英語語法基礎(chǔ)基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)

1、實(shí)用文檔文案大全英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型，掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。英語五種基本句型列式如下：一：S V （主+ 謂）二：S V P （主+系+表）三：S V O （主+謂+賓）四：S V o O （主+謂+間賓+直賓）五：S V O C （主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)）基本句型一：S V （主+謂）s | V1. The sun was shining.2. The moon rose.3. The universe remains.4. We all breathe, eat, and drink.我們大家都呼吸、吃和喝。5. Who cares?6. What

2、 he said does not matter.他所講的沒有什么關(guān)系。7. They talked for half an hour.他們談了半個(gè)小時(shí)。8. The pen writes smoothly這支筆書寫流利。太陽在照耀著。月亮升起了。宇宙長(zhǎng)存。管它呢？基本句型二：SVP （主+系+表）S | V （是系動(dòng)詞）I P1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary.這是本英漢辭典。2. The dinner smells good.午餐的氣味很好。3. He fell in love.他墮入了情網(wǎng)。4. Everything looks differ

3、ent.一切看來都不同了。5. He is growing tall and strong.他長(zhǎng)得又高又壯6. The trouble is that they are short of money.基本句型三：S V O （主+謂+賓）麻煩的是他們?nèi)鄙馘X。實(shí)用文檔S V （及物動(dòng)詞）I O1. Who knows the answer?誰知道答案？2. She smiled her thanks.她微笑表示感謝。3. He enjoys reading.他喜歡看書。4. They ate what was left over.他們吃了剩飯。5. He said "Good morn

4、ing."他說："早上好！"基本句型四：S V o O （主+謂+間賓+直賓）有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語，如： give給，pass遞，bring帶，show顯示。這兩個(gè)賓語通 常一個(gè)指人，為間接賓語；一個(gè)指物，為直接賓語。間接賓語一般位于直接賓語之前。一般的順序?yàn)椋簞?dòng)詞+間接賓語+直接賓語。如： Give me a cup of tea,please.強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語順序?yàn)椋簞?dòng)詞+直接賓語+介詞+間接賓語。如：Show this house to Mr.Smith.S V （及物）I 。（多指人）I O （多指物）1. She ordered herself a n

5、ew dress.她給自己定了一套新衣裳。2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal.她給丈夫煮了一頓美餐。3. He brought you a dictionary.他給你帶來了一本字典。4. He denies her nothing.他對(duì)她什么都不拒絕。5. I showed him my pictures.我給他看我的照片6. I gave my car a wash.我洗了我的汽車?；揪湫臀澹篠 V O C （主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)）此句型的句子的 共同特點(diǎn)是:動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來補(bǔ)足

6、賓語，才能使意思完整。賓語補(bǔ)足語：位于賓語之后對(duì)賓語作出說明的成分。賓語與其補(bǔ)足語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。名詞/代詞賓格+名詞The war made him a soldier.戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)使他成為一名戰(zhàn)士.名詞/代詞賓格+形容詞New methods make the job easy.新方法使這項(xiàng)工作變得輕松.名詞/代詞賓格+介詞短語I often find him at work.我經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)他在工作.名詞/代詞賓格+動(dòng)詞不定式The teacher ask the students to close the windows.老師讓學(xué)生們關(guān)上窗戶.名詞/代詞賓格+分詞I saw

7、 a cat running across the road.我看見一只貓跑過了馬路.S V （及物）I O （賓語）I C （賓補(bǔ)）1. They appointed him manager.他們?nèi)蚊?dāng)經(jīng)理。2. They painted the door green.他們把門漆成綠色3. Thissetthem thinking.這使得他們要細(xì)想一想。4. Theyfound the housedeserted.他們發(fā)現(xiàn)那房子無人居住。但常用的英語句子并不都象基本句型這樣簡(jiǎn)短，這些句子除了基本句型的成分不變 外，通常是在這些成分的前面或后面增加一些修飾語（ modifier ）而加以擴(kuò)大

8、。這些修飾語可 以是單詞（主要是形容詞、副詞和數(shù)詞） ，也可以是各種類型的短語（主要是介詞短語、不定 式短語和分詞短語）。我們稱之為：定語、狀語一、 定語：定語是對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用的表示。定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。若修飾some,any,every,no構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)，（如:something、nothing ）;或不定式、分詞短語作定語、從句作定語時(shí)，則定語通常置后。副詞 用作定語時(shí)須放在名詞之后。形容詞作定語：The little boy needs a blue pen.（little修飾名詞boy; blue修飾名詞pen.） /小男孩需要

9、一支蘭色的鋼筆。Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是個(gè)英俊的男孩。There is a good boy./有個(gè)乖男孩。文案大全實(shí)用文檔數(shù)詞作定語相當(dāng)于形容詞：Two boys need two pens.兩個(gè)男孩需要兩支鋼筆。There are two boys in the room.房間里有兩個(gè)男孩。代詞或名詞所有格作定語：His boy needs Tom's pen.他的男孩需要Tom的鋼筆。His name is Tom.他的名字是湯姆。介詞短語作定語：The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.教室里的男孩

10、需要你的一支鋼筆。The boy in blue is Tom.穿蘭色衣服的孩子是湯姆。名詞作定語：The boy needs a ball pen.男孩需要一支圓珠筆。There is only one ball pen in the pencil box.這鉛筆盒里只有一支圓珠筆。副詞作定語：The boy there needs a pen.那兒的男孩需要一支鋼筆。The best boy here is Tom.這里最棒的男孩是Tom。不定式作定語：The boy to write this letter needs a pen.寫這封信的男孩需要一支鋼筆。There is nothi

11、ng to do today.今天無事要做。分詞（短語）作定語：The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.那個(gè)微笑的男孩需要一支他媽媽買的鋼筆。The pen bought by her is made in China. 她買的筆是中國(guó)產(chǎn)的。There are five boys left.有五個(gè)留下的男孩。定語從句：The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.那個(gè)在閱讀的男孩需要你昨天買的鋼筆。The boy you will know is Tom.

12、你將認(rèn)識(shí)的男孩叫湯姆。There are five boys who will play the game.參加游戲的男孩有五個(gè)。二、狀語：狀語修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或全句，說明方式、因果、條件、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、讓步、方向、程度、目的等。狀語在句子中的位置很靈活，常見情況為：通常在句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)之后，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在句首；修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)，通常位于被修飾的詞之前；表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的的狀語一般位于句子兩頭，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在句首，地點(diǎn)狀語一般須在時(shí)間狀語之前；一些表示不確定時(shí)間（如：often ）或程度（如：almost ）的副詞狀語通常位于be 動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后，動(dòng)詞之前。有時(shí)狀語在句中的某個(gè)位置會(huì)

13、引起歧義，應(yīng)注意。如： The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成男孩喊教室里的女孩（此時(shí) in the classroom 為 girl 的定語）也可以理解為男孩在教室里喊女孩（此時(shí) in the classroom 為地點(diǎn)狀語），最好寫作In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.'副詞（短語）作狀語：The boy needs a pen very much.男孩非常需要一支鋼筆。（程度狀語）The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother.

14、男孩非常需要他母親買的那支鋼筆。（賓語較長(zhǎng)則狀語前置）The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen.男孩現(xiàn)在需要一支鋼筆。（時(shí)間狀語）介詞短語作狀語：In the classroom, the boy needs a pen./在教室里，男孩需要一支鋼筆。（地點(diǎn)狀語）Before his mother, Tom is always a boy./在母親面前, 湯姆總是一個(gè)男孩子.（ 條件狀語）On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom./星

15、期天 , 教室里沒有學(xué)生.（ 時(shí)間狀語）分詞（短語）作狀語：He sits there, asking for a pen./他坐在那兒要一支筆。（表示伴隨狀態(tài)）Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen./因?yàn)椴坏貌煌瓿勺鳂I(yè)，男孩需要一支筆。 （原因狀語）Frightened,he sits there soundlessly./（因?yàn)椋┦芰梭@嚇，他無聲地坐在那兒。（原因狀語）不定式作狀語：文案大全實(shí)用文檔（目的狀語）為實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支筆寫家庭作業(yè)。T

16、o make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business./ 湯姆變得對(duì)商業(yè)很有興趣.名詞作狀語：Come this way!/ 走這條路?。ǚ较驙钫Z）三、同位語：同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞，對(duì)前者加以說明的成分，近乎于后置定語。 如：We students should study hard. / （students是 we 的同位語，都是指同一批學(xué)生'）We all are students. / （all是we的同位語，都指同樣的我們）四、獨(dú)立成分：有時(shí)句子中會(huì)有一些 與句子沒有語法聯(lián)系的成

17、分，稱為句子獨(dú)立成分（注意：區(qū)別于分詞獨(dú)立 結(jié)構(gòu)）。感嘆詞：oh,hello,aha,ah, 等?？隙ㄔ~yes否定詞no稱呼語：稱呼人的用語。插入語：一些句中插入的I think , I believe, 等。如：The story,I think,has never come to the end./我相信，這個(gè)故事還遠(yuǎn)沒結(jié)束 .情態(tài)詞，表示說話人的語氣（多作為修飾全句的狀語）：perhaps 也許，maybe大概,acturely實(shí)際上，certainly 當(dāng)然，等。五、分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞作狀語時(shí)其邏輯主語與句子的主語一致！否則應(yīng)有自己的邏輯豐語，構(gòu)成分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)例：錯(cuò)句： Studyin

18、g hard,your score will go up.正確： Studying hard, you can make your score go up.或（2）If you study hard,your score will go up.解析：錯(cuò)句中分詞studying 沒有自帶邏輯主語，則其邏輯主語就是句子的主語，既your score顯然做study的應(yīng)是人，不應(yīng)是 your score（分?jǐn)?shù)）.正確句（1）更正了句子的主語，使其與分詞邏輯主語一致 （同為you ）;正確句（2）則使用條件分 句帶出study的主語,（不過已經(jīng)不是分詞結(jié)構(gòu)了）.分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)常省略being,havin

19、g been.不過There being.'的場(chǎng)合不能省略.如：Game （being） over,he went home.He stands there,book （being） in hand.獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)還可用with、without引導(dǎo)，作狀語或定語。這種結(jié)構(gòu)不但可以用分詞，還可以用不定式、形容詞、介詞短語、副詞或名詞等。如：With nothing to do, he fell asleep soon./無事可做，他很快就睡著了。The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose.老師進(jìn)來了，戴著一付眼鏡。（注意，此句on his nose

20、 不可省略?。┚渥映煞志毩?xí)題（ 一 ）（ 一 ）. 指出下列句中主語的中心詞 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.（ 二 ） 選出句中謂語的中心詞 I don't

21、 like the picture on the wall.A. don't B. likeC. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus?A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will be B. meeting C. the

22、library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework What I want to tell you is this.A. want B. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor.A. We B. hadC.

23、send D. doctor He is interested in music.A. is B. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to?A. give B.didC. whom D. book（ 三 ） 挑出下列句中的賓語 My brother hasn't done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words

24、 did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. They made him monitor of the class. Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. You will find it useful after you leave school. They d

25、idn't know who "Father Christmas" really is.（ 四 ） 挑出下列句中的表語 The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it.（ 五 ） 挑出下列句中的定語 They use Mr./ Mrs. with the family name. What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afr