新編簡明英語語言學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn)匯總

1、新編簡明英語語言學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn)匯總1 IntroductionWhatislinguisticsScientificstudyoflanguage.Interpretation:trytoanswerthebasicquestionsandprobeintovariousproblemsrelatedtolanguage;2linguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguagebutlanguageingeneral;scientificstudybecausebasedonsystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata.Thescope

2、oflinguisticsThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistic.phoneticsStudythesoundsusedinlinguisticstudyphonologyHowsoundsputtogetherandconveymeaningmorphologyThewaysymbolsrepresentingsoundsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwordssyntaxRulesgoverningthecombinationofwordssemanticsThestudyofmeaning

3、pragmaticsStudythemeaningincontextAbovearemajororcorebranchesoflinguistics;Followingarelinguisticslinkwithotherdisciplines.sociolinguisticslanguageandsocietypsycholinguisticsHowinfantacquiremothertongue,processinformation(languageandbrain)AppliedlinguisticsAppliedtotherecoveryoflanguage,languageacqu

4、isitionSomeimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsprescriptivedescriptiveAimstolaydownrulesforacorrect&standard;tellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayorDescribeandanalyzethelanguageactuallyuse(modernlinguistsbelievethatlanguagepeopleuseshouldbedescribedandanalyzed)synchronicdiachronicThedescriptionofalanguageat

5、somepointoftimeThedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimenotwhateveroccursintheModernlinguisticsaremostsynchronic:CDDifficulttodescribethechangesthathavetakenplaceinitshistoricaldevelopment;Synchronicdescriptionareoftenthoughtofasbeingdescriptionsofalanguageinitscurrentexistence.speechwritingSp

6、eechispriortowriting:CDwritingsystemisalwaysainventedbytheuserstorecordthespeechwhentheneedarises;speechplaysagreaterroleintermsofamountofconveyinginformation;speechisalwaysthewaynativespeakeracquiretheirmothertonguewhilewritingislearnandtaughtinschool;spokenlanguagerevealsmorefeatureofhumanspeech,w

7、hichisauthenticwhilewrittenlanguageisonlytherevisedrecordofspeech.Langue語言Parole言語Abstractlinguisticsystem;RelativelystableTherealizationoflanguageinactualuse;Concrete;Varyfrompersontoperson&situationtosituationProposedbySwisslinguistSaussureintheearly20thcentury:paroleisamassoflinguisticfacts,t

8、petenceperformanceTheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageTposedbyAmericanlinguist,SimilartoSaussure,whatlinguistsshouldstudyistheidealspeaker'scompetence,nottheperformance.Difference:Saussureto

9、oksociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconvention;whileChomskylooksatpsychologicalpointandtohimcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.TraditionalgrammarModernlinguisticsPrescriptive;writtenlanguageisprimary;ForcelanguageintoaLatin-basedframework;Descriptive;Spokenla

10、nguageisprimary;TryingtosetupauniversalframeworkModernlinguisticsbeginfromthepublicationofSassure'sbookcourseingenerallinguisticsWhatislanguageDefinitionsoflanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Characteristics:CDlanguageissystem,elementsoflanguagearecombinedac

11、cordingtotherules;languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatitstandsfor,Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellaswell;languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguageissound;languageishuman-specific,differentfromanimalcommunication.Designfeaturesoflanguage

12、ProposedbyAmericanlinguistCharlesHockett:comparingtheanimal&humancommunicationarefivemajordesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage:CDarbitrarinessNologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsounds(exceptonomatopoeticandcompoundwords)(2)productivityItmakestopossibletoconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalbyitsuse

13、rs.dualityLanguageisasystemwhichconsistsoftwostructures.Atthelowerlevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythesoundscangroupedorregroupedtogetherintoalargernumbersofunitsofmeaningsuchasmorphemeorwords,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofsystem(carp&park).Thenthehigherlevelcanbearrangedandr

14、earrangedintoaninfinitenumbersofsentences;DisplacementLanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeakers;culturaltransmissionWhilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemsarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.(lang

