高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法

1、. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài) 11.1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法 1） 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻腮度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： every, sometimes, at, on Sunday。例如： I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七點(diǎn)離開家。 2） 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。例如： The earth moves around the sun. 地球繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中國(guó)東部。 3） 表示格言或警句。例如： Pride goes before a fall. 驕

2、者必?cái)　?注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語(yǔ)從句中，即使主句是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥倫布證實(shí)了地球是圓的。 4） 現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。例如： I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英語(yǔ)寫得不錯(cuò)，講的可不行。 比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功課

3、。 第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說(shuō)明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄 11.2 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法 1）在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如： Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了？ 2）表示在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。例如： When I was a child, I often play

4、ed football in the street. 我是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候，常在馬路上踢足球。 Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 那時(shí)，布朗一家無(wú)論什么時(shí)候去，都受到熱烈歡迎。 3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth "到時(shí)間了" "該了"。例如：It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺(jué)了。 It is time that sb. did sth. "時(shí)間已遲了&quo

5、t; "早該了" ，例如It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺(jué)了。 would （had） rather sb. did sth. 表示'寧愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.還是明天來(lái)吧。 4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過(guò)去時(shí)，作試探性的詢問(wèn)、請(qǐng)求、建議等，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過(guò)去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。例如 ：I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。 比較：Christine was an inv

6、alid all her life.（含義：她已不在人間。） Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著） Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。） Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去） 注意： 用過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語(yǔ)氣。 1）動(dòng)詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如： Did you wa

7、nt anything else? 您還要些什么嗎？ I wondered if you could help me. 能不能幫我一下。 2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would。例如： Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車，能借用一些嗎？ 返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄 11.3 used to / be used to used to + do："過(guò)去常常"表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。例如： Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老媽過(guò)去沒(méi)那么健忘。 Scarf used to take a walk.

8、 斯卡夫過(guò)去常常散步。 be used to + doing： 對(duì)已感到習(xí)慣，或"習(xí)慣于"，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。例如： He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫現(xiàn)在已習(xí)慣于散步了。 典型例題 - Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it. - It's 69568442. A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't 答案A. 本句雖沒(méi)有明確的時(shí)間狀

9、語(yǔ)，但從語(yǔ)意上看出，在聽的時(shí)候沒(méi)有聽懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，因此應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)。 返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄 11.4 一般將來(lái)時(shí) 1） shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在征求意見時(shí)常用于第二人稱。例如： Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先讀哪一段呢？ Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點(diǎn)回家好嗎？ 2） be going to +不定式，表示將來(lái)。 a. 主語(yǔ)的意圖，即將做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算

10、作什么呢？ b. 計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。這出戲下月開播。 c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那烏云，快要下雨了。 3） be +不定式表將來(lái)，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。例如： We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我們下星期六討論這份報(bào)告。 4） be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。例如： He is about to leave

11、for Beijing. 他馬上要去北京。 注意：be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄 11.5 be going to / will 用于條件句時(shí)，be going to表將來(lái),will表意愿。例如： If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new cl

12、othes on you in front of the mirror. 返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄 11.6 be to和be going to be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。例如： I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。（客觀安排） I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。（主觀安排） 返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄 11.7 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái) 1）下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave,

13、start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將來(lái)，主要用來(lái)表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如： The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火車明天上午六點(diǎn)開。 When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽車什么時(shí)候開？十分鐘后。 2）以here, there等開始的倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 車來(lái)了。 There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 鈴

14、響了。 3）在時(shí)間或條件句中。例如： When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比爾來(lái)后，讓他等我。 I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就寫信給你。 4）在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make sure that等的賓語(yǔ)從句中。例如： I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他們下星期玩得開心。 Make sure that the windows are closed before y

15、ou leave the room. 離開房間前，務(wù)必把窗戶關(guān)了。 返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄 11.8 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái) 下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來(lái)。例如： I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。 Are you staying here till next week? 你會(huì)在這兒呆到下周嗎？ 返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄 11.9 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成：have （has） +過(guò)去

16、分詞。 返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄 11.10 比較一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 1）一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。 2）一般過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆為具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to n

17、ow, in past years, always等，皆不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。 3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。 一般過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如： I saw this film yesterday. （強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)

18、生過(guò)了） I have seen this film. （強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了） Why did you get up so early? （強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了） Who hasn't handed in his paper? （強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子未交，疑為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)） He has been in the League for three years. （在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)） He has been a League member for three years. （是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)） 句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如yesterday, last, week, in

19、 1960）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。 （錯(cuò)）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （對(duì)）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄 11.11 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型 1）It is the first / second time. that結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如： It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次訪問(wèn)這城市。 This is the first time

20、（that） I've heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽他唱歌。 注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2）This is +形容詞最高級(jí)+that結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如： This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。 典型例題 （1） -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here. A. was B. have been

21、C. came D. am coming 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選B。 （2） -Have you _ been to our town before? -No, it's the first time I _ here. A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無(wú)論何時(shí)，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。 注意：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。

