ACCA F4 知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

1、Chapter11. 民法(civil law)和刑法（criminal law）的劃分Civil law: an form of private law， used by individuals to assert rights against other individualsCriminal law: an aspect of public law to regulate crimes and to punish offendersIssueCivilCriminalWho brings the actionClaimant/plaintiff原告Prosecutor/cps/state

2、Burden of proofClaimant/plaintiff原告Prosecutor/cps/stateStandard of proofBalance of probabilitiesBeyond reasonable doubtDecisionsLiable/not (judge)Guilty or notAimsCompensatoryPunitive/to punishRemedies 糾正damagesImprisonment/fines1. Case law: made by judge/ statute law成文法: primary legislation(made by

3、 the Parliament)/secondary legislation( in exercise of law-making powers delegated by Parliament). 注：Necessity for delegated legislation/secondary legislation :more convenient ;can hand over the task of specifying the law in detail to experts2. 在case law中:common law普通法created by judges through the a

4、pplication of the principle of judicial precedent. common law drew on customs/equity law衡平法:to resolve disputes where damages are not a suitable remedy and to introduce fairness into the legal system. 2. 不同法院管轄事件的類型只受理民事案件County court只受理刑事案件Crown court民刑通吃Magistrates court , high court, court of app

5、eal, supreme court只受理一審County court, magistrates court 只受理上訴Court of appeal , supreme court一審上訴通吃High court , crown courtChapter2Chapter21. Doctrine of Precedence(遵循先例制度的一般規(guī)則): some decisions made by a court are binding and similar subsequent legal cases should be decided on the basis of the law est

6、ablished in earlier cases.2. 可以創(chuàng)立判例法規(guī)則: Supreme Court/Court of Appeal/High Court;不可以創(chuàng)立:Crown, Magistrates, County Courts cannot create precedent.3. Elements of judicial decision(影響法庭判決的因素):ration decidendi判決理由the reason for the decision/Obiter dicta附帶說(shuō)明statement made by the way, not binding, but mer

7、ely of persuasive authority 4. 法官又可以因?yàn)槟切├碛删芙^先例(disregarding judicial precedent): Overrule取代the procedure whereby a court higher in the legal hierarchy sets aside a legal ruling established in a previous case/Reverse推翻a procedure whereby a court higher in the hierarchy reverses the decision of a lowe

8、r court in the same case/Distinguishing法官的自由裁決a precedent is avoided by a judge demonstrating that the material facts of two cases are not the same5. Rules of Statutory Interpretation(法的解釋):the literal approach :the literal rulemeans that words in the Act should be given their literal and grammatica

9、l meaning rather than what the judge thinks they mean./the golden rule :this rule is applied in circumstances where the application of the literal rule is likely to result in an obviously absurd result. the purposive approach :the judge should ,where necessary ,look beyond the words of statute to fi

10、nd out the reason/purpose for its enactment, and that meaning should be interpreted in the light of the purposeMischief rule :purposive approach的具體表現(xiàn)形式/where a statute is designed to remedy a weakness in the law, the correct interpretation is the one which achieves it.6. 語(yǔ)言處理規(guī)則（法律沒(méi)有追溯力 a statute doe

11、s not have retrospective effect）Chapter3 合同法（IMP）1. 合同的概念a legally binding agreement enforceable in law2. 從要約到承諾是否達(dá)成agreement invitations to treat要約邀請(qǐng)-offer要約-acceptance承諾-agreement3. Termination of an offer:express rejection/counter off反要約/lapse of time/revocation of an off/death/if the off is suje

12、ct to a condition,it will lapse on failure of that condition4. Privity of Contract合同相對(duì)性原則: the common law doctrine that only those are party to the contract-have rights or liabilities under the contract/ have the right to enforce the contract,contracts cannot give rights or obligations to othersChap

13、ter4 1. 分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Express and lmplied terms:某個(gè)條款是否經(jīng)過(guò)雙方當(dāng)事人協(xié)商同意（agreed by the parties）Condition，warranties and innominate terms 核心，從屬和無(wú)名條款 ：根據(jù)條款重要性2. 免責(zé)條款 （三觀 概念）Any clause that attempts to exempt , or limit, the liability of one party for breach of contract or negligence3 test: correctly incorporated into

14、the contract形式正確/worded clearly to exclude the breach措辭清晰/reasonable per statute內(nèi)容合理Chapter51. type of breachn Repudiatory breach根本性違約：refusal to perform拒絕履行/failure to perform an entire obligation不履行某項(xiàng)/incapacitation 無(wú)力履行/breach of condition 違反核心條款/breach of an innominate term違反無(wú)名條款n Anticipatory b

15、reach預(yù)期違約：未到合同履行時(shí)間，當(dāng)事人提前說(shuō)明無(wú)法履行；收到預(yù)期違約通知可立即追究違約責(zé)任，也可等到履行合同時(shí)間追究責(zé)任Lawful excuses for non-performance開(kāi)脫責(zé)任：performance is impossible因不可預(yù)見(jiàn)的事情發(fā)生不可履行/嘗試履行被拒絕/ the other party make it impossible for him to performance/contract is discharged through frustration情勢(shì)變更/the party have been agreement permitted non-

