定語從句同位語從句

1、定語從句定義：用來說明主句中某一名詞或代詞（有時也可說明整個主句或主句中一部分）而起定語作用的句子叫作定語從句。一、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1. 關(guān)系代詞用來指代先行詞，先行詞可以是指人或物的名詞或代詞 句子成分 用于限制性定語從句或非限制性定語從句 只用于限制性定語從句 代替人代替物代替人或物主語WhowhichThat賓語WhomwhichThat定語Whose (=of whom)Whose (=of which) 關(guān)系代詞的用法(1) 如果先行詞是all, much, anything, something, nothing, every

2、thing, little, none等不定代詞，關(guān)系代詞一般只用that。 (2) 如果先行詞被序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級修飾時，關(guān)系代詞常用that。    (3) 先行詞被all, first, last, any, only, few, most, no, some, very等詞修飾時, 關(guān)系代詞用that。(4) 非限制性定語從句中，不能用關(guān)系代詞that,關(guān)系代詞也不能省略。There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom are well educ

3、ated.(5) which還有一種特殊用法，它可以引導(dǎo)從句修飾前面的整個主句，代替主句所表示的整體概念或部分概念。在這種從句中，which可以作主語，也可以作賓語或表語，多數(shù)情況下意思是與and  this 相似，并可以指人。例如：He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy. (6) that可指人或物，在從句中作主語（指人作主語時多用who）、賓語，有時也可作表語，僅用于限制性定語從句中。(7) 如果作先行詞的集體名詞著眼于整體，關(guān)系代詞用which;若是指集體中的各個成員，則用w

4、ho。(8) 先行詞有兩個，一個指人，一個指物，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用that。(9) 如果先行詞是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如：Is there anyone here who will go with you?（在這的所有人中誰和你一起去？）“介詞關(guān)系代詞”是一個普遍使用的結(jié)構(gòu)(1) “介詞關(guān)系代詞“可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句?！敖樵~關(guān)系代詞” 結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to

5、at, of, without 等，關(guān)系代詞只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。 (2) from where為“介詞關(guān)系副詞“結(jié)構(gòu)，但也可以引導(dǎo)定語從句。例如：We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town. (3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短語動詞，在定語從句中一般不宜將介詞與動詞分開。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care o

6、f. （這是她曾經(jīng)照顧的孩子。）二、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系副詞where, when, why也可以引導(dǎo)定語從句,where在從句中作地點狀語，when在從句中作時間狀語，why在從句中作原因狀語。I will never forget the day when I joined the League.我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我入團的那一天。 He will go back to the school where he studied next week.下周他要回到他曾經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)過的學(xué)校。 I don't know the reason why he quarreled with Zh

7、ang Lin.我不知道他同張琳吵架的原因。三、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句1二者差異比較限制定語從句緊跟先行詞，引導(dǎo)詞同先行詞之間一般不加逗號，僅修飾先行詞，可以由關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞或that來引導(dǎo)。非限制性定語從句僅作補充或說明，用逗號與主句隔開，既可修飾先行詞，又可修飾整個主句，不可用that引導(dǎo)。2關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選擇依據(jù) 弄清代替先行詞的關(guān)系詞在從句中作什么成分,作狀語的應(yīng)選用關(guān)系副詞，作主語賓語或表語的可選用關(guān)系代詞。四、As在定語從句中的用法1. 引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句（）as用在such，the same或as之后，引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句?？梢源嫦刃?/p>

8、詞是人或物的名詞。I live in the same place as Tom does. 我和湯姆住在同處。Hes not such a fool as he looks. 他并不像看上去的那樣愚蠢。He smokes as expensive a cigarette as he can afford. 他抽一種他買得起的最貴的煙。（）as 也可單獨使用，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，作用相當(dāng)于which。且主從句之間通常要用逗號隔開。例如：The elephants nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.注意：as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句位置較靈活，可以

9、位于主句前面中間或后面，一般用逗號與主句隔開，但which所引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。例如：As was expected, he succeeded at last. 正如我們所料，他終于成功了。I had coffee after dinner, as is my usual practice. 我飯后喝咖啡，這是我的習(xí)慣。Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference. 弗雷迪在參加會議，這是可以預(yù)料到的。同位語從句當(dāng)名詞后面所接的從句具體解釋說明名詞的實際內(nèi)容時，這個從句就是同位語從句。如：The n