22、（錯(cuò)）I have received his letter for a month. （對(duì)）I haven't received his letter for almost a month. 返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄 11.12 比較since和for Since 用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。例如： I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在這兒二十多年了。 I have lived here since I was born. 我從出生起就住在這兒了。 注意：并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 I

23、 worked here for more than twenty years. （我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。） I have worked here for many years.（現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。） 注意：用句型轉(zhuǎn)換的方法，很容易排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在有for/since結(jié)構(gòu)的完成時(shí)中的誤用。 1）（對(duì)） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2）（錯(cuò)） Harry has got married fo

24、r six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 顯然，第二句不對(duì)，它應(yīng)改為 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. 返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄 11.13 since的四種用法 1） since +過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)（如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month, half past six）。例如： I have been here since 198

25、9. 1989起，我一直在這兒。 2） since +一段時(shí)間+ ago。例如： I have been here since five months ago. 我在這兒，已經(jīng)有五個(gè)月了。 3） since +從句。例如： Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，變化可大了。 Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我們走后，變化可大了。 4） It is +一段時(shí)間+ since從句。例如： It is two years since I became a postgr

26、aduate student. 我考上研究生有兩年了。 返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄 11.14 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞 1） 用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷； 瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié)果，不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如： He has completed the work. 他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。 （表結(jié)果） I've known him since then. 我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。（表經(jīng)歷） 2） 用于till / until從句的差異 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句，表示"做直到" 瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句，表示"到，才"。例如： He didn't co

27、me back until ten o'clock. 他到10 點(diǎn)才回來(lái)。 He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。 典型例題 1. You don't need to describe her. I _ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet 答案B. 首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。2. -I'm sorry to keep you waiting. -O

28、h, not at all. I _ here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 答案A. 等待的動(dòng)作由過(guò)去開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄 11.15 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 1） 概念：表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去 -|-|-|-> 其構(gòu)成是had +過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。 那時(shí)以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在 2） 用法 a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。例如： She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告訴我她曾

29、去過(guò)巴黎。 b. 狀語(yǔ)從句 在過(guò)去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如： When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到達(dá)時(shí)，小偷們?cè)缇团芰恕?c. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示"原本，未能"。例如： We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那時(shí)我們希望你能來(lái)，但是你沒(méi)有來(lái)。 3） 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀

30、語(yǔ)before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如： He said that he had learned some English before. 他說(shuō)過(guò)他以前學(xué)過(guò)一些英語(yǔ)。 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二歲那年，愛(ài)迪生開始自己謀生。 Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 湯姆失望了，

31、因?yàn)樗竭_(dá)晚會(huì)時(shí)，大部分客人已經(jīng)走了。 典型例題 The students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _ in the office. A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left 答案D. "把書忘在辦公室"發(fā)生在"去取書"這一過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前，因此"忘了書"這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去的過(guò)去，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。句中when表示的是時(shí)

32、間的一點(diǎn)，表示在"同學(xué)們正忙于"這一背景下，when所引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。因此前一句應(yīng)用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。 注意： had hardly when 還沒(méi)等 就。例如： I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我剛打開門，他就打了我。 had no soonerthan 剛 就。例如： He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他剛買了這輛車，轉(zhuǎn)眼又賣了。 返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄 11.16 用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí) 1） 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或用then，and

33、，but 等連詞時(shí)，多用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如： When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起來(lái)。 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑媽給了我一頂帽子，我把它丟了。 2 ） 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要若干時(shí)間完成，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如： When I heard the news, I was very excited. 3） 敘述歷史事實(shí)，可不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，而只用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如： Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America

34、 in 1492. 返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄 11.17 將來(lái)完成時(shí) 1） 構(gòu)成will have done 2） 概念 a. 狀態(tài)完成：表示某事繼續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。例如： They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那時(shí)他們結(jié)婚將有二十年了。 b. 動(dòng)作完成：表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來(lái)的動(dòng)作之前，已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。例如： You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此時(shí)，你已經(jīng)到達(dá)上海了。 返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄 11.18 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本

35、用法： a. 表示現(xiàn)在（指說(shuō)話人說(shuō)話時(shí)）正在發(fā)生的事情。例如： We are waiting for you. 我們正在等你。 b. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長(zhǎng)期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說(shuō)話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。例如： Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在寫另一部小說(shuō)。（說(shuō)話時(shí)并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。） c. 表示漸變，這樣的動(dòng)詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如： The leaves are turning red. 葉子在變紅。 It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越來(lái)

36、越熱了。 d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說(shuō)話人的主觀色彩。例如： You are always changing your mind. 你老是改變主意。 典型例題 My dictionary _, I have looked for it everywhere but still_ it. A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven&

37、#39;t found. 答案D. 前句是一個(gè)仍在持續(xù)的狀態(tài)，應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時(shí)，由于沒(méi)有找到，其影響仍然存在，應(yīng)用完成時(shí)，瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定式時(shí)可用于完成時(shí)。 返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄 11.19 不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞 1）表示事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers. 我有兩兄弟。 This house belongs to my sister. 這房子是我姐的。 2）表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose