電氣及自動化專業(yè)外文翻譯(12)

1、中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文資料翻譯學(xué) 院： 工程技術(shù)學(xué)院專 業(yè)： 電氣工程及其自動化姓名：梁帥成學(xué)號：0431302092017 年 4 月 30 日外文資料翻譯基于Linux系統(tǒng)的高可用Wet服務(wù)器的搭建與實現(xiàn)1.1歷史1.1.1 UNIX為了了解Linux的歷史，我們需要追溯到 30年前。想象一下像房子甚至體育館一樣大的計算機。除了電腦的體積帶來的問題，有一件事情讓這些變得更糟糕，那就是每個計算機都有一個不同的操作系統(tǒng)。軟件定制服務(wù)一直是一個給定系統(tǒng)的特定目 標，軟件無法在另一個系統(tǒng)上運行。能夠在一個系統(tǒng)下工作并不意味著也可以自動同另一個系統(tǒng)共事。這些無論對于用戶還是系統(tǒng)管理員都

2、是非常困難的。由于計算機非常昂貴，所以人們不得不為之付出，即使購買計算機那也只是為了讓用戶了解他們 是如何工作的。但是 IT的總成本還是非常巨大的。世界上的技術(shù)還沒有那么先進，因此他們不得不和如此大的計算機共同再度過十年。在1969年,貝爾實驗室的開發(fā)團隊人員們開始研究，為解決軟件問題，更好的完善兼容性。他們開發(fā)出一種新的操作系統(tǒng)，就是這個。簡單巧妙用C語言設(shè)計代替匯編碼能夠循環(huán)利用的代碼。貝爾實驗室開發(fā)的項目把它命名為“ UNIX操作系統(tǒng)。”該代碼循環(huán)的功能是非常重要的。在此之前，所有商用計算機系統(tǒng)是寫在一個專門為系統(tǒng)開發(fā)的 代碼中。而UNIX只需要有一組特殊的代碼，也就是現(xiàn)在俗稱小片的內(nèi)核

3、。這個內(nèi)核的代碼是唯一的 一塊，需要為每一個特定的系統(tǒng)和各種形式的UNIX系統(tǒng)基礎(chǔ)改編。操作系統(tǒng)和所有其他所有功能，都圍繞這個核心，用更高級編程語言所編寫的，C.這種語言是專為創(chuàng)造 UNIX系統(tǒng)而發(fā)展的。使用這種新技術(shù)，更易于開發(fā)可以運行在不同類型硬件上的操作系統(tǒng)。軟件供應(yīng)商們很快就意識到這一點，因為他們可以幾乎毫不費力的售出超過原來軟件十倍的銷量。一個新奇的情況出現(xiàn)了：不同供應(yīng)商生產(chǎn)的計算機可以連接到同一個網(wǎng)絡(luò)，并且用戶操作不同的操作 系統(tǒng)無需再利用額外的時間去學(xué)習(xí)使用另一臺計算機。UNIX幫助用戶大大改善了不同系統(tǒng)兼容問題。UNIX在未來持續(xù)幾十年的不斷發(fā)展中。更多的東西成為可能，并且硬件

4、和軟件的供應(yīng)商們也增 加了他們對UNIX產(chǎn)品的重視。最初的UNIX，只為大背景環(huán)境下的大型機和小型機所使用（pc只是微型機）。如果你想使用 UNIX,那么你必須在大學(xué)、政府或者大型金融公司工作。但是小的電腦也正在發(fā)展，80年代末，很多人家里都有電腦。在那個時候，有好幾個版本的UNIX架構(gòu)的PC可用，但其中沒有一個是真正的開源。1.1.2 Linux系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀今天，Linux已經(jīng)加入了臺式機市場。Linux開發(fā)人員集中在開始網(wǎng)絡(luò)和服務(wù)環(huán)節(jié)，辦公應(yīng)用程序的最后障礙已經(jīng)被拆除。我們不得不承認，微軟已經(jīng)占據(jù)了大部分市場，因此大量的人們開始選擇 替代品，在過去幾年這種情況使Linux成為了一個可接受