16、performance2. Remedies : when a breach occurs, the court has to decide what the appropriate remedy should be.Common lawDamage賠償金, action for the price, quantum meruitEquitable law 衡平法Specific performance實(shí)際履行，injunction禁令，rescission of the contract撤銷合同3. Liquidated damage違約金： a genuine pre-estimate o

17、f the loss在訂立合同前已經(jīng)商定了，有利于解糾紛，如果違約金過(guò)高（遠(yuǎn)大于loss）判為懲罰性，則不可執(zhí)行4. specific performance ：the court directs a party to complete their contractual obligations以下幾種情況法官不會(huì)讓合同繼續(xù)履行：courts cannot supervise法官無(wú)力監(jiān)督履行/personal service/minors involvedChapter6 Tort侵權(quán)法 A wrongful act against an individual which gives rise

18、 to a civil claim.1. 過(guò)失侵權(quán)的4個(gè)證明環(huán)節(jié)（概念 標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 內(nèi)容）Negligence:It arises when one person suffers damage or injury though the negligent act(or omission to act)of another person.Duty of care注意義務(wù)(三步走原則) 1.Reasonable foreseeability合理預(yù)見(jiàn)原則 2.Proximity關(guān)聯(lián)性原則 3.Justness and fairness of imposing a duty of care公平合理地強(qiáng)加注意

19、義務(wù)A breach of that duty違反注意義務(wù) 1.general rule:The test for establishing breach of duty is an objective one:a breach of duty occurs if the defendant:”.fails to do something which a reasonable man.would do.” 2.Special factors to considera.The probability of injuryb.The seriousness of the risk造成傷害的嚴(yán)重性c.

20、Cost and practicability成本可行性d.Common practice證明是行業(yè)誤差范圍內(nèi)e.Skilled persons/professionalsf.Social benefitThe breach of duty caused harm to the claimant違反義務(wù)是導(dǎo)致?lián)p失的原因 1.The but for test 2.No break in the chain of causation切斷因果關(guān)系鏈的要素a.A natural eventb.Act of a third party 原侵權(quán)人不承擔(dān)責(zé)任c.Act of the claimantThe

21、loss ware not too remote主張的賠償合理 Reasonable foresight只賠償違法者可以合理預(yù)見(jiàn)的部分2. 抗辯事由 Contributory negligence共同過(guò)失（一般只是減少賠償額，個(gè)別情況全部免除） Volenti non fit injuria同意不生違法（徹底免除） Chapter7 勞動(dòng)法1. 身份判別 Control test :The amount of control that one person had over the other Integration test不會(huì)外包給他人的，不可或缺的 Multiple test/Econo

22、mic reality testa. The regularity and method of payment報(bào)酬支付頻率，支付方式b. The ownership of tools and equipment是否提供工具c. The regularity of hours of work工作時(shí)間d. The ability to delegate all the work/to provide substitute是否代理2. 義務(wù)Common Law Duties-Employers common law duties1) Duty of mutual trust and confiden

23、ce2) To provide work for workers3) To pay wages/remuneration4) To indemnify employee against expenses and losses5) To provide for the care and safety of the employee6) No duty to provide reference when employees leave-Employees common law duties1) To obey reasonable and lawful orders2) To act faithf

24、ully/duty of faithful service/duty to account for all money and property3) To exercise reasonable skill and care in any activity in their role as an employee/reasonable competence to do his job4) Personal service親自完成交付的責(zé)任Statutory Duties 1)Pay and equality不能低于國(guó)家平均 2) Time off work3)Trade union offic

25、ials工會(huì)組織罷工可以參加，還要給工資4) Every woman has a right to maternity leave and some are entitled to maternity pay5) Health and safety6)Working time:17week,not exceed 48 hours for each 7 days除非員工書面同意多工作7) Flexible workingChapter81. 解雇通知時(shí)間的計(jì)算1m-2Y: not less than 1 week2y-12y:1 week for each year12y: not less t

26、han 12 week勞動(dòng)者離職要提前一周通知，合同期滿不續(xù)則每工作一年折合一個(gè)月工資2. 自動(dòng)正當(dāng)參加非法集合罷工unofficial industrial action/對(duì)國(guó)家安全有威脅自動(dòng)不正當(dāng)懷孕pregnancy/員工參加工會(huì)活動(dòng)/收購(gòu)并購(gòu)時(shí)的解雇 dismissal on transfer of an undertaking/工作存在安全問(wèn)題/最低工作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)/作息時(shí)間/員工在周天拒絕工作3. 用人單位解雇不當(dāng) Chapter9 代理法1. 代理關(guān)系建立方式Express agreement between the agent and principal達(dá)成委托代理協(xié)議合同，口頭書面皆

