漢語英語十大差異

1、1英漢十大差異Differences between Chinese and English 2What are the differences between Chinese and English?3lEtymologylEnglish - Indo-European FamilylChinese - Sino-Tibetan Family41.英語重形合,漢語重意合.l跑得了和尚,跑不了廟.lThe monks may run away, but the temple cannot run away with him.l一個(gè)英國人,不會(huì)說中國話,有一次在中國旅行.lAn Englishm

2、an who could not speak Chinese was once traveling in China.l那太陽,整天躲在云層里,現(xiàn)在又光芒四射了.lThe sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in full splendor.5英語重形合,漢語重意合.l他不去我去.lId like to go if he wouldnt.l他不去我也去.lId go there even if he wouldnt to with me.l他不去我才去.lId go there only if he wont.l人窮志短lWhen a man

3、 is poor his ambition is not far-reaching. (Poverty stifles ambition.)l人窮志不短.lThough one is poor, he has high apiration.l人有臉,樹有皮.lThe face is as important to a man as the bark to a tree.62.英語:前重心;漢語:后重心l英漢句子的重心,就邏輯而言,一般均落在結(jié)論,斷言,結(jié)果以及事實(shí)上,但細(xì)究之下,其”異在于重心的位置所在,即 “英前漢后”.l生活中既有悲劇,文學(xué)作品就可以寫悲劇.l這是一個(gè) “因果”句,漢語一般

4、是先因后果.如此排列可見“因”輕“果”重.相應(yīng)的英語表達(dá)是:lTragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life.(先果后因)l小國人民敢于起來斗爭,敢于拿起武器,掌握自己國家的命運(yùn),就一定能夠戰(zhàn)勝大國的侵略.l本句所用句式為:條件-斷言,即”如果怎樣,結(jié)果就怎樣”.前者”條件”為輕,后者”斷言”為重.其相應(yīng)英語表達(dá)為:lThe people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they d

5、are to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country. (先“斷言”后“條件”)73.英語:靜態(tài)語言;漢語:動(dòng)態(tài)語言l英語有少用(謂語)動(dòng)詞,或使用其他手段表示動(dòng)作意義的自然傾向;而漢語則有動(dòng)輒使用動(dòng)詞的固有習(xí)慣.l英語靜態(tài)特征的表現(xiàn)主要有句法方式或詞匯方式兩種.前者如使用非謂語或非限定動(dòng)詞,省略動(dòng)詞以及將動(dòng)詞名詞化等;后者如使用動(dòng)詞的同源名詞,同源形容詞,介詞及副詞等.相對(duì)而言,漢語的動(dòng)詞由于無英語動(dòng)詞那樣的形態(tài)變化,若要表達(dá)動(dòng)作意

6、義,往往別無他法,只能起用動(dòng)詞本身.8lThe isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.l9 nouns,5 preps,1 verb英語:靜態(tài)語言;漢語:動(dòng)態(tài)語言9l因?yàn)榫嚯x遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)，交通工具缺乏，使農(nóng)村社會(huì)與外界隔絕。這種隔絕，又由于通訊工具不足，而變得更加嚴(yán)重。l回譯lBecause there is a great distance and there

7、are not enough transport facilities, the rural world is isolated. This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media.英語英語:靜態(tài)語言靜態(tài)語言;漢語漢語:動(dòng)態(tài)語言動(dòng)態(tài)語言10英語:靜態(tài)語言;漢語:動(dòng)態(tài)語言l我瘋狂地愛上了她,她也瘋狂地愛上了我.lI fell madly in love with her, and she with me.(英語可省略后半句的動(dòng)詞,漢語卻不可.)l他來回晃著腦袋,欲望在膨脹,意

8、志在萎縮.lBack and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning.(英語用獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu),漢語則用動(dòng)詞.)l我擔(dān)心你誤解了我.lI am afraid of you misunderstanding me.(英語用動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))11英語:靜態(tài)語言;漢語:動(dòng)態(tài)語言lThat would be the confirmation that it was in general use. (confirm同根名詞)l除上述同源詞外,還有眾多的詞可用來表示動(dòng)作意義.如:glance, glimpse, look, mention,