5、的工作站，它提供了一個簡單的用戶界面，文字處理軟件兼容微軟 Office應(yīng)用程序，試算表，簡報等等。在服務(wù)器端，Linux是眾所周知的一個穩(wěn)定和可靠的平臺，像著名的網(wǎng)上書店亞馬遜，美國郵政 總局，德國軍隊和這些公司的數(shù)據(jù)庫以及交易服務(wù)。特別是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)提供商和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)供應(yīng)商已 經(jīng)開發(fā)出成熟的Linux防火墻，代理服務(wù)器和 Web服務(wù)器，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)在每一個UNIX系統(tǒng)管理員都會贊賞管理站已經(jīng)成為到一個舒適的工作平臺。在電影創(chuàng)作中也使用了 Linux集群機，如 泰坦尼克號”怪物史萊克”等。在郵局，他們是路由郵件和大型的搜索引擎的中樞系統(tǒng)，集群機還用來執(zhí)行互聯(lián)網(wǎng) 搜索.這些只是在日日夜夜成千上萬工作

6、的linux中的一部分。還值得指出，現(xiàn)代的 Linux不僅僅只在工作站上運行，還在中、高端服務(wù)器，也在像掌上電腦的， 手機，船貨的嵌入式應(yīng)用，甚至對手表實驗的“小玩意”上使用。這使Linux成為世界上唯一一個廣泛應(yīng)用的操作系統(tǒng)。1.2用戶界面1.2.1 是 Linux 難嗎？Linux是否難學(xué)，取決于你問的人。有經(jīng)驗的UNIX用戶會說不，因為 Linux是電力用戶和程序員理想的操作系統(tǒng)，因為這些人已經(jīng)使用并且正在開發(fā)它。一個好的程序員都希望編譯器，庫，開發(fā)和調(diào)試工具是可用的。這些軟件包來源于所有的標準Linux發(fā)行版。其中包括免費的C語言編譯器，所有的文件和程序手冊。并且舉例內(nèi)容也能幫助您在任

7、何時間開始。感覺就像UNIX,并且可以在UNIX和Linux之間自然的轉(zhuǎn)換。在早期的Linux ,成為一個專家需要從開始就使用它。這是一個普通的練習(xí)，用來告訴新的用戶來“ RTFM ” （閱讀手冊）。雖然每個系統(tǒng)都有手冊，但是找到文件仍然很難，即使有人做到了，解釋了這樣的技術(shù)術(shù)語，但是對于新用戶的學(xué)習(xí)變得容易氣餒。Linux的使用社區(qū)開始意識到，如果Linux是以往任何時候成為操作系統(tǒng)市場上重要的成員，必須在該系統(tǒng)的親和力上做大量的修改。1.2.2 Linux的非經(jīng)驗的用戶如RedHat, SuSE和Mandrake的公司如雨后春筍般涌現(xiàn)，提供打包的Linux發(fā)行版更適合大眾消費。他們綜合了大

8、量的圖形用戶界面（GUI），由社區(qū)發(fā)展，以緩解方案和服務(wù)的管理。今天你作為一個Linux用戶，你知道了你得到了系統(tǒng)的一切手段，但現(xiàn)在它不再有必要讓用戶了解這種知識，只 為了使系統(tǒng)符合您的要求?，F(xiàn)在你可以登錄圖形和啟動，甚至無需輸入一個單一的字符，而你仍然有能力來訪問該系統(tǒng)的核 心。由于其結(jié)構(gòu)，Linux允許用戶發(fā)展系統(tǒng)：不論你是新手還是有經(jīng)驗的用戶。當他們第一次開始學(xué) 習(xí)Linux操作系統(tǒng)時，新用戶不會被強迫做難度很大的事情，有經(jīng)驗的用戶不會被迫以同樣的方式工作。而在服務(wù)方面的發(fā)展， 對于桌面用戶更好的事情已經(jīng)發(fā)生。桌面應(yīng)用程序的努力開發(fā)令人難以置信，使你見到你見過的最美麗的臺式電腦，或使你的