15、uageisculturaltransmittedlanguagenotmutuallyintelligiblewhileanimalcallsystemisgeneticallytransmitted)FunctionsoflanguageThreemainfunctionsoflanguagewhichdistinctfromeachotherbutactuallyoverlappingtosomedegree:CDdescriptivefunctionTheprimaryfunctionoflanguage;Thefunctiontoconveyfactualinformation,wh

16、ichcanbeassertedordenial,andinsomecaseevenTheSichuanearthquakeisthemostseriousoneChinahaseversuffered.expressivefunctionSupplyinformationabouttheuser'sfeeling,preference,prejudicesandvalue,willnevercometothiscoffeeshopagain.socialfunctionServestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.H

17、owcanIhelpyou,SirOthers:Russian-bornstructurallinguistRomanJakobsortsixelemensfunctionofaspeech:Addresser-emotive動(dòng)機(jī)addressee-conative意動(dòng)context-referentialmessage-poeticcontact-phaticcommunioncode-metalinguisticBritishlinguisticHalliday:CDideationalfunction語篇功能includeddescriptive&expressivefuncti

18、nistoorganizethespeaker'erpersonalfunctionistoindicate,establish,ormaintainsocialrelationshipbetweenpeople.socialfunctiontextualfunctionistoorganizewrittenorspokentextstocoherewithinthemselvesandfittotheparticularsituationinwhichtheyareused.Thephonicmedium

19、oflanguageSpeechsoundsproducedbyhumanspeechorganTwomajormediaofcommunication:speechandwriting;whatisphoneticsThestudyofphonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccursintheworld'slanguage.ThreebranchesAuditoryphonetics聽覺語百學(xué)Acousticphonetics聲學(xué)語言學(xué)organsofspeechPharyngealcavity咽喉Nasal

20、cavity鼻腔Oralcavity口腔Voicing:vibrationofthevocalcordsorthgraphicrepresentationofspeedhsounds:broad&narrowInternationalphoneticalphabet:lettersoundsBroadusedintextbook:lettersymbolspNarrow:lettersymbols+diacritics變音符phitspithaspirationphoneticianmoreinterestedinclassificationofEnglishspeechsoundsc

21、lassificationofEnglishconsonantTotalBilabial雙5LabiodentalDental齒Alveloar四齦PalataliwVelar軟Glottal喉音唇兇音音音腭Stops閉塞音PartialVLPftkVDbvdgFricative摩擦音VLosfhCompleteatfirstVDdzgReleasesiowiywithAffricates塞擦音VLtftfVDdgdgNasals鼻音VDmnnLiquids流音VDL,rGlides#VDwjclassificationofEnglishvowelsMonophthongs：frontcent

22、ralbackcloseI:IU:uSemi-closeee:Semi-openeC:openaea八Da:phonologyphonology&phoneticsPhonologyvsphoneticsSpeechsoundsProducedfeaturesFormpatters&conveymeaningphonephonemeallophonePhoneticunitPhonologicalDifferentphonesrepresentingaphonemeinphonemiccontrastcomplementarydistributionminimalpairpDa

23、rkl&clearPillbillsomerulesinphonologySequentialrulesassimilationruledeletionruleGovernthecombinationofsounds,.Wordbeginwithalorr,next,Assimilateonesoundtoanotherbycopyingafeatureofsequentialphoneme,makingtwophonessimilarsuprasegmentalfeatures(phonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofsegments)Stre

24、ss:N&vTone：四聲Intonation:differentmayconveydifferentmeaningeventhesentencesunchanged3.MorphologyGrammarthatisconcernedwithwordformationandwordstructureWord:thesmallestfreeformfoundinlanguageMorpheme:thesmallestunitofmeaningRootstembaseRoot:believeStem:believable除掉所有的語法成份,留下詞根和派生成份Base：unbelievableun的詞基Derivationalmorpheme:changecategorygrammaticalclassofwordsPrefix:changemeaningSuffix:changemeaningandpartsofspeechInflectionalmorpheme:sig