學(xué)術(shù)英語社科Unit9五單元原文及翻譯

1、Unit 9 Cultural globalization1. Much of the early developme nt of differe nt Ian guages, customs, and other diverseaspects of world cultures resulted from the isolation of groups of people from one another. It is not surpris ing ,the n ,that a degree of cultural amalgamati on has occurred asimproved

2、 tran sportati on and com muni cati on have brought people of various societiesinto ever-freque nt con tact . An alyz ing the blurri ng of culture differe nces inevitablyincludes a great deal about fast food, basketball , rock music, and other such aspects ofpop culture , but such an alysis dose not

3、 trivialize the subjectn stead Iong-standingbottom-up line of political theory argues that the world people can build on com monplace in teract ions and in creas ing cultural com mon alities that engen der familiaritywith and con fide nee in one ano ther to create a global civil society that might e

4、volve intoa global n ati on. By the same process, if transn ati onal civil societies develop, thenregional and even global schemes of governance could conceivably form andsupplement or supplant the territorial state. Scholars who exam ine the bottom-upprogress of transn ati onal in tegrati on look f

5、or evide nee in such factors as the flow ofcom muni catio ns and commerce betwee n coun tries and the spread across borders ofwhat people wear, eat, and do for recreati on.不同語言、習(xí)慣以及世界文化的其他各個方面的早期發(fā)展， 源于人類群體之間的 隔離。然而，不斷改善的交通和通訊使得不同社會的人們更頻繁地聯(lián)系，一定程度的文化融合隨之出現(xiàn)，這并不令人驚訝。分析文化差異的模糊性，不可避免的 包括了大量關(guān)于快餐、籃球、搖滾音樂以及流

6、行文化其他相關(guān)方面內(nèi)容， 但是這 種分析并沒有使主題變得簡單。相反，一種長期存在的自下而上的政治理論觀點 認(rèn)為，世界人民可以在普遍的交流和逐漸增加的文化共性的基礎(chǔ)上存在，文化共性使人們彼此產(chǎn)生熟悉感和信任感，從而建立一個可能發(fā)展成全球國家的全球公 民社會。在這個過程中，如果跨國公民社會形成，那么區(qū)域的甚至全球的治理方 案就有可能形成，并且彌補(bǔ)或者取代領(lǐng)土國家。研究跨國一體化自下而上進(jìn)程的 學(xué)者們，正在國家之間通信和貿(mào)易的流通中，在人們吃、穿、娛樂方式的跨境影 響中尋找證據(jù)。2. While it is premature to talk of a world culture，and in de

7、ed that may n ever come thereis significant evidenee of cultural amalgamation in the world。The leaders of China oncewore Chin ese tunic suitsnow they wear Wester n-style bus in ess suits When dress ingin formally，people in sha nghaj Lagos，and Mexico City are more apt to wear jeansT-shirts, and sneak

8、ers than their countrytraditional dress.Young people everywhereliste n to the same music,with,for example ” Disturbia ” by Riha nna on the Top-10 chartsin many coun tries in additi onal to the Un ited States in 2008.A nd whatever it means toour gastronomic futures ,Big Macs,fries,and milk shakes are

9、 con sumed around theworld.雖然現(xiàn)在談?wù)撌澜缥幕癁闀r尚早， 而且它事實上可能永遠(yuǎn)不會出現(xiàn)，但確實存在 世界文化融合的重要證據(jù)。中國的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人曾經(jīng)一度穿中山裝；現(xiàn)在他們穿西裝。當(dāng)穿著隨意時，在上海，拉各斯，墨西哥城的人們相對于他們國家的傳統(tǒng)服飾， 更適應(yīng)穿牛仔褲，T 恤，和帆布膠底運動鞋。各地的年輕人聽著相同的音樂，例 如蕾哈娜的“ Disturbia” 2008 年出現(xiàn)在許多國家包括美國的十大排行榜上。同時 不論我們的美食烹飪前景如何，巨無霸、薯條和奶昔在世界各地都有消費。3. Before look ing further at the evide nee of cu

10、ltural amalgamati on,one cauti on is inorder.You will see that a great deal of what is becoming world culture isWestern ,especially America n, in its origi ns.That does not imply that Western culture issuperior;its impact is a fun cti on of the econo mic and political of Wester n Europe andthe Un it

11、ed State.Nor does the prep on dera nee of Western Europe in the in tegrati onprocess mea n that the flow is one way.America n culture, for example ,is in flue need bymany foreig n imports,ra nging from fajitas and sushi,through soccer,to acup un cture.在更深的探究文化融合的證據(jù)之前， 我們要先關(guān)注一個警示。你會發(fā)現(xiàn)，從起源上說，大量成為世界文化的

12、是西方文化，尤其是美國文化。這并不是說西方文化更好；它的這種影響是西歐、美國的經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治作用的結(jié)果。西歐在文化融合過程中的優(yōu)勢也不意味著文化流動是單向的。比如，美國文化就受到許多外國進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品的影響，像墨西哥鐵板燒和日本壽司，再到足球和針灸。Language4. One of the most important aspects of converging culture is English,which is becoming the com mon Ian guage of bus in ess,diplomacy,com muni cati on,and eve nculture.Pres

13、ide nt Hamid Karzai of Afgha ni sta n and many other leaders of coun tries ofinternational organizations converse in Englishndeed ,a number of them,including UNSecretary-General Ban ki-moon of South Korea ,learned or improved their En glish whileen rolled at U.S. Uni versities .A bit more slowly ,En

14、 glish is spread ing among com moncitize ns around the world .This is evide nt in differe nces among various age groups.Among Europea ns ,for in sta nce,89%of all school-childre n now have En glish in struct ion.語言文化融合最重要的一個方面是英語，它已經(jīng)成為了商務(wù)、外交、交流、甚至是文 化的通用語言。 阿富汗總統(tǒng)哈米德.卡爾扎伊和其他國際機(jī)構(gòu)的國家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人用英 文交流。實際上，他們中的很

15、多人，像韓國的聯(lián)合國秘書長潘基文，在被美國大 學(xué)錄取的時候就在學(xué)習(xí)并不斷提升自己的英語。說的再通俗一點，英語正在全世界的普通人中傳播。很明顯不同的年齡段存在著差異，例如，歐洲人中 89%的學(xué) 齡兒童現(xiàn)在有英文課。5. Moder n com muni cati ons are one factor driv ing the spread of En glish. There havebee n no table adva nces, such as the ability to search in n early 100 Ian guages throughGoogle, in making

16、the web more accessible to non-English speakers;but the vastmajority of what is available on the Internet has bee n and remai ns in En glish. As thewebmaster at one site in Russia comments, ”t is far easier for a Russian to dow nload the works of Dostoyevsky tran slated in En glish to read tha n it

17、is for him to get iti nhis own Ian guages. ” Bus in ess n eeds also promote the global growth of Enlish. TheU.S. status as the world economic powerhouse makes it far more com mon for foreig nbus in esspeople to lear n the Ian guage of America ns tha n it is for America ns to lear nother Ian guage. A

18、 report issued by the Japa nesegover nment declared that achiev ingworld-class excelle nee dema nds that all Japa nese acquire a work ing kno wledge of English ”.The use of En glish will probably continue to expa nd throughout the worldbecause a majority of people in every region in the world believ

19、e their childre n are morelikely to prosper if they learn En glish .現(xiàn)代化的通訊方式也是推動英語傳播的一個重要因素。如今，在使網(wǎng)絡(luò)更容易為非英語人群使用方面已經(jīng)取得了顯著的進(jìn)步，比如可以用近 100 種語言在谷歌上進(jìn)行搜索的能力；但是網(wǎng)絡(luò)上絕大多數(shù)可以獲取的信息過去是并且一直是英文 的。正如俄羅斯一個網(wǎng)點的管理員評論的那樣，“對于一個俄羅斯人來說，下載英文版的陀思妥耶夫斯基的作品來讀比下載俄文版的要容易的多”。商業(yè)需求也推進(jìn)了英語的全球化趨勢。美國世界經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)國的地位也使得外國商人學(xué)習(xí)英語比 美國人學(xué)習(xí)其他語言要更為普遍。日本政

20、府發(fā)布的一個報告宣稱，“要成為世界 一流國家要求所有的日本人要掌握實用英語”。英語的使用范圍可能會在世界范 圍內(nèi)不斷擴(kuò)大，因為世界上每個地區(qū)的大多數(shù)人都認(rèn)為，如果學(xué)了英語，他們的孩子更有可能成功。Con sumer products6. The interchange of popular consumer goods is another major factor in narrowingcultural gaps. America n movies are popular throughout much of the world. In 2007, forexample, the top

21、drawing film globally was Pirates of the Caribbean: At World End.Moreover, foreig n distributio n is vital to the U.S. film in dustry, which earns 61% of itsrevenue overseas. In contrast, foreign films account for just 3% of the U.S. market.America n televisi on program ming is also widespread, but

22、un like movies, it is adeclining part of most foreign television markets. However , jeans , logo-bearingT-shirts , and other America n-style dress trends are n early ubiquitous globally, andburgers, fried chicke n, and other types of fast food further spread com mon culture.消費產(chǎn)品流行性消費品的交換是縮小文化隔閡的另一個主

23、要因素。美國電影在世界大多數(shù)地方都很受歡迎。例如，在 2007 年，全球最具吸引力的電影是加勒比海盜： 世界的盡頭。此外，國外的份額對于美國電影業(yè)來說也是至關(guān)重要的，它占到 美國海外收入的 61%。相反，外國電影只占到美國市場的3%。美國的電視節(jié)目也廣為傳播，但與電影不同的是，它在大多數(shù)外國電視市場中的份額在不斷地下 降。然而，牛仔褲，名牌 T 恤，和其他美式服裝潮流在世界上幾乎無處不在， 漢堡包、炸雞和其他類型的快餐也在傳播著大眾文化。7. To reemphasize the main point, there is a dist inct and importa nt in term in gli ng andamalgamati on of culture un der way. For good or ill, wester n, particularly America n,culture is at the forefront of this trend. The observation of the Director-Ge