9、Linux機器，就像你以前的 MS Windows或Macintosh工作站。最新的發(fā)展情況也有3D加速支持和USB設(shè)備支持，通過單擊更新系統(tǒng)和數(shù)據(jù)包,等等。Linux有這些，并試圖開發(fā)所有人們所了解的并且在邏輯上可以實現(xiàn)的服務(wù)。1.3 Linux 上是否有前途嗎?開放源碼開放源碼軟件背后的想法很簡單：當程序員可以讀取， 分發(fā)和修改代碼，代碼將變得更成熟。人們能夠適應(yīng)它，解決它，調(diào)試時間，他們能夠以軟件開發(fā)公司同樣的速度的處理他的性能。該軟件將比曾經(jīng)任何一個開發(fā)過的軟件更加靈活，質(zhì)量更好，因為相比于以往任何時候都在封閉的軟件開發(fā)人 員來說，能夠有更多的人有在不同測試條件下完善它。開放源碼的開始

10、對于商務(wù)的世界更輕的清晰，而且更慢。商業(yè)供應(yīng)商也開始明白這一點。雖然許多學(xué)者和技術(shù)人員已經(jīng)被說服了20年來，但現(xiàn)在仍然要走這條路。商業(yè)供應(yīng)商像互聯(lián)網(wǎng)應(yīng)用一樣，使他們意識到他們可以從開源獲取利潤?，F(xiàn)在Linux已經(jīng)度過了它的成長階段，它幾乎完全是一個學(xué)術(shù)體系，對于控制唯一有用的一點就是有技術(shù)背景?，F(xiàn)在Linux提供的東西比操作系統(tǒng)更多：有一個完整的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施支持建立一個連鎖的經(jīng)營體系，并且制作和測試它，它能給用戶帶來一切方需要的，提 供維修，更新和支持還有自定義，今天，Linux已經(jīng)準備好接受一個迅速變化的世界的挑戰(zhàn)。十多年的經(jīng)驗為您服務(wù)盡管Linux可能是最知名的倡議開放源碼，但是還有另外一個項

11、目，極大地促進了Linux操作系統(tǒng)的普及。這個項目被稱為 Samba，其成就是逆向工程的服務(wù)器消息塊（SMB）/通用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)文件系統(tǒng)（CIFS ）協(xié)議用于文件和打印對本地的MS Windows NT支持的個人電腦相關(guān)設(shè)備，服務(wù)和 OS / 2和Linux?，F(xiàn)在一整套東西為幾乎每個系統(tǒng)提供在混合環(huán)境中使用MS Windows協(xié)議互連解決方案：Windows兼容（直至并包括 Win2K系統(tǒng)）文件和打印服務(wù)器。也許比Samba項目更成功的是 Apache HTTP服務(wù)器項目。該服務(wù)器運行在 UNIX，Windows NT和許多其他操作系統(tǒng)。原本被稱為“一個修修補補的服務(wù)器”，“根據(jù)現(xiàn)有的代碼和文件的一

12、系列”補丁，這意味著成熟代碼值得美國本土部落因其卓越的良好的Apache來命名，著名的戰(zhàn)略和不竭耐力。Apache已被證明是大幅度更快，更穩(wěn)定，比許多其他Web服務(wù)器功能完整。Apache是每天數(shù)百萬游客的情況下運行，雖然沒有官方的支持是由開發(fā)商提供的，但Apache用戶社區(qū)提供您的所有問題的答案。現(xiàn)正由一些第三方提供商業(yè)支持。在辦公應(yīng)用類，MS Office軟件的選擇是可用的， 范圍從局部到在 MS Windows工作站應(yīng)用提供充 分的實現(xiàn)。 這些舉措使Linux在桌面市場可以被大量人接受，因為用戶并不需要額外的培訓(xùn)，學(xué)習(xí)如何使用新系統(tǒng)。隨著臺式電腦的共同用戶的好評， 不僅他們的一致好評，而

13、且他們的具體要求，這是 變得越來越復(fù)雜和日益苛刻。在開源社區(qū)，包括大量為社區(qū)做了5年以上貢獻的人，保證 Linux的桌面上作為市場的重要參與者的地位，以及在一般資訊科技應(yīng)用。帶薪員工和志愿者都正在努力使 Linux可以保持在市場上的地位。越多的用戶，更多的問題。開源社區(qū)可確保答案滾滾而來，用懷疑的目光觀察答案的質(zhì)量，會更具有穩(wěn)定性和易用性。1.4 Linux 的性能1.4.1 Lin ux的優(yōu)點Linux的很多優(yōu)勢是Linux的起源，深深扎根在 UNIX中，當然除了第一個優(yōu)勢Linux是免費的：他們說正如免費的啤酒，如果你想花錢買完全沒什么，你甚至用不上支付一張 CD的價錢。Linux 的全部

14、可以都可以從互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上免費下載。沒有登記費，沒有每用戶成本，免費更新，如果你想改變你 的系統(tǒng)，也會免費提供源代碼給你。最重要的是，Linux和演講一樣是免費的：我們通常使用的許可證是 GNU公共許可證（GPL）。該許可規(guī)定，任何想做的人都有權(quán)改變 Linux 最后重新分配一個改變過的版本， 最終有一個條件就是代碼被改變以后仍然可用。在實踐中，只要您的客戶仍然可以擁有一組代碼的副本。你可以自由地抓住例如一個內(nèi)核映像，增加對teletransportation機器或時間旅行支持和銷售的新的代碼。Linux是可移植到任何硬件平臺：一個愿意出售一種新型電腦的供應(yīng)商，他們不知道新機器是將運行什么操作系統(tǒng)（

15、例如，在您的 汽車或洗衣機的 CPU），可以采取一個 Linux內(nèi)核，使其在他的硬件工作，因為與此相關(guān)的活動文檔 是免費的。Linux是持續(xù)運行：對于UNIX，Linux系統(tǒng)在運行中不希望總是重新啟動。這就是為什么很多的任務(wù)會執(zhí)行預(yù)定在晚上或其他平靜的時刻的原因，在忙碌的時段造成較高的使用率和硬件的平衡。這個屬性允許Linux在適用的環(huán)境中，人們也沒有時間也沒有可能去控制他們系統(tǒng)的晝夜。Linux是安全的和通用的：在Linux中使用的安全模型是基于UNIX的安全觀念，這是眾所周知的強勁和公認的質(zhì)量。 但是Linux不僅適合作為從互聯(lián)網(wǎng)對付敵人攻擊的使用堡：它會同樣適應(yīng)于其他情況，利用同樣高的安

16、全 標準。 您的開發(fā)計算機或控制的電臺會安全的成為你的防火墻。Linux是可擴展性：從與2 MB存儲器的一個掌上型電腦到petabyte儲存有數(shù)以百計的波節(jié)的群集：添加或刪除相應(yīng)的軟件包，Linux適合一切。你并不需要一臺超級計算機了，因為你可以使用Linux做使用系統(tǒng)提供的建設(shè)做大事情。如果你想要做的小東西，比如制造用于嵌入式處理器的操作系統(tǒng)或者只是回收的 舊的486, Linux會做這點。在Linux操作系統(tǒng)和Linux應(yīng)用程序有很短的調(diào)試時間：因為Linux已經(jīng)很成熟，成千上萬的人已經(jīng)對其進行了測試，這些問題很快被人們定位并發(fā)現(xiàn)。 發(fā)現(xiàn)一個bug并修復(fù)好只需要幾個小時，是經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事。1

17、42 Linux 的缺點有太多的不同分布："Quot capites, tot rationes"，因為羅馬人已經(jīng)說過：人越多，越意見。乍看之下，Linux的發(fā)行量可能是恐怖的，或可笑的，這取決于您的觀點。但是，這也意味著，每個人都會找到他或她需要什么。你不必成為一個專家，只需要找到一個合適的釋放。當記者問，一般每Linux用戶會說，最好的分布是他在使用特定版本。所以，你應(yīng)該選擇哪一個？不要過分擔心的是： 所有版本包含或多或少的與基本包相同。論基礎(chǔ)之上，特別是加入第三方軟件制作，例如，TurboLinux的多為中小型企業(yè)， RedHat適合服務(wù)器，SuSE適合操作區(qū) 但是，

18、這些差異很 可能是表面上的。最好的策略是測試成對的分布，可惜不是每個人都有這個時間。幸運的是，大量的意見對你的Linux選擇的主題很有幫助。一個叫LinuxJournal的地方，其中討論了硬件和支持對象還有其他話題。也會討論你的安裝分布Linux不是友好的用戶會讓初學(xué)者困惑：因為他的流行，相當大的努力讓Linux更容易使用，特別是新用戶。較多的信息正在每日被釋放， 像是一個指南，為所有層次的用戶填寫文件編寫的不足。是一個開源的產(chǎn)品值得信賴？怎樣才能使免費的東西也可以可靠呢？Linux用戶可以選擇是否使用Linux ,這給了他們巨大的優(yōu)勢，相對于私有軟件的用戶不會有這種自由。經(jīng)過長時間的測試，大

19、多數(shù)Linux用戶得出的結(jié)論是，Linux是沒有那么好而已，但在許多情況下比傳統(tǒng)的解決方案更好，更快。如果Linux不可靠，那么他早就不會存在了， 也不會有人知道它現(xiàn)在的普及與數(shù)百萬用戶了。現(xiàn)在，用戶可以影響他們的系統(tǒng)并與社區(qū)分享他們的言論，因此系統(tǒng)每天都是越來越好。這是一個永遠不會完成的項目，這是事實，但在一個不斷變化的環(huán)境中，Linux是一個項目，也將繼續(xù)精益求精。外文資料原文BaBased on Linux system set up and implement the high availability of Web server1.1 History1.1.1 UNIXIn orde

20、r to un dersta nd the popularity of Linux, we n eed to travel back in time, about 30 years ago.Imag ine computers as big as houses, eve n stadiums. While the sizes of those computers posed substa ntial problems, there was one thing that made this eve n worse: every computer had a differe nt operat i

21、ng system. Software was always customized to serve a specific purpose, and software for one give n system did n't run on ano ther system. Being able to work with one system did n't automatically mea n that you could work with ano ther. It was difficult, both for the users and the system admi

22、 nistrators.Computers were extremely expe nsive the n, and sacrifices had to be made eve n after the original purchase just to get the users to understand how they worked. The total cost of IT was eno rmous.Tech no logically the world was not quite that adva need, so they had to live with the size f

23、or another decade. In 1969, a team of developers in the Bell Labs laboratories started working on a soluti on for the software problem, to address these compatibility issues. They developed a new operati ng system, which was simple and elega nt writte n in the C program ming Ian guage in stead of in

24、 assembly code able to recycle code.The Bell Labs developers n amed their project "UNIX."The code recycli ng features were very importa nt. Un til the n, all commercially available computer systems were writte n in a code specifically developed for one system. UNIX on the other hand n eede

25、d on ly a small piece of that special code, which is now com mon ly n amed the kern el. This kernel is the only piece of code that n eeds to be adapted for every specific system and forms the base of the UNIX system. The operating system and all other functions were built around this kernel and writ

26、ten in a higher programming Ianguage, C. This Ianguage was especially developed for creating the UNIX system. Using this new technique, it was much easier to develop an operati ng system that could run on many differe nt types of hardware.The software ven dors were quick to adapt, since they could s

27、ell ten times more software almost effortlessly. Weird new situations came in existenee: imagine for instance computers from differe nt ven dors com muni cati ng in the same n etwork, or users work ing on differe nt systems without the need for extra education to use another computer. UNIX did a gre

28、at deal to help users become compatible with differe nt systems.Throughout the n ext couple of decades the developme nt of UNIX con ti nu ed. More things became possible to do and more hardware and software ven dors added support for UNIX to their products.UNIX was initially found only in very large

29、 environments with mainframes and mi nicomputers (n ote that a PC is a "micro" computer). You had to work at a uni versity, for the government or for large financial corporations in order to get your hands on a UNIX system.But smaller computers were being developed, and by the end of the 8

30、0's, many people had home computers. By that time, there were several vers ions of UNIX available for the PC architecture, but none of them were truly free.1.1.3. Curre nt applicati on of Linux systemsToday Linux has joined the desktop market. Linux developers concen trated on n etwork ing and s

31、ervices in the begi nning, and office applicati ons have bee n the last barrier to be take n dow n. We don't like to admit that Microsoft is ruli ng this market, so ple nty of alter natives have been started over the last couple of years to make Linux an acceptable choice as a workstation, provi

32、d ing an easy user in terface and MS compatible office applicatio ns like word processors, spreadsheets, prese ntati ons and the like.On the server side, Linux is well-known as a stable and reliable platform, providing database and trad ing services for compa nies like Amaz on, the well-k nown on li

33、 ne bookshop, US Post Office, the German army and such. Especially Internet providers and Internet service providers have grown fond of Linux as firewall, proxy- and web server, and you will find a Linux box within reach of every UNIX system administrator who appreciates a comfortable managementstat

34、ion. Clusters of Linux machines are used in the creation of movies such as "Tita nic" , "Shrek" and others. I n post offices, they are the n erve cen ters that route mail and in large search engine, clusters are used to perform internet searches.These are only a few of the thousa

35、 nds of heavy-duty jobs that Linux is perform ing day-to-day across the world.It is also worth to note that modern Linux not only runs on workstations, mid- and high-end servers, but also on "gadgets" like PDA's, mobiles, a shipload of embedded applicati ons and eve n on experime ntal

36、wristwatches. This makes Linux the only operat ing system in the world coveri ng such a wide range of hardware.1.2. The user in terface1.2.1. Is Linux difficult?Whether Linux is difficult to lear n depe nds on the pers on you're ask ing. Experie need UNIX users will say no, because Linux is an i

37、deal operat ing system for power-users and programmers, because it has bee n and is being developed by such people.Everythi ng a good programmer can wish for is available: compilers, libraries, developme nt and debugging tools. These packages come with every standard Linux distribution. The C-compil

38、er is included for free, all the documentation and manuals are there, and examples are often included to help you get started in no time. It feels like UNIX and switching between UNIX and Linux is a natural thing.In the early days of Linux, being an expert was kind of required to start using the sys

39、tem. It was com mon practice to tell a beg inning user to "RTFM" (read the manu als). While the manu als were on every system, it was difficult to find the docume ntatio n, and eve n if some one did, explanations were in such technical terms that the new user became easily discouraged from

40、 lear ning the system.The Linux-using community started to realize that if Linux was ever to be an important player on the operating system market, there had to be some serious changes in the accessibility of the system.1.2.2. Linux for non-experieneed usersCompa nies such as RedHat, SuSE and Man dr

41、ake have sprung up, providi ng packagedLinux distributions suitable for mass consumption. They integrated a great deal of graphical user in terfaces (GUIs), developed by the com mun ity, in order to ease man ageme nt of programs and services. As a Linux user today you have all the means of getting t

42、o know your system in side out, but it is no Ion ger n ecessary to have that kno wledge in order to make the system comply to your requests.Nowadays you can log in graphically and start all required applications without even having to type a sin gle character, while you still have the ability to acc

43、essthe core of the system if needed. Because of its structure, Linux allows a user to grow into the system: it equally fits new and experie need users. New users are not forced to do difficult thin gs, while experie need users are not forced to work in the same way they did when they first started l

44、earning Linux.While developme nt in the service area continu es, great things are being done for desktop users, gen erally con sidered as the group least likely to know how a system works. Developers of desktop applicatio ns are mak ing in credible efforts to make the most beautiful desktops you'

45、;ve ever seen, or to make your Linux machine look just like your former MS Windows or MacIntosh workstation. The latest developments also include 3D acceleration support and support for USB devices, single-click updates of system and packages, and so on. Linux has these, and tries to present all ava

46、ilable services in a logical form that ordinary people can un dersta nd.1.3. Does Linux have a future?1.3.1. Ope n SourceThe idea beh ind Ope n Source software is rather simple: whe n programmers can read, distribute and change code, the code will mature. People can adapt it, fix it, debug it, and t

47、hey can do it at a speed that dwarfs the performance of software developers at conventional companies. This software will be more flexible and of a better quality than software that has been developed using the conventional channels, because more people have tested it in more differe nt con diti ons

48、 tha n the closed software developer ever can.The Open Source initiative started to make this clear to the commercial world, and very slowly, commercial vendors are starting to see the point. While lots of academics and technical people have already been convinced for 20 years now that this is the w

49、ay to go, commercial vendors needed applications like the Internet to make them realize they can profit from Open Source. Now Linux has grown past the stage where it was almost exclusively an academic system, useful only to a handful of people with a technical background. Now Linux provides more tha

50、n the operating system: there is an entire infrastructure supporting the chain of effort of creating an operating system, of making and testing programs for it, of bringing everything to the users, of supplying maintenance, updates and support and customizations, etcetera. Today, Linux is ready to a

51、ccept the challenge of a fast-changing world.1.3.2. Ten years of experience at your serviceWhile Linux is probably the most well-known Open Source initiative, there is another project that contributed enormously to the popularity of the Linux operating system. This project is called SAMBA, and its a

52、chievement is the reverse engineering of the Server Message Block (SMB)/Common Internet File System (CIFS) protocol used for file- and print-serving on PC-related machines, natively supported by MS Windows NT and OS/2, and Linux. Packages are now available for almost every system and provide interco

53、nnection solutions in mixed environments using MS Windows protocols: Windows-compatible (up to and including Win2K) file- and print-servers.Maybe even more successful than the SAMBA project is the Apache HTTP server project. The server runs on UNIX, Windows NT and many other operating systems. Origi

54、nally known as "A PAtCHy server" , based on existing code and a series of "patch files" , the name for the matured code deserves to be connoted with the native American tribe of the Apache, well-known for their superior skills in warfare strategy and inexhaustible endurance. Apac

55、he has been shown to be substantially faster, more stable and more feature-full than many other web servers. Apache is run on sites that get millions of visitors per day, and while no official support is provided by the developers, the Apache user community provides answers to all your questions. Co

56、mmercial support is now being provided by a number of third partiesIn the category of office applications, a choice of MS Office suite clones is available, ranging from partial to full implementations of the applications available on MS Windows workstations. These initiatives helped a great deal to

57、make Linux acceptable for the desktop market, becausethe users don't need extra training to learn how to work with new systems. With the desktop comes the praise of the common users, and not only their praise, but also their specific requirements, which are growing more intricate and demanding b

58、y the day.The Open Source community, consisting largely of people who have been contributing for over half a decade, assures Linux' position as an important player on the desktop market as well as in general IT application. Paid employees and volunteers alike are working diligently so that Linux

59、 can maintain a position in the market. The more users, the more questions. The Open Source community makes sure answers keep coming, and watches the quality of the answers with a suspicious eye, resulting in ever more stability and accessibility.1.4. Properties of Linux1.4.1. Linux ProsA lot of the adva