27、可Implied agreement默認(rèn) 沒(méi)有代理協(xié)議但默認(rèn)存在關(guān)系Ratification追任 代理人先履行合同，事后委托人建立合同關(guān)系Without consent of principal 沒(méi)有征得委托人同意就建立關(guān)系 necessity/Estoppel2. 代理權(quán)限（3）Express authority明示代理權(quán)限Implied authority默認(rèn)代理權(quán)限Apparent/ostensible authority看起來(lái)有代理權(quán)限，實(shí)際上并沒(méi)有Chapter10 合伙企業(yè)法1. 合伙企業(yè)(概念):the relationships that subsists between pe

28、rsons carrying on a business in common with a view to profit. standard partnership is not s separate legal entity and its partners have full personal liability for the debts of partnership. 2. Termination/dissolution合伙企業(yè)解散的債務(wù)處理:paying off external debts/repaying to the partners any loans or advances

29、/repaying the partners capital contribution/anything left over is then repaid to the partners in the profit sharing ratio .3. Termination/dissolution合伙企業(yè)解散的條件:expiry of a fixed period stipulated in the partnership agreement/completion of the express purpose for which the partnership was formed/partn

30、er gives notice to leave/a new partner is admitted into the partnership/death or bankruptcy of partner/happening of any event which makes company cant carry on/on application by a partner the Court may decree a dissolution of the partnership4. Sole trade宏觀特征:is not a separate legal entity, the perso

31、n and business are viewed as the same legal entity 5. Authority合伙人的代理權(quán)限:express authority明示代理權(quán)限from partnership agreement/implied authority默示代理權(quán)限/apparent authority表面代理權(quán)限已經(jīng)退伙但其他人不知道6. A partners liability usually extends to the period for which were actually a partner of a firm. 合伙人只對(duì)擔(dān)任合伙人期間合伙企業(yè)產(chǎn)生的債

32、務(wù)有清償責(zé)任7. Limited Partnership(LP)特征:the partnership must be register with the Company Registry/one or more of the partners must bear full,unlimited liability/partners with limited liability may not take part in management and cannot usually bind the business in contract/limited partner cannot withdra

33、w their capital 8. Limited Liability Partnership(LLP)特征:must be registered with the the Registrar of Companies, with formation documents signed by at least two members/has a legal personality separate/ the name of partnership must end with LLP/partners are known as members, of which there must be at

34、 least two/LLPs must file annual returns and accounts/all members are agents of LLP/all members liability is limited/a designated member is responsible for administration and filing/LLP is not subject to corporation tax Chapter121. 設(shè)立 pre-incorporation contacts誰(shuí)來(lái)履行？Promoters發(fā)起人2. 交什么文件 Memorandum of

35、 association公司章程（89年） Application for registration注冊(cè)申請(qǐng)書 A statement of capital and initial shareholdings關(guān)于公司資本壞人原始持有股份的狀況說(shuō)明 Statement of compliance遵從聲明 A statement of companys proposed officers擬任命誰(shuí)為公司管理人員 A copy of any proposed articles of association自擬公司章程（06年）不是必須提交，沒(méi)交使用默認(rèn)模版3. 2個(gè)證書的功能 Certificate

36、of incorporation注冊(cè)許可證 Private company 只需要注冊(cè)許可證，是形式審查 Trading certificate營(yíng)業(yè)許可證 Public company需要兩個(gè)證，申領(lǐng)到注冊(cè)許可證后一年內(nèi)要申領(lǐng)到營(yíng)業(yè)許可證，否則強(qiáng)制清算，是實(shí)質(zhì)審查 a.Allotted share capital is at least £50,000(允許股東分批繳納) b.At least one quarter of the nominal value of the allotted share capital has been paid up(minimum £12

37、,500)首次不低于票面的1/4，為確保一開(kāi)始不會(huì)有資金困難 c.Details of promoters expenses設(shè)立費(fèi)用具體怎么產(chǎn)生 d.A statement of compliance in respect of payment of nominal values and share premium4. 章程修改的程序和內(nèi)容-Contents a. Directors powers and responsibility b. Decisions making by directors c. Appointment of directors d. Organization and

38、 conduct of general meetings e. Issue and transference of shares f. Payment of dividends g. Exercise of members rights -Altering a. Passing a special resolution通過(guò)股東會(huì)的特別決定，3/4以上同意批準(zhǔn) b. Providing the alteration has been made “bona fide in the interest of the company as a whole”內(nèi)容符合全體股東的意愿5.各個(gè)公司名稱縮寫代表含

39、義-Ltd：Limited-plc：public limited companyChapter13 1. capital的分類Issued已發(fā)行股本Shares already issued, including share taken on formation by subscribers to the memorandumCalled up 已催繳股本Amount which the company has required shareholders to payPaid up 以催付股本Amount which shareholders have actually paidEquity

40、shareEquity share capital is a companys issued share capital less capital which carries preferential rights. It normally comprises ordinary shares.2. 普通股優(yōu)先股的概念和差異featureordinaryPreferencedividendsvariableFixed, usually, cumulativeVoting rightsYesrestrictedGeneral meetingsMay attend and voteRestrictedliquidationRank last /entitled to repayment of capital and share of