語(yǔ)法--主謂一致和代詞一致

1、語(yǔ)法-主謂一致和代詞一致一、主謂一致主謂一致有許多原則，概括起來(lái)不外乎三種一致原則，即語(yǔ)法形式一致，概念一致（語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容上一致），毗鄰一致（謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式和緊位于其前的主語(yǔ)一致）。1. 語(yǔ)法形式一致: 按主語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法形式(單復(fù)數(shù))確定謂語(yǔ)的形式（1）單數(shù)主語(yǔ)、單個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)以及句子作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。復(fù)數(shù)主語(yǔ)，用and或bothand連接的動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)以及主語(yǔ)從句作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：1) The performance was very funny.2) Serving the people is my great happiness.3)

2、 Whether well go depends on the weather.4) Many natural materials are becoming scarce.5) Both you and I are  students.6) What I think and what I seek have been fairly reflected in my paper.注1：在what 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句中，如果主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：What we have to learn are the pieces of language that produce in

3、version.注2：修飾語(yǔ)對(duì)主語(yǔ)的數(shù)不起影響。例如：The performance of the first three clowns was very funny.（2）由as well as, with, along with, like, together with, rather than, except, but, including, accompanied by, plus, besides, in addition to, no less than 等引起的結(jié)構(gòu)跟在主語(yǔ)后面，不能看作是并列主語(yǔ)，該主語(yǔ)不受這些詞組引導(dǎo)的插入語(yǔ)的影響，主語(yǔ)如是單數(shù)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍然用單數(shù)形式。例如

4、：1) My mother, as well as my father, has a key to the office.2) The man together with his wife and children sits there watching TV.3) His sister no less than you is wrong.4) The reading course book, plus its reference books, is helpful to college students.(3)有些代詞只能指單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，當(dāng)它們?cè)诰渥又凶髦髡Z(yǔ)時(shí)，盡管在意義上是多數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍

5、要用單數(shù)形式。這類代詞有either, neither, each, one, the other, another, somebody, someone, something, anyone, anything, anybody, everyone, everything, everybody, no one, nothing, nobody等。例如：1) Neither likes the friends of the other. (兩人都不喜歡對(duì)方的朋友。)2) Everything around us is matter. (我們周圍的所有東西都是物質(zhì)。)(4)在neither of

6、與either of的結(jié)構(gòu)里，一般語(yǔ)法書都認(rèn)為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)形式也可用復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般用單數(shù)形式。例如：1) Neither of them was in good health, but both worked very hard.2) Has either of them been seen recently?(5)當(dāng)and連結(jié)的兩個(gè)名詞是指同一個(gè)人或同一件事，and后的名詞前沒有冠詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用單數(shù)形式；在and后面的名詞前有冠詞，謂語(yǔ)就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：1)The bread and butter is served for breakfast. (早飯供應(yīng)黃油面包。)2)The

7、bread and the butter are on sale. (正在出售黃油和面包。)（6）當(dāng)one of, a portion of, a series of, a species of, a chain of 結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如：1)One of those students has passed the examination.2)A series of pre-recorded tapes has been prepared for language laboratory use.（7）plenty of, half of, a lot of, lots o

8、f, heaps of, loads of, scads of等 + 可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，不可數(shù)名詞的謂語(yǔ)只用單數(shù)，可數(shù)名詞的謂語(yǔ)視可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如：1）Half of this building is to be completed by spring. 2）Half of the buildings have been painted completely.3）There is plenty of water in the pail.4）There are plenty of eggs in the box.5）There is loads of milk on the f

9、arm.6）There are loads of big red apples on the ground.（8）由all of, most of, a lot of, some of, none of, plenty of , the rest, the majority of 等 + 名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)與名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)一致。例如：1）None of the books satisfy the students.2）None of this meat is fit to eat.3）All of the research work was designed by the ch

10、ief engineer.4）All of the students are against the plan for an outing at this time of the term.5) The majority of the damage is easy to repair.6) The majority of criminals are non-violent.（9）由more than one (或more than one + 單數(shù)名詞)，many a + 單數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如：1）More than one student has passed the

11、examination.2）Many a boy learns to swim before he can read.注：如果more than后面是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：More than two hundred students have attended the lecture.（10）quantity of + 不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式; quantities of + 可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：1）Great quantities of milk are needed in this city.2）There is a large quantit

12、y of milk.（11）如果名詞詞組中心詞是“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù) + of + 名詞”，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于of后的名詞或代詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：1）Over three-quarters of the swampland has been reclaimed.2）Two-thirds of the people present are against the plan.（12）定語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)與先行詞一致。例如：1）He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group.2）“Keep cool” is t

13、he first of the rules that are to be remembered in an accident.注：當(dāng)one之前有the only等限定詞修飾時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如：He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.2.概念一致（語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容上一致）（1）有些集合名詞如crowd, family, team, orchestra（管弦樂隊(duì)）, group, government, committee, class, school, union, f

14、irm, staff, public等，它們作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容而定。如果它們作為一個(gè)集體單位時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式，如就其中的各個(gè)成員來(lái)說(shuō)，則謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：1）His family is going to move.2）His family are very well.3）The public is / are requested not to leave litter in the park.注：如這類詞后跟有定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也遵循概念一致的原則，強(qiáng)調(diào)具體成員時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，關(guān)系代詞用who; 強(qiáng)調(diào)整體時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，關(guān)系代詞用which。例如：1

15、）The government who were responsible for this event attempted to find a solution.2）The government which was responsible for this event attempted to find a solution.(2)有些表示總稱意義的名詞，形式上是單數(shù)，而意義上卻是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如people, police, militia, cattle, poultry（家禽）等。例如：1）Cattle were allowed to graze on the villag

16、e common.2）The police are searching for a tall dark man with a beard.(3)有些名詞形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，而意義上卻是單數(shù)。如news, means, works.還有許多以ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱，如economics, physics, mechanics, politics等，它們作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如：1）Politics is a complicated business.2）Here is the news.(4)用and連接的單數(shù)主語(yǔ)，前面有each, every, many a, no等修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單

17、數(shù)形式。復(fù)數(shù)主語(yǔ)與each連用時(shí)，應(yīng)不受each的影響，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：1) Each pen and each paper is found in its place.2) Every boy and girl is treated in the same way. 3) Many a boy and many a girl has seen it.4) The old workers and the young each have their own tools.(5)表示重量、度量、衡量、價(jià)值的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)形式。例如：1) Twenty miles is

18、a long way to walk.2) Three pints isnt enough to get me drunk.(6)國(guó)家、單位和書報(bào)的名稱，作為一個(gè)單一的概念，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如：1）War and Peace is the longest book Ive read.2）General Motors has recently closed down a plant. (通用汽車公司最近關(guān)閉了一家工廠。)3.毗鄰一致（就近原則）(1)由連詞or, neitheror, eitheror, not only also, nor等連接的并列主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式按毗鄰一

19、致的原則，與貼近它的主語(yǔ)一致。例如：1) He or you have taken my pen.2) Either you or he is no telling the truth.3) Not only the switches but also the old wiring has been changed.(2)在there be 的結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一般也采取就近原則。例如：1)There is a desk and four benches in the office.2)There are two chairs and a desk in the office.二、代

20、詞指代一致指代一致是指句中的代詞應(yīng)該在人稱、數(shù)、性等方面與所指的詞保持一致。1.人稱一致(1)當(dāng)代詞指代名詞或另一個(gè)代詞時(shí)，須在人稱上與所指代的詞保持一致。例如：1）I recognized one of the girls, but I didnt speak to her.2) That woman said that she was over fifty.3) They asked whom they should apply to.(2)當(dāng)代詞指代集合名詞時(shí)，用單數(shù)人稱代詞強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，用復(fù)數(shù)人稱代詞強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人。例如：1) The committee have discussed their

21、 report on the disaster.2) The audience are raising their hands to signify their approval.(3)當(dāng)everyone, everybody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，相應(yīng)的代詞一般采用單數(shù)形式。例如：1) If anyone calls, tell him Ill be back later.2) Everyone thinks he is the center of universe.注：在非正式文體中，特別是在會(huì)話體里，常用代詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是為了故意不具體說(shuō)出所指的那個(gè)人的性別。例如：1) Has anybody brought their camera?2) No one could blamed themselves.(4)由neither nor, not only but also, either or, not but, or等連結(jié)的并列主語(yǔ)，其后的附加疑問部分主語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)代詞。例如：1) Neit