9、 close等;形容詞able, afraid, angry, anxious, aware, capable, good等.在特定的語言環(huán)境中,這些詞都宜譯作相應(yīng)的動(dòng)詞.如:l一看見他,我就緊張.lThe very sight of him makes me nervous.l對(duì)此我深信不疑.lIm sure of it.124.英語重物稱;漢語重人稱.l英語的物稱傾向十分明顯,主要見于其對(duì)主語的擇定.英語常選擇不能施行動(dòng)作或無生命事物的詞語作主語.相對(duì)而言,漢語一般則更習(xí)慣于人稱化的表達(dá),尤其是主語,能施行動(dòng)作或有生命物體為主語首選.試比較:l他進(jìn)門時(shí)帶進(jìn)一縷雪茄煙霧.lA wave of

10、 cigar smoke accompanied him in.l“嗨! 嗨!”出租車司機(jī)嚷道,他一瞅見旅客就 “砰”地打開車門.l“Hi! Hi!” said the cab driver, the door of whose cab popped open at the very sight of a traveler.l這位飽嘗辛酸者,卻讓全世界的人發(fā)出笑聲.lBitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.135.英語多被動(dòng);漢語多主動(dòng)lPassive voice is often available in English

11、because of inanimate words as subjects.lCorrespondingly, active voice is often available in Chinese because of animate words as subjects.14l5.英語多被動(dòng)英語多被動(dòng);漢語多主動(dòng)漢語多主動(dòng)lAn illustration is furnished by an editorial in the Washington Post.l華盛頓郵報(bào)的一篇社論提供了一個(gè)例證。lIt has been known for a long time that there is

12、a first relationship between the heart and the liver.l心與肝的密切關(guān)系是早為人知的了。155.英語多被動(dòng);漢語多主動(dòng)l在什么情況下漢語的主動(dòng)句轉(zhuǎn)譯成英語的被動(dòng)句.l1)強(qiáng)調(diào)受事,突出被動(dòng)狀態(tài).l地球上早期的火是大自然而不是人類引燃的.lEarly fires on the earth were caused by nature, not by man.l2)因種種原因,不出現(xiàn)或無須說明施事者.l這種書是給兒童寫的.lSuch books are written for children.165.英語多被動(dòng);漢語多主動(dòng)l3)使句子結(jié)構(gòu)勻稱,文

13、氣連貫.l他出現(xiàn)在臺(tái)上,群眾報(bào)以熱烈的掌聲.lHe appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.l4)漢語中的某些習(xí)慣用語或泛指人稱為主語的主動(dòng)句.l大家都認(rèn)為這樣做是不妥當(dāng)?shù)?lIt is generally considered not advisable to act that way.l有人給你打電話.lYou are wanted on the phone.175.英語多被動(dòng);漢語多主動(dòng)l5)使語氣委婉,措辭禮貌.l今天晚上七點(diǎn)鐘開教學(xué)會(huì),全體教師務(wù)必參加.lThere will be a Teachi

14、ng Symposium at 7:00p.m. today. All the faculty is expected to attend.l請(qǐng)您不要在此抽煙.lYou are not supposed to smoke in here.185.英語多被動(dòng);漢語多主動(dòng)l6)某些漢語句子可借助于英語的一些固定搭配或詞組來表達(dá).l他堅(jiān)持不懈地從事著科研工作.lHe was engaged in scientific researches perseveringly.lHe persevered in scientific researches.l7)漢語中含有被動(dòng)意義的主動(dòng)句.l病人正在手術(shù)中.l

15、The patient is being operated on.l這個(gè)問題必須馬上解決.lThis problem has to be solved immediately.19Grapes vs. Bamboo206.英語多復(fù)合長句;漢語多簡單句l英語重形合以及英語各種替代詞與關(guān)系詞的廣泛運(yùn)用,導(dǎo)致英語較多出現(xiàn) “多枝共干”式長句,復(fù)合句.而漢語正好相反,多用短句,簡單句.試比較:lAs we lived near the road, we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine, f

16、or which we had great reputation, and I confess, with the veracity of an historian, that I never knew one of them to find fault with it.l本句的主干為:we often had the traveler or stranger visit us;其余借助于as, to, for which, and, with, that等詞與主干一起構(gòu)成長句.其漢語意思為:l我們就住在路邊.過路人或外鄉(xiāng)人常到我們家,嘗嘗我們家釀的酸果酒.這種酒很有名氣.我敢說,嘗過的人,從

