大腦及發(fā)育的詞匯英漢對照

1、ventricle 腦室cerebellum 小腦cortex 皮質(zhì)又稱“皮層”。cerebral cortex 大腦皮質(zhì)neocortex 新皮質(zhì)white matter 白質(zhì)gray matter 灰質(zhì)frontal lobe 額葉prefrontal cortex 前額皮質(zhì)premotor area 運(yùn)動(dòng)前區(qū)motor area 運(yùn)動(dòng)區(qū)Broca's area 布羅卡區(qū)temporal lobe 顳葉auditory area 聽覺區(qū)auditory center 聽覺中樞parietal lobe 頂葉central sulcus 中央溝occipital lobe 枕葉vis

2、ual area 視覺區(qū)visual cortex 視覺皮質(zhì)association area of cerebral cortex 大腦皮質(zhì)聯(lián)合區(qū)association fiber 聯(lián)合纖維limbic system 邊緣系統(tǒng)hippocampal formation 海馬結(jié)構(gòu)hippocampus 海馬olfactory area 嗅覺區(qū)cingulate gyrus 扣帶回amygdala 杏仁核septal area 隔區(qū)medial forebrain bundle 內(nèi)側(cè)前腦束olfactory tract 嗅束commissural fiber 連合纖維corpus callosum

3、 胼胝體basal ganglia 基底神經(jīng)節(jié)diencephalon 間腦thalamus 丘腦hypothalamus 下丘腦suprachiasmatic nucleus 視交叉上核lateral hypothalamus area, LHA 外側(cè)下丘腦區(qū)ventromedial hypothalamus, VMH 腹內(nèi)側(cè)下丘腦pineal body 松果體pituitary gland 腦垂體pyramidal system 錐體系統(tǒng)extrapyramidal system 錐體外系統(tǒng)specific thalamo-cortical projection system 丘腦-皮質(zhì)特

4、異投射系統(tǒng)nonspecific thalamo-cortical projection system 丘腦-皮質(zhì)非特異投射系統(tǒng)brain stem 腦干corpora quadrigemina 四疊體lateral geniculate nucleus 外側(cè)膝狀體核medial geniculate nucleus 內(nèi)側(cè)膝狀體核formatic reticularis 網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)cochlear nucleus 耳蝸神經(jīng)核dorsal root 背根nerve 神經(jīng)nerve cell 神經(jīng)細(xì)胞nerve fiber 神經(jīng)纖維nerve degeneration 神經(jīng)退變neural rege

5、neration 神經(jīng)再生autonomic nervous system, ANS 自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)cranial nerve 腦神經(jīng)myelin sheath 髓鞘nervi olfactory 嗅神經(jīng)nervi statoacusticus 聽神經(jīng)又稱“位聽神經(jīng)”。nervi trigeminus 三叉神經(jīng)nervous system, NS 神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)sympathetic nervous system 交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)parasympathetic nervous system 副交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)peripheral nervous system 周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)blood-brain barrier

6、, BBB 血腦屏障cerebrospinal fluid, CSF 腦脊液stereotaxic technique 立體定位技術(shù)magnetic resonance imaging, MRI 磁共振成象nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR 核磁共振magnetoencephalography, MEG 腦磁圖描記術(shù)functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI 功能性磁共振成象microautoradiography 顯微放射自顯影術(shù)positron emission tomography, PET 正電子發(fā)射層描記術(shù)neu

7、ral computation 神經(jīng)計(jì)算神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)處理信息的一種基本算法, 即并行分布處理。brain modeling 腦模擬對某種神經(jīng)生理過程和心理過程或某種腦功能進(jìn)行數(shù)學(xué)模擬研究。steady potential 穩(wěn)定電位spreading depression 擴(kuò)散性抑制electroencephalograph 腦電圖描記器electrode 電極electroencephalogram, EEG 腦電圖spontaneous activity 自發(fā)活動(dòng)spontaneous potential 自發(fā)電位synchronized wave 同步化波desynchronized wave

