國際貿易外文文獻翻譯綠色貿易壁壘對中國對外貿易的影響畢業(yè)論文中英對照1

1、Journal of Economic Surveys, 2006, 11: 24-25.Green Barriers Trade and its Influences on China's Foreign Trade Thomas J. SargentABSTRACT In recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to

2、restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection.Key words：Green Barriers; products; TradeIn recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict t

3、he entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection. These regulations have many unfavorable influences on the export of developing countries and are generally known as "Green Barriers to trade". In accordance with the provisions of the Agreement on Green Barrier

4、s to Trade of WTO, "Green Barriers to Trade" is defined as the compulsory and arbitrary Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures of the importing countries in the name of the protection of human health and environment that actually form barriers to trade with an ai

5、m to protect its home market and domestic products.1. Analysis on the causes of formation of "Green Trade Barriers"Firstly, the worsening of ecology is the major reason for "Green Barriers". With the development of industry and technology, the economy increases very fast and the

6、human life has been improved. But at the same time, the development of economy is at a cost of the destruction of environment. The environmental problems have aroused public attention and the international society has begun to make laws to protect environment. In June, 1972, the United Nations publi

7、shed the Stockholm Declaration and stressed the importance of the protection of environment. From then on, more and more people concern about the environmental problems. The concept of environment has influenced the life of humankinds in every layer and the developed countries began to make very str

8、ict environmental protection rules under the pressure of public, which forms a barrier to the international trade. Secondly, the differences between countries in technology, environmental standards and investment directly cause the "Green Trade Barriers". As we know, developed countries su

9、rpass the developing countries in science and technology. Even if they make very strict environmental standards, their domestic products can reach the requirements of strict environmental standards while such standards may constitute barriers to products from developing countries. In fact, these sta

10、ndards may become discriminations against products from the developing countries and constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between country.Thirdly, the rise of protectionism in some developed countries contributes much to the formation of Green barriers. In modern market ec

11、onomy, competition is more severe than before. The domestic industries are directly facing competition from the products of other countries, and they will urge their governments to take effective measures to protect them from the foreign products. While because of the multilateral negotiations of WT

12、O, the tariffs have been greatly cut down and the use of non-tariff measures has also been restricted. Therefore, many developed countries have to resort to some legal restrictions of importation such as Green barriers to protect their home industries, which gives rise to the increase of Green barri

13、ers.2. The main forms of Green barriers tradeIn accordance with the related provisions of WTO Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade, the Green barriers are usually in the forms as follows:2.1 Green TariffSome developed countries would impose import surtax on products that may cause pollution or harms

14、 to the environment. If such measure is abused, it will constitute a Green barrier to trade.2.2 Green StandardsGreen standards refer to those compulsory Green standards provided through legislation. With their superiority in economy and technology, developed countries tend to make higher Green stand

15、ards with no consideration on the interests of the developing countries. Such high Green standards will in fact constitute a barrier to the products from developing countries which are inferior in technology.2.3 Package RequirementsCertain developed countries stress too much on the protection of env

16、ironment and require the products should be packed with materials that will have no harm to the environment. If the products are not packed in this way, they will not be allowed to sell in the developed countries. If such requirements are unnecessarily strict, they will be a barrier to the internati

17、onal trade.2.4 Sanitary and quarantine inspection systemOn the excuse of the protection of the health of human, animals and plants, developed countries tend to use very strict sanitary and quarantine inspection to restrict the importation of the products from the developing countries and protect the

18、ir domestic industries.3. Influences of Green barriers on China's foreign tradeChina has suffered great loss due to the "Green barriers". In 2002, vegetables from Taizhou were prevented from entering Japan because of Japanese strict inspection and the price was greatly cut down. Also i

19、n 2002, the aquatic products from Ningbo were restricted by European Union (EU) because they could not reach the sanitary standards of EU. Due to Green trade barriers, 60 kinds of Chinese agricultural chemists were banned by EU because they could not reach the Green standards of EU. In accordance wi

20、th the statistics of United Nations, China has suffered a loss of $7.4 billion in 2002 due to "Green barriers trade". China's export to EU, Japan, Korea and other countries decreases notably. Generally speaking, agricultural products and foodstuff, textile products and mechanical and e

21、lectronic products are the three main industries which suffer great loss because of the strict Green barriers. Since these three products constitute the majority of Chinese exportation, we can easily draw a conclusion: "Green barriers to trade" has become one of the major obstacles in Chin

22、ese exportation.4. Countermeasures to the Green barriers of the developed countriesAs mentioned above, it is a fact that the Chinese export products are facing Green barriers of the developed countries and has suffered great loss. Therefore Chinese exporters should think carefully about the counterm

23、easures to eliminate the unfavorable influences of such measures. First, we should make full use of the preferential treatment to the developing countries stipulated in the Agreement of Green trade barrier. According to the provisions of the Agreement of Green trade barrier, developed countries shou

24、ld take account of the special development, financial and trade needs of developing country members with a view to ensuring that such Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles to exports from developing countries. So, as a developing member

25、 of WTO, China is entitled to such preferential treatment. Secondly, China should make use of the Dispute Settlement System of WTO to protect her interests. Different from GATT, WTO has set up a powerful dispute settlement system to solve the disputes between the members of WTO. So, if our interests

26、 are harmed by the unfair Green barriers of other WTO members, we can resort to Dispute Settlement Body to settle this dispute and urge other members to change their unfair practices so as to protect our interests. Thirdly, China should stress the protection of environment and take measures to impro

27、ve the quality and Green level of her export products to meet higher Green standards, which will fundamentally solve the problem of Green barriers.References1 John, Smith. 2007, Green trade protectionism to Chinese agricultural product export influence Economics ,4,34-56.2 Anderson, J.L., 2001, The

28、Greening of World Trade Issues, Journal of Marketing Research, 24, 347-356.3 Gallagher, R., 2003, International Trade in Agricultural Products, Journal of General Management, 3, 1, 43-62.經濟研究雜志, 2006, 11: 24-27.綠色貿易壁壘及其對中國對外貿易的影響薩金特萊斯大學經濟管理學院摘 要：近年來，綠色消費在許多發(fā)達國家中已成為一個主要的消費趨勢，這些發(fā)達國家開始采取嚴格的措施來限制一些國家的產品

29、進入其國內市場。這些國家主要是其產品低于發(fā)達國家制定的環(huán)境保護標準。關鍵詞：綠色壁壘；產品；貿易近年來，綠色消費在許多發(fā)達國家中已成為一個主要的消費趨勢，這些發(fā)達國家開始采取嚴格的措施來限制一些國家的產品進入其國內市場。這些國家主要是其產品低于發(fā)達國家制定的環(huán)境保護標準。這些規(guī)定對發(fā)展中國家的出口有許多不利的影響，這些規(guī)定一般被稱為“綠色貿易壁壘” 。綠色貿易壁壘的有關規(guī)定與世界貿易組織的有關協(xié)議相一致。綠色貿易壁壘的定義是：以保護整個人類賴以生存的自然環(huán)境和保護人體健康為的名義，制定一系列的規(guī)則條款，以達到發(fā)達國家保護其國內市場和國內產品的目的。一、 分析綠色貿易壁壘的形成原因首先，生態(tài)環(huán)境

30、的惡化是綠色貿易壁壘形成的主要原因。隨著工業(yè)和技術的發(fā)展，社會經濟飛速發(fā)展，人民生活水平得到顯著改善。但與此同時，經濟的發(fā)展也以生態(tài)環(huán)境的破壞為代價。環(huán)境問題已經引起社會公眾的注意而且國際社會也已開始制定法律來保護生態(tài)環(huán)境。在1972年6月，聯(lián)合國發(fā)表的斯德哥爾摩宣言，強調了保護環(huán)境的重要性。從那時起，越來越多的人開始關注的環(huán)境問題。環(huán)境的概念應景影響人類生活的各個層面，在社會公眾的壓力下發(fā)達國家開始制定嚴格的措施來保護生態(tài)環(huán)境。這也就逐漸形成了國際貿易的綠色壁壘。其次，國與國之間在技術水平，環(huán)境標準和對外直接投資等方面的差異導致了綠色貿易壁壘的形成。正如我們所知，發(fā)達國家在社會整體水平和科學

31、技術水平上遠遠領先發(fā)展中國家。即使他們作出非常嚴格的環(huán)境保護標準，其國內的產品可以達到嚴格的環(huán)境保護標準的要求，而這些標準則可能對來自發(fā)展中國家的產品構成障礙。事實上，這些標準有可能成為對來自發(fā)展中國家產品歧視的一種手段，并構成國與國之間任意或不合理的歧視。第三，在一些發(fā)達國家，貿易保護主義的抬頭，是形成綠色貿易壁壘的一個很重要的原因。在現(xiàn)代市場經濟條件下，競爭與以前相比是越來越激烈了。國內產業(yè)直接面臨來自其他國家產品的強有力的競爭，他們將敦促各國政府采取有效措施，以保護他們自己免受來自外國產品的沖擊。然而由于世界貿易組織的多邊談判，關稅已大大降低，使用非關稅措施也受到限制。因此，許多發(fā)達國家

32、采取的一些法律限制進口，如綠色壁壘，以保護本國產業(yè)，從而引起綠色貿易壁壘的增加。二、 綠色貿易壁壘的主要形式根據(jù)世界貿易組織有關綠色貿易壁壘的有關規(guī)定，綠色貿易壁壘通常有如下幾種形式：（一） 綠色關稅一些發(fā)達國家對其他國家強加進口附加稅，這些國家主要是其產品可能會造成污染或損害環(huán)境的國家。如果這種措施被濫用，這將構成綠色貿易壁壘。（二） 綠色標準綠色標準是指那些強制性的通過立法規(guī)定的環(huán)保標準。發(fā)達國家往往憑借其在經濟和技術上的優(yōu)勢地位而制定更高要求的綠色標準，沒有考慮對發(fā)展中國家的利益。如此高的綠色標準實際上是對技術上沒有任何優(yōu)勢的發(fā)展中國家夠了綠色貿易壁壘。（三） 包裝要求某些發(fā)達國家過于強調環(huán)境保護而且要求用對環(huán)境沒有任何損害的材料來包裝物品。如果產品沒有按照發(fā)達國家的要求進行包裝，他們將不會被允許在發(fā)達國家市場上出售。如果這種嚴格的要求是不必要的，它們將阻礙國際貿易的進一步發(fā)展