17、沒有挑剔過.我這話像歷史學(xué)家的話一樣靠得住.217.英語重后飾;漢語重前飾.l漢語句子的語序一般以思維程序展開,而中國人的思維方式多是先考慮事物的環(huán)境和外圍因素,再考慮具體事物和中心事件.反映到句式上,就是狀語總放在謂語或句子主體的前邊,定語無論長短,都要置于中心詞之前.這樣就使得單句的狀語部分長,主謂部分短;主語部分長,謂語部分短;修飾成分長,中心詞短.整體上形成頭大尾小的獅子頭形狀.227.英語重后飾;漢語重前飾.l英語句式則相反.英語的定語成分除單詞外,多數(shù)都要置于中心詞之后.英語重視末端重量,凡較長的詞語及累贅的成分均須后移至句末.有時(shí)必須使用形式主語來避免句子的頭重腳輕.由此造成句子

18、結(jié)構(gòu)頭大尾小,像一只開屏的孔雀.237.英語重后飾;漢語重前飾.l他去年為完成一個(gè)項(xiàng)目在實(shí)驗(yàn)室用計(jì)算機(jī)努力地干了十個(gè)月.lHe worked hard with computers in the lab for ten months in order to complete a project last year.l那可能是一個(gè)地勢低洼,連綿數(shù)英里,人跡罕至,荒茫貧瘠的白色干沙漠.lIt may be a low-lying arid stretch with miles of white sandy beach, and no sign of people, very bleached an

19、d barren.l那個(gè)饑餓的,疲倦的,瞌睡的賣火柴的小女孩.lthat little match girl who was so hungry, tired and sleepy.248.英語重短語;漢語輕短語l英語句法單位的基本主體是短語和詞組.與其說英語句子由詞組成,不如說由各種短語組成,如名詞短語,形容詞短語,介詞短語,分詞短語,不定式短語,動(dòng)詞短語,獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)等.漢語無分詞短語和不定式短語.例如:l瑪麗正在考慮調(diào)換工作.lMary is considering changing her job.(分詞短語)l對(duì)敵人仁慈就是對(duì)人民殘忍.lTo be kind to the enemy i

20、s to be cruel to the people.(不定式)l你得支持你的朋友.lYou must stand up for you friend.(動(dòng)詞短語)l這是迄今為止我所讀到的最有趣的書.lThis is by far the most interesting book I have ever read.(副詞)l我從未遇到過像我丈夫這么難以理解的人.lI have never met a person so difficult to understand as my husband.(形容詞詞組)259.英語重時(shí)態(tài);漢語輕時(shí)態(tài)l英語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)非常豐富,從理論上講,英語有十六個(gè)時(shí)

21、態(tài):l1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 2現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 3現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 4現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 5一般過去時(shí) 6過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 7過去完成時(shí) 8過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 9一般將來時(shí) 10將來進(jìn)行時(shí) 11將來完成時(shí) 12將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 13 一般過去將來時(shí) 14過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí) 15過去將來完成時(shí) 16過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)l漢語動(dòng)詞除了只有 “著” “了” “過”的若干說法與英語的進(jìn)行時(shí),完成時(shí)或過去時(shí)相比之外,沒有其他相對(duì)應(yīng)的時(shí)態(tài),只能加上一些時(shí)間副詞.lThe cafes must be closing, the last guests going home. Lovers stand before house doors unable

22、 to take leave of each other.2610.英語重形態(tài);漢語輕形態(tài)l英語是一種更為形式化的語言,它注重形式的變化,也善于形式的變化.代詞,名詞,動(dòng)詞在語法上有變化.形容詞,副詞,名詞在構(gòu)詞上有變化.而漢語除了有時(shí)在名詞后加 “們”以示其復(fù)數(shù)意義,其他詞一般很少或沒有形態(tài)標(biāo)記.l代詞作為一種形態(tài)標(biāo)記在英語中淋漓盡致地發(fā)揮了其固有的作用.相比之下,漢語則 “墨守”名詞,慎用代詞.27英語重形態(tài);漢語輕形態(tài)l湯姆.曼說得跟列寧說幾句話. 當(dāng)列寧朝著我們走來的時(shí)候,他就迎了上去.列寧招呼湯姆.曼時(shí)顯得多么高興啊.他滿臉笑容地告訴湯姆說，他隨時(shí)密切注意湯姆在世界各地的種種活動(dòng).l

23、Tom Mann said he must speak to him, and advanced as Lenin came towards us. How glad he was to greet Tom Mann. His face lit up with pleasure as he told Tom how closely he had followed his activities all over the world.l因此,在翻譯的時(shí)候,要把漢語中省略的代詞補(bǔ)出來,把英語中的代詞轉(zhuǎn)化成漢語中的名詞.l健康比財(cái)富更重要,因?yàn)樨?cái)富不能像健康那樣帶來幸福.lHealth is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness