings very well.(sing受主語(yǔ)she的限

48、制,故用第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)形式sings) She wants to learn English well.(to learn不受主語(yǔ)she的限制,沒(méi)有詞形變化,是非限定動(dòng)詞) 注:英語(yǔ)中共有三種非限定動(dòng)詞:動(dòng)詞不定式(Infinitive)、動(dòng)名詞(Gerund)、分詞(Participle)。5)根據(jù)動(dòng)詞的組成形式,可分為單字詞(One-Word Verb)、短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(Phrasal Verb)、動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)(Verbal Phrase) 如:The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. (contains是

49、單字動(dòng)詞。) Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries. (look up是短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。) The young ought to take care of the old. (take care of是動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。)6)動(dòng)詞有五種形態(tài):原形(Original Form)、第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、過(guò)去式(Past Form)、過(guò)去分詞(Past Participle)、現(xiàn)在分詞(Present Participle)。6. 動(dòng)名詞6.1 動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)1)

50、作主語(yǔ) Fighting broke out between the South and the North.2)作賓語(yǔ) a. 動(dòng)詞后加doing V. + doing admit 承認(rèn)appreciate 感激avoid 避免 complete 完成 consider 認(rèn)為delay 耽誤deny否認(rèn) detest 討厭endure 忍受 enjoy 喜歡 escape 逃脫 prevent阻止 fancy 想象finish 完成 imagine想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone 推遲practise 訓(xùn)練 recall 回憶 resent 討厭resist 抵抗 res

51、ume 繼續(xù) risk 冒險(xiǎn) suggest 建議 face 面對(duì) include 包括stand 忍受 keep 繼續(xù) forgive 寬恕 understand 理解advise, allow, anticipate, dislike, dread, encourage, excuse, forbid, forgive, involve, permit, prevent, recollect, suggest 如:Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.b. 詞組后接doing admit to, preferto, be used to, lead to, devote oneself to, object to, stick to, look forward to, no good, no use,It's worth, as well as, It's no use /good, b

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