10、ews that China has joined the WTO excites us all. 中國加入了世界貿(mào)易組織這一消息使我們大家興奮不已。He told us the truth that he fell down from his bike this afternoon. 他告訴了我們他從單車上摔下來這一真相。能帶同位語從句的名詞不多，常見的有:1. answer, belief, conclusion, decision, discovery, doubt, explanation, fact, hope, idea, information, knowledge, law,

11、message, news, opinion, order, possibility, problem, promise, proof, proposal, question, report, risk, rumor, story, suggestion, truth, theory, thought, wish, word等。如：He sent us a message that he wont come next week. 他送信來告訴我們說，下周他不來了。There is no doubt that he is fit for this job. 毫無疑問，它適合這一工作。2. 表示“

12、命令、建議、要求” advice, demand, decision, desire, idea, insistence, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish 等名詞的同位語，須用虛擬語氣。如(from )：He made clear his desire that he should work hard to go to college. 他已清楚的表明了他要努力學(xué)習(xí)考上大學(xué)這一愿望。Soon came the order that all the

13、 people should obey the rules. 不久命令下來了，所有的人不得違犯制度。同位語從句與定語從句形相似而實質(zhì)不同，具體表現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：(一)被修飾的詞不同。同位語從句的前面一般是上述特殊的、表示抽象意義的名詞；而定語從句的先行詞則是普通的指人或物的名詞。(二)從句的作用不同。同位語從句解釋說明同位名詞的具體內(nèi)容；而定語從句是對先行名詞的限定修飾。(三)引導(dǎo)詞的作用不同。引導(dǎo)同位語從句的that是連詞，在從句中不擔(dān)任任何成分，但不能省略；而引導(dǎo)定語從句的that為關(guān)系代詞，在從句中擔(dān)任句子的某種成分，當(dāng)擔(dān)任定語從句中的賓語時，that可以省略。(4)引導(dǎo)詞不同。定語從

14、句不能用what, how, whether引導(dǎo)；而同位從句可以用what, how, whether引導(dǎo)。Have you any idea what time it starts? 你知道什么時候開始嗎?It is a question how he did it. 那是一個他如何做的問題。There is some doubt whether he will come. 他是否會來還不一定。(5)判定定語從句和同位語從句的方法：同位語從句可充當(dāng)同位名詞的表語；而定語從句不能充當(dāng)先行詞的表語。五、英語定語從句專項練習(xí)單項填空1I think youre got to the point_

15、a change is needed, otherwise youll fail. A. when                    B. that                C. which    &

16、#160;      D. where  2The hours _ the children spend in their one-way relationship with television people undoubtedly affect their relationships with real-life people.A. when                

17、    B. on which             C. in which             D. that 3Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes_ peopl

18、e were eaten by the tiger.A. that          B. by which           C. which               D. in which4There were dirty marks on her trous

19、ers _ she had wiped her hands.A. that                B. which         C. when                 D. where 5_ is o

20、ften the case, we have worked out the production plan.A. Which              B. When         C. What                

21、  D. As 6_ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress.A.It                     B.What            

22、0;  C.That               D. As 7There are many people_ only on-line activity is sending and receiving e-mails.A.who                 B.that &

23、#160;            C.which                D.whose 8EBay, Amazon and Wal Mart are popular websites_people can sell goods to each other.A.whose     &

24、#160;     B.which          C.when            D.where9On his 10th birthday. Marty manages to escape from the zoo and gets onto the subway, _he believes that he can go to the wild.A.which 

25、0;         B.from what           C.that                  D.through which10I hope_the little _I have been able to do has been

26、of some use.A. /;with which       B./;by which    C.what;what            D.that;that  11The farmers use wood to build a house_to store grains all the year around.A.with which  

27、0; B.to which    C.which    D.in which 12This was a film_ Spielberg used real actors instead of toys.A.which                    B.when       

28、;        C. there            D. in which13The thought of going home to his family was all kept him happy while he was working abroad.A. which         B.what

29、0;        C.those        D. that14A container weighs more after air is put in _ proves that air has weight.A.as        B.it         C.that   

30、;    D.which 15Can you tell me where Peter lives?Over there. The two storey house, _ there is a garden.A.near it               B.from which        C.in front of it   

31、0;          D.in front of which 16Miss Green took up the story at the point _ the thief had just made off with the jewels.A. when                     

32、 B. which            C. as                        D. where17Why does she always ask you for help?There is no one else _, is there?

33、A. who to turn to                                 B. for her to turn            

34、 C. for whom to turn                              D. she can turn to 18The year before last part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from _effects

35、 the people are still suffering.A. that                 B.  what             C. those           

36、;    D. whose 19Nowadays teenagers like to go to fast food restaurants, _ as the name suggests, eating doesnt take much time.A. who                  B.  what     

37、60;      C. which              D. where 20Later I want to return home but couldnt find a company _I could use _ I had learnt.A.where;that        B. that;that  &

38、#160;     C.when;what      D. where;what 21Government reports legal papers and most business letters are the main situations _ English is used.A.when                 

39、;   B.that                 C.how                D.where 22We hope the measures to control house prices，_ are taken by the government，wi

40、ll succeed.A.  after                B.when              C.since              

41、60; D. as 23The boy the teachers considered _ failed in the final exam, surprised them very much.A. such as a good student；which                  B.as the best student；that     

42、60; C.to have been studying well；it               D. to be the best；which 24The president, together with his bodyguards, _ to the nuclear station _ there was an accident 20 minutes ago.A. have come；which    

43、60;                  B. came；in which        C. come；in which                   

44、  D. has come；where   25Is there a gas station around_ I can get some petrol?A. which                                 B. what

45、          C. that                                D. where 26There was_ time_ I hated to go to s

46、chool.A. a；that          B. the；when              C. the；that         D. a；when 27It was in the very house _ was built with stones _ he spent his

47、 childhood.A. which；where                               B. that；where        C. which；that  

48、60;                           D. that；that 28These wild flowers are so special I would do _I_ them.A. what；can save         &

49、#160;                    B. all what；can to save          C. everything；can save            

50、60;          D. what；can to save 29I shall never forget those years _I lived in the country with farmers, _has a great effect on my life.A.that；which                 

51、0;                  B. when；who            C.which；that                

52、0;                  D. when；which 30.Just like a voyage at sea, our life journey, _ days are limited, is full of difficulties.A. that   B. which          C

53、. it     D. whose 參考答案1答案：D 解析：where在此處引導(dǎo)定語從句。2答案：D解析：本題考查定語從句。that引導(dǎo)的定語從句又在從句中作spend的賓語。3答案：D 解析：由四個選項知該空格應(yīng)填入定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，此句意義為：people were eaten by the tiger in the scene，所以先行詞scene應(yīng)該與介詞in搭配。4答案：D 解析：關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾trousers，并在定語從句中作地點狀語。全句意思為：在她擦手的褲子上留下了污跡。5答案：D 解析：從句意看，本題考

54、查定語從句的用法，故首先排除C項。由于when在定語從句中只能作時間狀語，而題干中的定語從句缺主語，因而排除B項；as與which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，which引導(dǎo)的定語從句只能放在主句之后，而as引導(dǎo)的定語從句可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，其中as表示“正如那樣”。as is often the case為固定詞組，意為“這是常用的事；正如常見的情形”。全句意思為“正如平常一樣，我們已經(jīng)制訂出了工作計劃”。最佳答案D。6答案：D 解析：由題干的結(jié)構(gòu)及內(nèi)容看，逗號之前，應(yīng)為非限制性定語從句，故選D項。全句意思為：“正如報紙上報道的那樣，兩國之間的談判取得了進(jìn)展?！比暨xA項，此句應(yīng)為：I

55、t is reported in the newspaper that talks between the two.若選B項，此句應(yīng)為：What is reported in the newspaper is that talks between the two.7答案：D 解析：whose誰的，“有許多人，他們的上網(wǎng)活動只是發(fā)送和接收電子郵件?！?答案：D解析：考查定語從句。where引導(dǎo)的定語從句，在從句中作狀語。9答案：D解析：考查定語從句。through為介詞提前，構(gòu)成go to the wild through.。10答案：D解析：句子成分分析。第一個that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，第二個that引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾the little。11答案：D解析：考查定語從句和省略。句中省略了they want;in which引導(dǎo)定語從句在從句中作地點狀語。12答案：D解析：“在這部電影中”斯皮爾伯格用了真實的演員而不是玩具，故用in which引導(dǎo)定語從句。13答案：D解析：考查定語從句。all 為先行詞，關(guān)系代詞用that。14