閱讀理解詞義猜測題講義(老師)

1、高考閱讀理解詞義猜測題應(yīng)試技巧小結(jié)-從高考看如何做詞義猜測題一猜測詞義題目的提問方式單詞的猜測能力是閱讀理解能力的主要組成部分，歷年高考都把猜測詞義作為考生應(yīng)該掌握的一項閱讀技能列入試題，考查對文中關(guān)鍵詞語 （實詞、短語、指代關(guān)系等）的理解。在閱讀理解題中，所考查的詞或短語的意義常常不停留在字面上，要根據(jù)語境來判斷。這類題目常見的提問形式有：1. The word ” in paragraph means / can be best replaced by2. The underlined word.” in the fourth paragraph refers to.3. From the

2、 passage, we can infer that the word/phrase” is/ refers to4. The word ” is closest in meaning to5. As used in the passage, the phrase” suggests 二猜測詞義題目做題方法.針對性的解釋針對性解釋是作者為了更好的表達思想，在文章中對一些重要的概念、難懂的術(shù)語或高深的詞匯等所做的通俗化的解釋。這些解釋提供的信息明確具體，所使用的語言通俗易懂， 利用它們來猜測詞義就非常簡單。1. 根據(jù)定義或解釋說明猜測生詞的詞義利用句子中其它詞的意義和整個句子的意思來猜測生詞。

3、尤其是本句話和其前后兩句話，因為上下文可以給學(xué)生提供認知線索，把情境與詞義聯(lián)系起來便可猜出它的大概含義，尤其在be或be called等判斷詞出現(xiàn)的判斷句中，生詞是被解釋說明的表語，或是用來下定義的主語。這是猜測詞義的最基本最實用最行之有效的方法之一。定義常用的謂語動詞多為：be,mean, deal with, be con sidered, to be, be called, defi ne, represe nt, refer to, sig nify 等。例如：05 湖北卷 A 段） Do you know what a“territory” ite?TADry is an area

4、that ananimal ,usually the male, claims （聲稱） as its own.由定義可推知，這里territory指的是： 動物的地盤”。04 浙江卷 B 段） Green building means reducing the impact 影響）of the building on the land ”.由定義我們可以推斷這里Green building指的是什么。2. 定語從句或同位語對其先行詞起修飾或解釋說明的作用，有助于猜出該先行詞的詞 義。例如： pantomime refers to a short play in which no word a

5、re spoken.根據(jù)下文結(jié)構(gòu)，pantomime指得是不出聲的短劇，即啞劇”（ 04 福建卷 E 段） Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreig n food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and rein deer with surpris ing sauces .Accord ing the passage, The Pines is a .A . place in which you can see many mobile homesB. mounta

6、in where you can get a good view of the valleyC. town which happens to be near the Banff National ParkD. restaura nt where you can ask for some special kinds of food通過whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句，我們可以推測到：The Pines是一家餐館的名字，由此不難推出理解題的答案為：D。3. 有時標點符號中的破折號“一一”也可引出起解釋說明作用的同位語或具有同義的短語或從句。This terrible tornado a wind whic

7、h went round and round as fast as 500 miles an hour and picked up everyth ing in its path, such as large trees, cars and eve n houses.根據(jù)破折號后面的句意，可以猜測出tornado意思是龍卷風(fēng)”4. 根據(jù)舉例猜測詞義恰當?shù)呐e例能夠提供猜測生詞的重要線索。例如：（04 遼寧卷 C 段） The course gives you chances to know great power polities between n atio n states. It will

8、 provide more space to study particular issues such as relati on ship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such intern ati onal bodies as the Un ited Nati ons, the Europea n Union, NATO, and the World Bank.根據(jù)such as后面列舉的一系列例子，

9、我們應(yīng)該能推斷出句中的issue是指 議題”。內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系推測詞義是指應(yīng)用語言知識分析和判斷相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系，然后根據(jù)邏輯聯(lián)系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。1據(jù)對比關(guān)系猜測詞義在一個句子或段落中，有對兩個事物或現(xiàn)象進行對比性的描述，我們可以根據(jù)生詞的反義詞猜測其詞義。表示對比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語主要有：uni ike, not, but, however, despite, inspite of, in contrast等。表示對比關(guān)系的句子結(jié)構(gòu)：while引導(dǎo)的并列句。例如：（NMET 2002 E 篇）A child s birthday party doesn havet