8、 去同步化波又稱“失同步化波”。 wave 波 wave 波 wave 波 wave 波evoked potential 誘發(fā)電位early component of evoked potential 誘發(fā)電位早成分late component of evoked potential 誘發(fā)電位晚成分event-related potential, ERP 事件相關(guān)電位P300 wave P300 波mismatch negativity, MMN 失匹配負(fù)波vertex positive wave 頂正波contingent negative variation, CNV 伴隨性負(fù)電位變化mo

9、vement-related potential 運(yùn)動(dòng)關(guān)聯(lián)電位sleep 睡眠sleep center 睡眠中樞slow wave sleep 慢波睡眠rapid eye movement sleep, REMS 快速眼動(dòng)睡眠paradoxical sleep 異相睡眠pon-genicular occipital spike, PGO spike 橋膝枕峰ascending activating system 上行激活系統(tǒng)reticular activating system, RAS 網(wǎng)狀激活系統(tǒng)wakefulness 覺醒brain mechanism 腦機(jī)制excitation 興奮i

10、nhibition 抑制lateral inhibition 側(cè)抑制postsynaptic inhibition 突觸后抑制presynaptic inhibition 突觸前抑制integration 整合autonomic response 自主反應(yīng)neuron 神經(jīng)元polymodal neuron 多模式神經(jīng)元simple cell 簡單細(xì)胞complex cell 復(fù)雜細(xì)胞hypercomplex cell 超復(fù)雜細(xì)胞nerve impulse 神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)action potential 動(dòng)作電位depolarization 去極化membrane potential 膜電位rest

11、ing potential 靜息電位polarization 極化saltatory conduction 跳躍式傳導(dǎo)all-or-none law 全或無定律microelectrode 微電極activity-dependent reinforcement mechanism 活動(dòng)依存性強(qiáng)化機(jī)制graded potential 級(jí)量電位隨刺激強(qiáng)度而改變電位幅值。dendrite 樹突synapse 突觸synaptic plasticity 突觸可塑性excitatory synapse 興奮性突觸excitatory postsynaptic potential, EPSP 興奮性突觸后

12、電位heterosynaptic facilitation 異源性突觸易化homosynaptic inhibition 同源性突觸抑制inhibitory postsynaptic potential, IPSP 抑制性突觸后電位synaptic vesicle 突觸囊泡effector 效應(yīng)器receptive field 感受野doso-visual system 視覺背側(cè)系統(tǒng)spatial frequency column 空間頻率柱electroretinogram, ERG 視網(wǎng)膜電圖photoreceptor 光感受器cone cell 視錐細(xì)胞rod cell 視桿細(xì)胞visu

13、al pigment 視色素rhodopsin 視紫紅質(zhì)cyanopsin 視藍(lán)質(zhì)iodopsin 視紫藍(lán)質(zhì)eye blink response 眨眼反射convergence eye movement 眼球輻輳運(yùn)動(dòng)conjugate eye movement 眼球共軛運(yùn)動(dòng)pursuit movement 跟隨運(yùn)動(dòng)eye microtremor 眼球微震顫gate control theory 閘門控制理論olfactory cell 嗅細(xì)胞chemoreceptor 化學(xué)感受器neurotransmitter 神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)acetylcholine, ACh 乙酰膽堿acetylcholine

14、esterase, AChE 乙酰膽堿酯酶-aminobutyric acid, GABA -氨基丁酸5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT, serotonin 5-羥色胺dopamine, DA 多巴胺noradrenaline, NA, norepinephrine, NE 去甲腎上腺素receptor 受體neurohormone 神經(jīng)激素hypophysis 垂體vasopressin 加壓素somatotropin 生長素gonadotrophic hormone, GTH 促性腺激素target cell 靶細(xì)胞adrenaline 腎上腺素pheromone 外激素

15、endocrine system 內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)endocrine gland 內(nèi)分泌腺thyroid gland 甲狀腺adrenal gland 腎上腺adrenocorticotropic hormone 促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素gonad 性腺androgen 雄激素testosterone 睪丸素estrogen 雌激素insulin 胰島素neuropeptide 神經(jīng)肽endorphin 內(nèi)啡肽dynorphin 強(qiáng)啡肽enkephalin 腦啡肽substance P, SP P 物質(zhì)prostaglandin, PG 前列腺素antagonist 拮抗物puromycin 嘌呤霉素chr

16、omosome 染色體ribonucleic acid, RNA 核糖核酸gene 基因gene mutation 基因突變nucleic acid 核酸nucleus 細(xì)胞核deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA 脫氧核糖核酸neurotoxic substance 神經(jīng)毒物neurotoxin 神經(jīng)毒素neurotrophic factor 神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子nootropic drug 促智藥Babinski reflex 巴賓斯基反射Moro reflex 莫羅反射rooting reflex 覓食反射sucking reflex 吮吸反射oral stage 口唇期anal

17、stage 肛門期phallic stage 生殖器期embryo 胚胎fetus period 胎兒期neonatal period 新生兒期babyhood 嬰兒期childhood 童年期preschool period 學(xué)前期juvenile period 少年期adolescence 青少年期puberty 青春期又稱“發(fā)身期”。adulthood 成年期infant 嬰兒genius 天才gifted child 天才兒童only child 獨(dú)生兒童handicapped child 殘障兒童exceptional child 特殊兒童problem child 問題兒童chil

18、d psychology 兒童心理學(xué)psychology of aging 老年心理學(xué)developmental psychology 發(fā)展心理學(xué)genetic psychology 發(fā)生心理學(xué)pedology 兒童學(xué)constructivism 構(gòu)造論genetic epistemology 發(fā)生認(rèn)識(shí)論life-span perspective 畢生發(fā)展觀social learning theory 社會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)理論growth 生長maturation 成熟phylogenesis 種系發(fā)生ontogenesis 個(gè)體發(fā)生critical period 關(guān)鍵期development 發(fā)展dev

19、elopmental level 發(fā)展水平developmental norm 發(fā)展常模developmental stage 發(fā)展階段cognitive development 認(rèn)知發(fā)展adolescent growth spurt 青少年發(fā)育徒增early experience 早期經(jīng)驗(yàn)zone of proximal development 最近發(fā)展區(qū)aging 老化socialization 社會(huì)化acquisition 習(xí)得adaptation 適應(yīng)adjustment 調(diào)整chronological age, CA 實(shí)足年齡age characteristics 年齡特征conge

20、nital attribute 先天屬性contextual model 情景模式transition 轉(zhuǎn)換imitation 模仿instinctive behavior 本能行為plasticity 可塑性指個(gè)體心理和行為特征因生活條件的改變或?qū)W習(xí)而發(fā)生變化。play 游戲midlife crisis 中年危機(jī)child psychosis 兒童精神病survey method 調(diào)查法case study 個(gè)案研究naturalistic observation 自然觀察clinical method 臨床法product analysis method 作品分析法diary method

21、 日記法ecological approach 生態(tài)學(xué)方法consanguinity study 血緣關(guān)系研究twin study 雙生子研究longitudinal design 縱向設(shè)計(jì)cross-sectional design 橫斷設(shè)計(jì)sequential design 連續(xù)系列設(shè)計(jì)peer rating 同伴評定habituation 習(xí)慣化babbling 咿呀語cooing 喔啊聲echolalia 模仿言語telegraphic speech 電報(bào)式言語holophrase 嬰兒的單詞語sensorimotor stage 感覺運(yùn)動(dòng)階段preoperational stage 前運(yùn)思階段又稱“前運(yùn)算階段”。concrete opera