定語從句和被動語態(tài)

1、定語從句一. 定語從句的三個概念1. 定語從句: 修飾一個名詞或代詞的句子 / 用來做定語的句子叫定語從句2. 關(guān)系詞: 引出定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞3. 先行詞: 被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。二. 關(guān)系詞在從句中代替先行詞1. 關(guān)系詞本身沒有詞義, 代替先行詞的詞義2. 必須充當(dāng)定語從句中的一個成分3. 根據(jù)它在定語從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞謱⒁龑?dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞三. 關(guān)系詞的選擇引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有: who, whom, whose, that, which, as等，在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語等成分1. 先行詞是人時的三種情況: (1) 先行詞是人,

2、 從句中缺少主語時, 用who或that作從句的主語e.g. I have a friend who/ that likes listening to classic music.注意： 1) 當(dāng)先行詞是one, ones, anybody, anyone, all, none, those, people 等指人時, 一般用who, 不用thate.g. Those who want to go to the cinema will have to wait at the gate of the school. 2) 在以疑問詞who開頭的句子中, 或關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語時, 用that,

3、 不用whoe.g. Who is the man that is shouting there? She is not the girl that she used to be. 3) 在there be 句型中, 先行詞是人, 只能用whoe.g. There are many people who are singing.(2) 先行詞是人, 從句中缺動詞賓語或介詞賓語時, 用whom或that (介詞后不用that)e.g. The teacher wants to return the book to the girl from whom he borrowed it. The te

4、acher wants to return the book to the girl (whom/ that) he borrowed it from.(3) 先行詞是人, 從句中缺少定語時, 用whosee.g. Do you know the boy whose parents are on holiday?2. 先行詞是物時的三種情況:(1) 先行詞是物, 從句中缺少主語時, 用that, whiche.g. Youd better not drink water which /that has not been boiled. (2) 先行詞是物, 從句中缺少動詞賓語或介詞賓語時, 用

5、which或that, 注意介詞后不用thate.g. This is the house in which once Lu Xun lived . This is the house (which/ that) once Lu Xun lived in.(3) 先行詞是物, 且從句中缺少定語時, 用whose或the+名詞+of which的結(jié)構(gòu)e.g. We study in the classroom whose door / the door of which faces south.3.下列情況下, 只用that, 不用which引導(dǎo)定語從句(1) 先行詞是不定代詞, 如all, n

6、one, little, few, much, one, some, anything, nothingeverything, something等e.g. Is there anything that you want?(2) 先行詞被all, no, every, some, little, few, much, one of , the only, the very, the right, the same等所修飾時e.g. The only thing that he remembered was her name.(3) 先行詞前有序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時e.g. This is

7、the first film that Ive seen since I came here.She is the most beautiful girl that I had known.(4) 先行詞中既有人又有物時e.g. They talked about the teachers and the things (that) they remembered in the school. (5) 以which開頭的疑問句中, 多用that引導(dǎo)從句e.g. Which is your book that you always read.引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有: when, where,

8、why , 在定語從句中充當(dāng)狀語的成分, 即在從句中起副詞和介詞短語的作用1. Wheree.g. This is the house. I was born in the house. =This is the house where I was born. (where代替先行詞house) =This is the house which / that / 不填 I was born in. =This is the house in which I was born.2. whene.g. Well never forget the day.We joined the party on

9、 the day.= Well never forget the day when we joined the party.= Well never forget the day which / that/ 不填we joined the party on.= Well never forget the day on which we joined the party.3. whye.g. The reason why I am calling you is to invite you to a party.The reason is that I want to invite you to

10、a party. (表語從句)= The reason why I am calling you is that I want to invite you to a party. (既有定語從句又有表語從句)連接詞在句子中的不同作用:e.g. Hangzhou is the place that is very famous. (主語) Hangzhou is the place which I will never forget. (賓語) Hangzhou is the place to which I went last summer. (介詞賓語) Hangzhou is the pl

11、ace whose scenery is beautiful. (定語) Hangzhou is the place where I went last summer. (狀語)由 as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句1. as 引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句時, 先行詞常用such和same修飾, as在從句中不省略 e.g. We do the same work as they do.2. as 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，as代表整個主句的意義e.g. We jumped for joy at the news, as was natural. Taiwan, as is known to everyone, is

12、a part of China As was usual with him, he went out for a walk after dinner.四. 定語從句與其他從句的區(qū)分：1. 定語從句與強調(diào)句的區(qū)分：（去掉 it is/was和 that 的部分, 若句子成立則為強調(diào)句）e.g. It was on that day that he left school. (強調(diào)句)2. 定語從句與結(jié)果狀語從句的區(qū)分：（看連接詞是不是在句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分, 若擔(dān)當(dāng)則為定語從句）e.g. He is such a kind person as everybody likes. (定語從句) He is

13、such a kind person that everybody likes him. (結(jié)果狀語從句)3. 定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)分：（看連接詞是不是在句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分, 若不擔(dān)當(dāng)而只表示前面名詞的具體內(nèi)容則為同位語從句）e.g. The news that he had passed the exam surprised us. (同位語從句) The news that we heard surprised us. (定語從句)五. 介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句時介詞或關(guān)系代詞的選擇：1. 介詞與定語從句的先行詞是一種習(xí)慣性搭配e.g. The farm on which I once w

14、orked is very beautiful.2. 介詞與從句中的動詞是一種習(xí)慣性搭配：e.g. Who is the man with whom our teacher is talking?3. 介詞與從句中的形容詞是一種習(xí)慣性搭配e.g. Ours is a great country, of which we are proud.4. 表示“所有格”或“整體與部分關(guān)系”時, 用介詞ofe.g. I was given three books on cooking, the first of which I really enjoyed.There are over 100 teach

15、ers, sixth percent of whom are women.定語從句考點分析1. The best work _ Lu Xun wrote and _ I have read has been made into a film.A. which; that B. that; × C. × that D. × ×析：如果兩個定語從句并列，關(guān)系代詞作賓語時前一句的可以省略，但后一句的不可省略，故應(yīng)選C。2. It was in 1969 _ two Americans got to the moon by space ship.It was 1

16、969 _ two Americans got to the moon by space ship.A. when B. which C. that D. ×析：第一句是強調(diào)時間in 1969,強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)是“It was強調(diào)部分that句”，故應(yīng)選C。第二句It是表時間的，先行詞1969在從句中作狀語，故選A。3. Is this the house _ Shakespeare was born?A. at which B. which C. in which D. at where析：觀察題目，空白處只有填in which或where才能表達(dá)“這是莎士比亞出生的房子嗎？”這一意思，故

17、答案為C。4. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. A. to whom B. of whom C. from whom D. that 析：“介詞關(guān)系代詞”要考慮短語搭配或與先行搭配，這道題短語turn to有關(guān)，故 應(yīng)選A。5. The two things _ they felt very proud were Jims gold watch and Dellas hair. A. about which B. of which C. in which D. for whic

18、h 析：涉及be/feel proud of短語，故答案為B。6. Have you ever asked him the reason _ may explain his being late?A. why B. that C. for which D. what析：此題易誤選A、C，因為先行詞是the reason, 但細(xì)觀察分析，定語從句缺少主語，所以答案是B。注意what不能引導(dǎo)定語從句。7. Farming is difficult _ there is no rain.A. where B. in place C. that D. the place where析：因為diffic

19、ult是形容詞，故其后不是定語從句。這兒的空白處應(yīng)填引導(dǎo)狀語從句where (in the place where), 全句表達(dá)“在沒有雨水的地方耕種困難”。這一意思，可見答案為A。8. We need the same machine _ in your factory.A. which is being used B. as is being used C. that is being used D. as it is being used 析：根據(jù)“the same先行詞”后跟as引導(dǎo)定語從句的原則，可知答案為B。 (the sameas, 指的是同類, 而the samethat, 指

20、的是同一個)9. _ the people, not things _ are most important. A. There are; who B. Those are; that C. It is; that D. It was; who 析：仔細(xì)觀察分析題目，可知只有C構(gòu)成強調(diào)句才有成立。當(dāng)我們要檢驗視其為強調(diào)句的判斷, 是否正確時，只要將“It is (或was)that”這三個詞去掉，剩下部分讀起來正確無誤，則證明判斷 是正確的，反之是錯誤的。此題如不填“It isthat”三詞，句子是The people, not things are most important.語義完整正確

21、，說明選C是對的。練習(xí)題單項選擇:1. The place _interested me most was the Children's Palace. A. Which B. where C. what D. in which2. Do you know the man _? A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke3. This is the hotel _last month. A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed C. where they sta

22、yed at D. where they stayed4. Do you know the year _the Chinese Communist Party was founded? A. which B. that C. when D. on which5. That is the day _I'll never forget. A. which B. on which C. in which D. when6. The factory _we'll visit next week is not far from here. A. where B. to which C.

23、which D. in which7. Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _we are working. A. where B. that C. which D. there8. This is one of the best films _. A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked9. Can you lend me the book _the

24、 other day? A. about which you talked B. which you talked C. about that you talked D. that you talked10. The pen _he is writing is mine. A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which11. They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of _sat a small boy. A. whom B. who C. which D. that12. The engineer _my

25、 father works is about 50 years old. A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom13. It there anyone in your class _family is in the country? A. who B. who's C. which D. whose14. I'm interested in _you have said. A. all that B. all what C. that D. which15. I want to use the same dictiona

26、ry _was used yesterday. A. which B. who C. what D. as16. He isn't such a man _he used to be. A. who B. whom C. that D. as17. He is good at English, _we all know. A. that B. as C. whom D. what18. Li Ming, _to the concert enjoyed it very much. A. I went with B. with whom I went C. with who I went

27、D.I went with him19. I don't like _ as you read. A. the novels B. the such novels C. such novels D. same novels20. He talked a lot about things and persons _they remembered in the school. A. which B. that C. whom D. what21. The letter is from my sister, _is working in Beijing. A. which B. that C

28、. whom D. who22. In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of _are women. A. them B. which C. whom D. who23. You're the only person _I've ever met _could do it. A. who; / B. /; whom C. whom; / D. /; who24. I lost a book, _I can't remember now. A. whose title B. its title C. the

29、title of it D. the title of that25. Last summer we visited the West Lake, _Hangzhou is famous in the world. A. for which B. for that C. in which D. what26. I have bought such a watch _ was advertised on TV.A. that B. which C. as D. it27. I can never forget the day _ we worked together and the day _

30、we spent together.A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when28. The way _he looks at problems is wrong. A. which B. whose C. what D. /29. This is the reason _he didn't come to the meeting. A. in which B. with which C. that D. for which30. This machine, _for many years, is stil

31、l working perfectly. A. after which I have looked B. which I have looked after C. that I have looked after D. I have looked after31. The reason _he didn't come was _he was ill. A. why; that B. that; why C. for that; that D. for which; what32. He is working hard, _will make him pass the final exa

32、m. A. that B. which C. for which D. who33. That is not the way _I do it. A. / B. which C. for which D. with which34. I have two grammars, _are of great use. A. all of which B. either of which C. both of that D. both of which35. I want to use the same tools _used in your factory a few days ago. A. as

33、 was B. which was C. as were D. which參考答案練習(xí)答案:1-5 ACDCA 6-10 C AAAA 11-15 CDDAD 16-20 DBBCB 21-25 DCDAA 26-30 CADDB31-35 ABADC被動語態(tài)一. 時態(tài)(16)與語態(tài)(2)：一般進(jìn)行完成完成進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在過去將來過去將來主動 S. + V. + O. （16種） 被動 S. + V. + by O. （10種） (有所變化) 二.具體時態(tài)的具體用法及其被動語態(tài)變法：1.一般現(xiàn)在時(1)基本用法：a. 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作e.g. We live happily. (經(jīng)常)He get

34、s up early. (習(xí)慣)b. 客觀真理，事實e.g. The earth is round.c. 在含條件，時間，讓步的主從復(fù)合句中，主句用一般將來時，從句則用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來e.g. I will go there if I have time.(2) 被動語態(tài)變法：V. be (am /is /are) + V.ede.g. I eat two eggs every morning. Two eggs are eaten by me every morning.2. 一般過去時(1) 基本用法：a. 過去發(fā)生的動作或持續(xù)的狀態(tài) (常與表過去的時間狀語連用)e.g. It raine

35、d yesterday. (狀態(tài)) The accident happened two days ago. (動作)b. 特定句型結(jié)構(gòu) (虛擬語氣)if /wish /as if /as though /It is time that sb. did sth.e.g. I wish that I had money. It is time that you did your homework.c. 表示過去某段時間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)e.g. He often told lies when he was a child.d. 表示說活人始料未及的事情e.g. I didnt recog

36、nize it were you.(2) 被動語態(tài)變法：V.ed be (was /were) + V.ede.g. I told him yesterday. He was told by me yesterday.3. 一般將來時(1) 基本用法：將來發(fā)生的動作或持續(xù)的狀態(tài) (常與表將來的時間狀語連用)e.g. I will visit you tomorrow.(2) 被動語態(tài)變法：shall /will + V. shall /will + be + V.ede.g. I will clean the house this afternoon.The house will be cle

37、aned by me this afternoon. 4. 過去將來時(1) 基本用法：a. 從過去的某個時間來看將要發(fā)生的動作或持續(xù)的狀態(tài)e.g. He thought he would become a teacher one day.b. 過去習(xí)慣性的動作 (用would) 與used to 用法相近e.g. He would go to school by bike.c. 特定句型結(jié)構(gòu) (虛擬語氣)wish /as if /as though /ife.g. If I had enough money, I would buy it.(2) 被動語態(tài)變法：would / should

38、+ V. would /should + be + V.ede.g. I would give him a present. He would be given a present by me. A present would be given to him by me.5. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(1) 基本用法a. 此刻或此階段正在進(jìn)行的動作或持續(xù)的狀態(tài)e.g. I am doing homework now. I am helping my father in this summer.b. 反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性的動作，有很強情緒e.g. We are living badly.c. 即將按計劃發(fā)生的動作

39、或持續(xù)的狀態(tài)e.g. We are going to Beijing tomorrow.(2) 被動語態(tài)變法：be (am /is /are) + V.ing be + being + V.ede.g. The teacher is punishing Lily. Lily is being punished by the teacher.6. 過去進(jìn)行時(1) 基本用法a. 表示過去某一時刻或某一時間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動作e.g. I was writing a letter this morning.b. 表示過去出現(xiàn)的反復(fù)性，習(xí)慣性的動作e.g. He was always finding f

40、ault with me.(2) 被動語態(tài)變法:be (was /were) + V.ing be + being + V.ede.g. He was always asking her questions. She was always being asked questions by him.7. 將來進(jìn)行時(1) 基本用法a. 表示在將來某一時刻或某一段時間正在進(jìn)行的動作e.g. I will be busy this evening. I will be writing an article.b. 表示按計劃將來要發(fā)生的動作e.g. The train will be leaving

41、in a second.(2) 被動語態(tài)變法： (無)8. 現(xiàn)在完成時(1) 基本用法：a. 表示從過去某時開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作和狀態(tài)e.g. I have sat for hours in the classroom, reading a novel.b. 表示過去發(fā)生的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果e.g. They have joined our computer to the Internet.c. 表示從過去開始到目前為止這段時間中反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或多次出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)e.g. Ive often seen him in the library.(2) 被動語態(tài)變法：has /have

42、+ V.ed has /have + been + V.ede.g. I have finished my homework. My homework has been finished by me.9. 過去完成時(1) 基本用法：表示動作或狀態(tài)從過去某一時間以前開始并一直延續(xù)到這一時間e.g. I had stayed in Beijing for three years by then.(2) 被動語態(tài)變法：had + V.ed had + been + V.ede.g. We had walked a long way. A long way had been walked by us

43、.10. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(1) 基本用法：a. 表示動作發(fā)生在過去一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在, 這個動作可能剛停止, 可能仍會繼續(xù)下去e.g. Tom has been working hard since the new term began. b. 表示到說話時為止的一段時間內(nèi)一再重復(fù)的動作e.g. He has been saying that twenty times.(2) 被動語態(tài)表法： (無)11. 將來完成時被動語態(tài):will have done will have been done12. 過去將來完成時被動語態(tài)：would have done would have been done1

44、3. 情態(tài)動詞被動語態(tài)：can /must do can /must be donecan /must have done can /must have been done三. 被動語態(tài)中主動表示被動的特殊用法：1. 下列動詞一般不用于被動語態(tài)：happen /occur /take place /come about /break out /rise /appear /become/fall /go /die /last /have /lie e.g. It happened yesterday.2. 動詞表示的是主語的特征而不是強調(diào)被執(zhí)行的動作sell /read /write /feel

45、 /wear /begin /wash e.g. The book sells well.3. 系動詞一般不用于被動語態(tài)：(特殊系動詞, 表示狀態(tài)特征的, 表示感官的)look /feel /smell /taste /sound /prove /appear /seeme.g. The roses smell sweet.4. 在表語形容詞后的 to v 作條件狀語, 用主動表示被動e.g. The water is unfit to eat. The man is difficult to deal with.5. 作定語的 to v 常用主動表被動e.g. I have a lot of

46、 work to do.6. want, need, require + V.ing 表被動e.g. The classroom requires cleaning. The classroom requires to be cleaned.7. 其賓語為反身代詞, 相互代詞時,只能用主動語態(tài)e.g. We helped each other.8. 表示開始, 結(jié)束的動詞用主動表示被動begin, start, open, finish, close, stop, end, shute.g. The shop closes at 9 p.m. every day.9. weigh, measu

47、re, cost表示“稱重”、“測量”、“花費”、“持續(xù)”、“發(fā)生”等狀態(tài)動詞或不及物動詞，雖然漢語有被動含義，但英語要用主動形式。e.g. The meeting lasted two hours. What happened to him last night? 被動語態(tài)考點分析1. I need one more stamp before my collection_. (NMET) A. has completed B. completes C. has been completed D. is completed析：complete是及物動詞，“郵集”是被人完成的，須從表被動意的C、

48、D中選擇。又因before等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中謂語要用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來，所以此題答案為D。2. Do you like the material? Yes, it _ very soft. (NMET) A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt析：觀察題干，空白線后無賓語，可知feel是不及物動詞，表“（某物）摸起來”意思,是連系動詞，不能用于被動式，也不用進(jìn)行時。根據(jù)此題對話情景，是指某種材料的常規(guī)特性，要用一般現(xiàn)在時，不能用過去時，故答案為C。feel作“感覺”、“認(rèn)為”、“摸”等意時是及物動詞，可帶賓語，有時態(tài)，語態(tài)等變化。3. Great c

49、hanges _ in the city, and a lot of factories_. (NMET) A. have been taken placehave been set up B. have taken placehave been set up C. have taken placehave set up D. were taken placewere set up析：take place（發(fā)生）是不及物動詞，不可用于被動語態(tài)，于是可排除A、D，又因set up(建造)是及物動詞，在此題中應(yīng)該用被動式，故排除C，答案為B。4. Most of the artists _to t

50、he party were from South Africa. (NMET) A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited析：首先可排除B。因為它不表示“被邀請”。又因D項少引導(dǎo)詞who，也應(yīng)排除。A項who were invited, C項who were being invited,由象invite這類短暫動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞被動式不可作后置定語，故也應(yīng)排除。因而可定答案為A。5. I dont know the restaurant, but its _ to be quite a good one. (NMET) A. said B. told C. spoken D. talked析：根據(jù)“某人/某物據(jù)說”英文句式為“sb/sth. is said”可定答案為A。又如：He is said to be a clever boy.據(jù)說他是一個聰明的男孩。6. The police found that the house _ and a lot of things_. (NMET) A. has broken intohas been stolen B. has broken intohad