10、to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.What does the underlined word“ hassle ” （paragraph 1） probably mean?A. a party desig ned by specialistsB. a pla n requiri ng careful thoughtC. a situati on caus ing difficulty or troubleD. a dema nd made by guests根據(jù)對比關(guān)系，這里 hassle和a basket of fun是相反的意義，很容易判斷理

11、解題的答 案為C。2 據(jù)比較關(guān)系猜測詞義同對比關(guān)系相反，比較關(guān)系表示意義上的相似關(guān)系。表示比較關(guān)系的詞和短語主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。例如： Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.該句中副詞similarly表明短語loves to talk和loquacious之間的比較關(guān)系，其意義相近。由此我們可推斷出loquacious的意思是 健談的”。3 據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測詞義當 because, since, as, sop that與 suc

12、h tha這些表示因果關(guān)系的信息詞出現(xiàn)在有生詞的句中，通過因果關(guān)系，依據(jù)已知部分，就能猜出生詞的詞義，例如： （05 上海卷 B 段） I feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”The word “ presumptuous ” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning toC. lacking in experieneeD. too shy and quiet根據(jù)since引導(dǎo)的原因狀

13、語從句的內(nèi)容既然你是我的上司”），我們可以推斷這里presumptuous的意思是：冒失的，放肆的”意思，后半句的意思是：我告訴你怎么做會是種放肆/冒失的行為。對應(yīng)的理解題答案為: （05 江西卷 D 段） Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves.根據(jù)原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容，我們可以判斷Pruning的意思是：修剪（樹枝等）的意思。4.根據(jù)同義、近義、并列、替代、說明等關(guān)系猜測詞義在句子或段落中，我們可以利用熟悉的詞語，根據(jù)語言環(huán)境所表示的關(guān)系推斷生詞詞義。一些常

14、見的標志詞語:表示同義詞的有 or, like , similarly, and , as well , either, the same常見的表示反義詞語境的詞有：yet, but, un like, however, although, while,not but ，instead of,on the hdlneir on the contrary, rather thar等。例如: If you agree, write“yes”djsseou writeno根據(jù)主句yes ,no是反義關(guān)系，可以看出條件句也是反義，因此dissent意思為反對” John usually wastes

15、a lot of money on such useless things, his wife, however,is very thrifty.根據(jù)下文轉(zhuǎn)折連詞however可以看出thrifty是與前文浪費錢相反的意思,既節(jié)約的，節(jié)儉的”（ 05 江蘇卷 E 段） William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is ofiirngled yarn（紗線），good and ill together. ”The un derl ined word“ mingled ” in the last paragraph most probably me

16、ansA . simple B . mixed C. sad D. happy句中g(shù)ood and ill together更具體地說明了a mingled yarn的意義，據(jù)此我們不難推測mingled的意思是：混合的，交織的”答案是:（ 04 湖北卷 C 段） Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is “ yes ” , according to the researchehsharts Hopkins and three other medical centers.根據(jù)and thre

17、e other medical centers這種并列關(guān)系，我們很容易推斷出：Johns Hopkins是家醫(yī)療中心。通過構(gòu)詞法在猜測詞義過程中，我們還可以依靠構(gòu)詞法方面的知識，從生詞本身猜測詞義。1根據(jù)前綴猜測詞義例如： When a wise person misuses his wisdom, he will do great harm to society.use是利用的意思。mis-否定前綴，因此misuses意思是 不合理的利用，” To quite a great many people, money is an irresistible temptation.根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法和句意，

18、前綴ir-意思是 不，非” resistible意思是 可抵御的”因 此irresistible意思是不可抵御的”.（ 05 江西卷 E 段） Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?根據(jù)詞根educational （教育的），結(jié)合前綴co-（共同，一起），我們便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：男女同校教育的意思。2 根據(jù)后綴猜測詞義例如：（05 廣東卷 E 段）Its a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking （俯瞰）the bay in a

19、nun commercialized Cornish fish ing village on En gla nds most southerly point后綴-ise/ize意思是使成為；使化”，結(jié)合詞根commercial （商業(yè)的），不難猜出uncommercialized的意思是：朱被商業(yè)化的”。3根據(jù)復(fù)合詞的各部分猜測詞義例如：（05 北京卷 B 段） Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries.Well -designed tools and equipment will require l

20、ess force to operate them and prevent awkward （別扭的）hand positi ons.Well-designed或許是個生詞，但我們分析該詞的結(jié)構(gòu)后，就能推測出其含義。它由well（好，優(yōu)秀）和design （設(shè)計）兩部分組成，合在一起便是 設(shè)計精巧的”意思。（04 浙江卷 D 段） We live in a tech no logical society where most goods are mass-produced by un skilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft

21、（ 手藝）no Ion ger exists.的意思是：“大批量生產(chǎn)；規(guī)模生產(chǎn) ”的意思。綜上所述， 利用各種已知的信息推測判斷生詞詞義是一項重要的閱讀技能。 在閱讀中我 們可以根據(jù)實際靈活應(yīng)用上面提到的幾種猜詞技巧， 排除生詞的干擾， 理解文章的思想， 提 高閱讀速度，同時，提高我們在高考閱讀理解中的得分率。鞏固練習(xí)：1. I like that store. All the employeesstrive ”?strive to make the customers feel right at home.Which word is a synonym ofa. complainb. try

22、c. faild. clean2. This is a clandestine operation.It is extremely important that no one discovers what you redoing!A clandestine operation is supposed to bea. dangerousb. harmfulc. excitingd. secret3. If you don t recover quickly from your condition, it could become chronic. Then you might have to t

23、ake medicine for the rest of your life.If something is chronic, itt he realize that parkinga. is very painfulb. won t go away c. makes you smell bad d. isn t real4. David hoped that nobody would know that he was in the building. Didn his new car in the driveway made his presence rather conspicuous?I

24、f something is conspicuous, it isa. importantb. expensivec. unfortunated. noticeables5. Your uncle wouldn t even part with a dime to help the kids pay for their trip. That more example of his penurious ways. In contrast, many people who have much less money have donated a great deal to the cause.Wha

25、t does “ penurious ” mean?a. very oldb. very wealthyc. very humorousd. very stingy6. There is a very interesting article about solar stormsin the February 14, 2000 issue of Timemagazine. It tells about how these disturbances not only affect spacecraft, but can also disrupt terrestrial life. For exam

26、ple, they have even caused automatic garage doors to open in one town.What does “ terrestrialmean?a. of or on the planet Earthb. protective of automotive equipmentc. solard. in or near a pond7. “ Michelle, I m very upset about what you said,Rosie stated firmly.You didn t comand accuse me of eating a

27、ll your candy. On the other hand, your remarks about my love of chocolate were made for a reason. You are insinuating that I m the candy thief!”What does “ insinuate ” mean?a. to keep something hot or coldb. to suggest without clearly sayingc. to do something evild. to protect from diseaseve seen ho

28、w Patt8. I think it would help our basketball team, if we allowed girls to play. Iknack for making the tough shots when they we d win more games with her help.re needed most. She wants torptleaaymonanoduWhat does “ knack ” mean?a. to throw or tossb. a hard punch c. a kind of sports bag d. an ability

29、9. It was a sad and hauntingstrain that met our ears as we entered the old theater. There was abeauty in the voice that wed never forget. This would be a special concert.What does “ strain ”mean in the context of the selection?a. effort b. injury c. melody d. filter10. I want you to weigh his words

30、carefully. He seems sincere and presents his arguments well. There is, however, something that doesn t quite ring true about the candidate.What does “ weigh ” mean in the context of the selection?a. to measure the massb. to put pressure on a scalec. to think aboutd. to be important11. Michael is an

31、ardent supporter of his presidential candidate. That became obvious to me whenI found out how much time he dsonated to the campaign. Perhaps Michael knows what he s doing.What does “ ardent ” mean in the contehxet soef ltection?a. old b. intelligent c. foolish d. very strong12. Mary, of course you r

32、eoverweight. You eat too much junk food. Even worse, you exercise infrequently .What does “ infrequently ” mean?a. with a frown on one s face b. at a gymc. while wearing heavy clothesd. not oftenc. not caring d. gross13. Kim was a very good substitute teacher. She liked working with third and fourth

33、 graders most of all. She especially liked discussing important current events issues with the kids. She had expected them to be indifferent to such grown-up topics as taxes and social security. She was pleasantly surprised to discover that they were really interested in those issues and wanted to l

34、earn more about them.a. similar b. very unusual14. Mr. Burke stood before his employees. They had never seen him in such a serious mood.would be remiss if I didnt tell you that your future with this company depends on how hard youwork, ” he stated firmly.d. not responsible” T. J. announced angrily.a

35、. a girl again b. honest and trustworthy c. importantd. cancel15. “ I am going to rescind the permission I gave you to use my toys! “I thought you would take good care of them, but I was wrong!a. repeatb. celebratec. continue16. I am working very hard for the same candidate that you support. You are doing it for pay. I not doing this for money. I m doincgoint voiucttiofn.a. being found guiltyb. strong beliefc. anger d. a desire to eat prunes1