高中英語(yǔ)高三教案學(xué)案任務(wù)型閱讀閱讀填空

1、任務(wù)型閱讀：閱讀填空試題結(jié)構(gòu)。閱讀填空題是語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用類試題，旨在考查學(xué)生搜集信息（包括直接信息和間接信息）、處理信息、運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言傳遞信息的的能力。閱讀填空分正文和表格兩部分，正文為約300字的一篇短文，是信息采集的主要來源；而表格為信息搜集與處理的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)約定和潛在幫助，同時(shí)又是信息搜集與處理結(jié)果的定位區(qū)域。表格中一般設(shè)10個(gè)空，要求考生依據(jù)正文內(nèi)容和表格結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系，用不超過3個(gè)單詞的語(yǔ)段來填補(bǔ)空缺，使表格內(nèi)容上下左右呼應(yīng)通達(dá)。表格之外有外標(biāo)題（Title），可視為正文的標(biāo)題；表格結(jié)構(gòu)基本與正文吻合，內(nèi)含若干列標(biāo)題和行標(biāo)題，統(tǒng)領(lǐng)正文主干；表格細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容為涵蓋全篇正文的簡(jiǎn)約表述。試題特征。分析2005年、2

2、006年和2007年湖南省英語(yǔ)高考試題閱讀填空，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)閱讀填空題有以下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)。主觀性：該題型重點(diǎn)考查考生獨(dú)立使用簡(jiǎn)約語(yǔ)言而非已給選項(xiàng)表述相對(duì)復(fù)雜信息的個(gè)體能力，屬于主觀試題；它順應(yīng)全球語(yǔ)言測(cè)試的大方向增加主觀試題，減少客觀試題，是全國(guó)英語(yǔ)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化試題優(yōu)化的必然趨勢(shì)。運(yùn)用性：該題型并非簡(jiǎn)單的閱讀理解，不僅是語(yǔ)言理解層面的考查，而且是語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用層面的考查；語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用一部分屬直接運(yùn)用，另一部分則需對(duì)現(xiàn)有語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行整理、重組和概括。一致性：一方面，表格結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容與正文保持一致，這就要求信息搜集和加工必須與表格結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容一致；另一方面，表格內(nèi)部?jī)?nèi)容的表述形式要力求一致。概括性：體現(xiàn)在使用3個(gè)單詞以內(nèi)的小語(yǔ)

3、段，來表達(dá)一個(gè)句子、幾個(gè)句子、甚至是整篇文章的意思。準(zhǔn)確性：就是要用無(wú)語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤的規(guī)范語(yǔ)言科學(xué)地概括正文的主要內(nèi)容。應(yīng)試方略。理解正文大意和結(jié)構(gòu)。表格結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容的設(shè)置是以正文為依據(jù)的，只有讀懂了正文，才能順利地在表格中填出相應(yīng)的信息?？忌梢圆捎眠呑x邊記要點(diǎn)的方法，將記敘文的人物、事件、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、起因和結(jié)果等簡(jiǎn)要地記下來，將議論文的總論點(diǎn)、分論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)等加以概括，很有可能表格的不少答案已在其中了。分析表格結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容。一般情況下，表格的第一列或第一行為項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容即小標(biāo)題（列標(biāo)題和行標(biāo)題），通常就是段落和表格的主題句,它標(biāo)示著其下方或右邊細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容所涉及的方向與范圍，這些細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容的填充可借助于小標(biāo)題，

4、同樣，小標(biāo)題的概括由各個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)決定。表格內(nèi)的所有項(xiàng)目之間存在著邏輯關(guān)系，彼此約束，相互支撐，互為聯(lián)系。確定題目答案。在實(shí)際做題過程中，考生不妨采用“表格正文表格”的模式。先略讀表格結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容，以把握正文的總體脈絡(luò)，明了表格空缺所涉及的主要問題。然后帶著問題閱讀正文部分，邊讀邊記正文要點(diǎn)，避免填一空回頭讀一遍文章造成的時(shí)間浪費(fèi)。接下來，用所記的文章要點(diǎn)幫助表格填空，有些屬基礎(chǔ)題可直接引用原文詞匯和語(yǔ)句；而某些活用題則需要運(yùn)用常識(shí)和所學(xué)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)，對(duì)原來結(jié)構(gòu)完整、語(yǔ)意復(fù)雜的主題句化繁為簡(jiǎn)，簡(jiǎn)約地用與相鄰語(yǔ)句相同或相似的形式表述出來；難度較大的總結(jié)概括性題目如列標(biāo)題和行標(biāo)題，通常放在細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容補(bǔ)全后完成，

5、概括力求有針對(duì)性，準(zhǔn)確，全面，得體。最后，總覽所填表格內(nèi)容，避免遺漏，保證上下左右語(yǔ)意貫通。下面我們將分四小節(jié)，以高考真題為例來詳盡闡述解答閱讀填空的具體方法和技巧，愿廣大考生從中有所感悟，圓滿通過高考的檢驗(yàn)，跨進(jìn)理想大學(xué)的門檻！第一節(jié)引用原文詞匯和語(yǔ)句派考點(diǎn)提示順利解答閱讀填空題技巧之一就是，采用邊讀邊記要點(diǎn)的方法，用所記的文章要點(diǎn)幫助表格填空。表格中基礎(chǔ)性題目很多可以直接引用原文中的詞匯和語(yǔ)句即語(yǔ)段，如2005年湖南卷的77小題、83小題、84小題、85小題，2006年湖南卷的76小題、78小題、81小題、84小題，2007年湖南卷的76小題、77小題、80小題，07年試題相對(duì)比05年和0

6、6年試題難。引用原文時(shí)（當(dāng)然亦適用于其它情況）應(yīng)注意字母的大小寫問題。無(wú)論在原文中語(yǔ)段首字母是大寫還是小寫，填空時(shí)一般要根據(jù)表格內(nèi)現(xiàn)有同級(jí)語(yǔ)段的書寫來確定，位于同一個(gè)表格內(nèi)不同語(yǔ)段的大小寫的規(guī)則，因所處的級(jí)別位置不同而不同。另外，不同的表格可能采用不同的大小寫規(guī)則。05年的4個(gè)直接復(fù)用原文的題目都采用了第一單詞首字母大寫，其它所有題目也采用了同樣的規(guī)則，沒有語(yǔ)段級(jí)別的區(qū)分。06年的76小題因?yàn)槭潜砀裢獯髽?biāo)題，所以3個(gè)單詞首字母大寫，78題和81題均使用首字母小寫的形式，84題僅一個(gè)單詞，受同級(jí)語(yǔ)段書寫的約束首字母大寫，同樣其它所有題目遵循同級(jí)語(yǔ)段首字母大小寫一致的原則。07年76題與06年76

7、題一樣，表格外大標(biāo)題3個(gè)單詞首字母大寫，其它小題均為第一單詞首字母大寫，也沒有語(yǔ)段級(jí)別的區(qū)分。派解題鑰匙【例1】2007年湖南省高考英語(yǔ)試卷閱讀填空真題Hostfamilyaccommodation,orlivingwithhostfamilies,remainspopularamonglanguagetravelstudentsforitsuniqueadvantages.Thesedays,hostfamiliesaretryingtooffermoreintermsofquality,fortheystillhavesomethingtoworryabout.Hostfamilyacco

8、mmodationisoftenseenasthenumber-onechoiceforitsadvantagesinlanguagestudy,culturalcommunicationandcostofliving.Stayingalongsidehostfamiliesenablesstudentstogetenoughpracticefortheshorttimeoftheirstudyingsothattheirlanguageacquisitionislikelytobecomefaster.Livinginhostfamiliesalsohastheadvantageforstu

9、dentsofbeingabletospendalotoftimecommunicatingwiththeirhostparents,andgettoknowthelocalwayoflife,peopleandculture.Anotheradvantageisthathostfamilyaccommodationcansometimesbetheleastexpensive.Itattractsstudentsforitensuresthemafamilytypeoflivingatalowcost.Theadvantages,however,havenotpreventedhostfam

10、iliesfromworrying.Ononehand,somehostfamiliesarelosingtheiruniquesellingpoint.Theproblemisthatthemajorityofhostsinbigcites,nowgenerallysingleandyoung,havelesstimeavailableforstudentsbutthesellingpointforhostfamilyaccommodationiscommunicationpractice.Onetheotherhand,students'expectationshaverisen.

11、Theyarebecomingmoredemandingandaskingformorethaneverfromtheiraccommodation,astheycomemainlyfromhighsocio-economicgroupsintheirowncountries.Togetoutofthedifficultsituation,hostfamiliesarenowmakingeffortstoimprovethequalityofservice.Theyaretryingtomakinglivingconditionsbetter,includingbroadbandInterne

12、tservice,privatebathroom,andaccesstoplentyofhotwaterforlongshowers.Theyarealsoprovidingstudentswithstructuredfamilyactivities.Itisbelievedthathostfamilyaccommodationwillkeepthepopularityvotewithlanguagetravelstudents.Title:76.ThemeHostfamiliesareimprovingtheaccommodationquality77.1)Languagestudy78.2

13、)Culturalcommunication(1)79.(2)Knowingthelocalwayoflife,peopleandculture3)80.Beingleastexpensivesometimes81.1)LossofsellingpointHosts'havinglesstimeforstudents2)82.Students'becomingmoredemanding83.Servicequalityimprovement(1)84.(2)Organizingstructuredfamilyactivities85.Hostfamilyaccommodatio

14、nwillkeepthepopularityvotewithstudents.76.HostFamilyAccommodation77.Advantages78.Possiblybecomingfaster79.Communicatingwithhosts80.Costofliving81.Worries/Problems82.Riseinexpectations83.Efforts/Measures84.Betteringlivingconditions85.Conclusion【答案】解析】該文章主題是“家庭食宿”-許多語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)者的首選方式。其優(yōu)勢(shì)在于，食宿費(fèi)用較低廉，語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)者能夠有更多

15、的和主人交流的機(jī)會(huì)，快速掌握語(yǔ)言，并對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)氐奈幕惋L(fēng)俗習(xí)慣有更深的了解。然而，主人不能提供更多的交流機(jī)會(huì)以及學(xué)習(xí)者要求的不斷提高，迫使主人進(jìn)一步改善食宿條件，增強(qiáng)與學(xué)習(xí)者的交流，確?！凹彝ナ乘蕖背蔀檎Z(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)者的第一選擇。在本篇閱讀填空中，76題、80題都直接源于原文的Hostfamilyaccommodationisoftenseenasthenumber-onechoiceforitsadvantagesinlanguagestudy,culturalcommunicationandcostofliving,而77題的答案直接從原文第三段的主題句Theadvantages,however,h

16、avenotpreventedhostfamiliesfromworrying中搜出。78題、79題、84題都由同級(jí)語(yǔ)段(2)Knowingthelocalwayoflife,peopleandculture和(2)Organizingstructuredfamilyactivities表達(dá)形式-ing的提示與限制使用了-ing短語(yǔ)，主要?jiǎng)釉~和名詞都來自原文。81題、82題同上邊三個(gè)題目一樣，屬于將原文語(yǔ)句調(diào)整、壓縮、概括，然后靈活運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言知識(shí)變形轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)類試題。Theadvantages,however,havenotpreventedhostfamiliesfromworrying和The

17、problemisthatthemajorityofhostsinbigcites中的關(guān)鍵詞匯，對(duì)順利概括出Worries/Problems起至U了定的幫助作用。從原句Onetheotherhand,students'expectationshaverisen,不難看出Riseinexpectations表述的概括性和巧妙性。要實(shí)現(xiàn)這一靈活的轉(zhuǎn)換，必須在平時(shí)的語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)中用心學(xué)習(xí)，潛心體會(huì)，不斷積累，掌握更多實(shí)用有效的表達(dá)手段，形成運(yùn)用自如的表達(dá)技巧。83題和85題當(dāng)屬概括類行標(biāo)題，Togetoutofthedifficultsituation,hostfamiliesarenowmak

18、ingeffortstoimprovethequalityofservice可幫助細(xì)心的人歸納出Efforts/Measures,而Conclusion的寫出有賴于平時(shí)對(duì)分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)所用語(yǔ)匯的搜集和積累。規(guī)律小結(jié)解題一般步驟：分析表格結(jié)構(gòu)，抓住主要問題；理解正文大意，列出文章概要；理清表格層次，先做細(xì)節(jié)題，再定小標(biāo)題，最后的大標(biāo)題，做對(duì)沒問題！注意大小寫的規(guī)范性，表格外大標(biāo)題多數(shù)為每個(gè)單詞首字母大寫，表格內(nèi)的小標(biāo)題和細(xì)解題應(yīng)視具體情況而定，不可一概而論。X考點(diǎn)警示做閱讀填空題，必須要充滿信心，決不可讓殘缺不全的表格吞噬你的自信。要冷靜地分析表格內(nèi)部的各層關(guān)系，細(xì)心閱讀并理解正文大意。題目設(shè)計(jì)者

19、一定會(huì)設(shè)置3-5道直接引用原文詞匯和語(yǔ)句的題目，我們首先要保證這部分題拿滿分。往往容易的題目偏偏會(huì)出錯(cuò)，因此，書寫要清楚規(guī)范，每個(gè)單詞不能因粗心多寫或少些字母，答案要定位準(zhǔn)確，不能無(wú)意識(shí)地制造“問東答西”的笑話。X同步訓(xùn)練閱讀填空模擬訓(xùn)練一Everytwoyears,citiesaroundtheworldmakebidstotheInternationalOlympicCommission(IOC)tohosttheOlympicGames.Today,citiesareselectedthroughamuchmorerigorous(嚴(yán)格的)process.Anycitythatwants

20、tohosttheOlympicGamesputsinitsnametotheIOCandisconsideredan“ApplicantCity”.Forthenexttenmonths,theIOCinvestigatesthecityonseveralpoints:1) ThecitymustprovethatitisbigenoughtohandletheOlympics.Italsoneedstoshowthatitcanhandlethehighlevelofsecurity(安全)neededatthegames.2) Thecityneedstoconvincethelocal

21、peoplethattheexpensesofcoveringtheOlympics(whichmaybecoveredbyraisingtaxes)areworthitincityimprovementandnewjobs.3) Thecityneedstomaintainahighlypositivemediaexposuretocarrythegames.IftheIOCdecidesthatacityhasfulfilledthethreepointsabove,itisconsidereda“CandidateCity"andgoesintothesecondphaseof

22、theprocess.Afteranapplicationandanapplicationfeesubmitted(遞交)，theIOCmakesafinaljudgmentonwhichcityisthebestcandidateforthecomingSummerorWinterOlympicGames.Thecostforbiddingforthegamesisincrediblyhigh.BidcommitteesmustpayanapplicationfeetotheIOC.(Thefeeforhostingthe2012OlympicsisUS$150,000.)Following

23、thefee,thecitiesgenerallyneedtobeginlargeconstructionprojectslikebuildingtheeWOpomtsiavenage（競(jìng)技場(chǎng)）andstadiums,andtransportationsystems.SincetheOlympicsaresoexpensive,whydocitieswanttohostthegames?CitiesbidfortheOlympicsforavarietyofreasons:thedesiretoshowprideintheircityandtheircountry,theeagernessto

24、beintheinternationalspotlightfortwoweeks,theopportunitytobringnewjobsintothecommunity,andtobuilduptourismforthatcity.BidfortheOlympicsBiddingphasesNecessaryconstructionprojectsReasonsforbiddingfirstphase79.81.83.putinnameto76.submittheapplicationandpay80.newsportsarenasbeingeagertobecometheinternati

25、onalspotlighttheIOCinvestigatesthecityonthreepoints77.makefinaljudgmentstadiums84.78.highlypositivemediaexposure82.85.閱讀填空模擬訓(xùn)練二t get aFillingincompanyapplicationformscanbecomeaboringandrepetitivetask,yetanycarelessnessonanapplicant'spartcandrawanegativereactionfromreaders.Bloiwatthisstageandyouw

26、onchancetopersuadetheminperson,nomatterhowgoodyouare.Eachcompanyororganizationusuallyusesitsownspeciallydesignedformthat,althoughitgenerallyasksforthesamebasicinformation,mayvaryindetail.Sothesuggestionsbelowwillhelpyoutoknowwhattodoratherthanwhatyoushouldwrite.口Whenvisitingfutureemployers,alwayscar

27、ryyourpersonaldatarecordwithyousothatyoucanreadilysearchfordetailssuchasdates,telephone,numbersandotherusefulinformation.Treateveryapplicationformasthoughitisthefirstoneyouarecompleting-writecarefullyandneatly.口Usewordsthatdescribeeachjobyouhaveheldasfullyaspossibleratherthanlistonlythedutiesyouperf

28、ormed.口Prticularlydescribesocialactivitiesthatshowyourinvolvementinthecommunity,oractivitiesinwhichyouheldateachingorcoachingrole.口Payparticularattentionifthereisasectionontheformthatasksyoutosayhowyoureducationandpastexperiencehaveespeciallypreparedyoufortheposition.Thinkthisthroughverycarefullybef

29、oreyouwritesothatwhatyousayshowsanaturalprogressionfrompastexperiencetothejobyouareapplyingfor.Ifyoucan,andiftheyfitnaturally,addafewwordstoexplainhowthepositionfitsyouroverallcareerplan.Followthesesuggestionsandyoucangetyourfootinthedoorofagreatfuture!Title:HowtoFillin76_77Alwayscarryyour78recordwi

30、thyou.Write_79_.Describeeachjobyouhaveheld80.Describesocialactivitiesyou_81.Payattentiontothesectionaboutyour_82_.Addafewwordstoexplainhowthepositionfitsyour_=83_.Reasons_84candrawanegativereactionfromreaders._85_andyouwon'tgetachancetopersuadetheminperson.閱讀填空模擬訓(xùn)練一【答案】76. the IOC77. size and se

31、curity78. citizens s upport79. secondphase80.anapplicationfee81.Olympicvillage82.transportationsystems83.showingpride84.morejobopportunities85.buildinguptourism【解析】本文介紹申辦奧運(yùn)會(huì)的程序及舉辦奧運(yùn)會(huì)的前期準(zhǔn)備工作，表格的難度設(shè)置不大，旨在培養(yǎng)完成閱讀填空題的信心。76、80、81、82題屬直接應(yīng)用原文詞匯題，77、83、84、85題取自原文的靈活表達(dá)題，79題為借助于表格中的firstphase可填出的判斷推理題，78題為本表格的

32、難點(diǎn)和亮點(diǎn)，重點(diǎn)考查考生的概括能力和準(zhǔn)確表述能力。閱讀填空模擬訓(xùn)練二【答案】76.anApplicationForm77.Suggestions/Acationandexperience83.overallcareerplan84.Anapplicant'scarelessnes85.Blowit【解析】本文主題為如何填寫申請(qǐng)表。76題為大標(biāo)題，讀完全文后并在文章首句Fillingincompanyapplicationformscanbec

33、omeaboringandrepetitivetask的幫助下，歸納出HowtoFillinanApplicationForm,冠詞an表示一類，注意大寫實(shí)詞首字母。77題由表格右邊的各項(xiàng)建議總結(jié)出Suggestions/Advice。78題直接弓I用原句alwayscarryyourpersonaldatarecordwithyou。79題直接取自原句writecarefullyandneatly。80題運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法知識(shí)將原文describeeachjobyouhaveheldasfullyaspossible的副詞fully轉(zhuǎn)化為介詞短語(yǔ)infull。81題借助于Particularlydes

34、cribesocialactivitiesthatshowyourinvolvementinthecommunity中名詞invokement的提示，由動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)wereinvolvedin表達(dá)“參與“。82題直接選用howyoureducationandpastexperiencehaveespeciallypreparedyoufortheposition的關(guān)鍵詞匯educationandexperienceo83題弓I用了addafewwordstoexplainhowthepositionfitsyouroverallcareerplan的重點(diǎn)詞?匚overallcareerplan。8

35、4題屬yetanycarelessnessonanapplicantparscandrawanegativereactionfromreaders中applicant和carelessness的巧妙組合。85題Blowit直接弓I自Blow it at this stage and you wontgetachancetopersuadetheminperson第二節(jié)歸納總結(jié)派考點(diǎn)提示歸納總結(jié)是閱讀填空題的重要組成部分。湖南卷閱讀理解題中，05年小標(biāo)題歸納2題，大標(biāo)題歸納1題；06年小標(biāo)題歸納5題，大標(biāo)題歸納1題；07年小標(biāo)題歸納4題，大標(biāo)題歸納1題?？梢姎w納總結(jié)題在閱讀理解題中所占份量之大，

36、08年考題此類題目預(yù)計(jì)3-5題。派解題鑰匙【例1】2006年湖南省高考英語(yǔ)試卷閱讀填空真題Qualityafter-schoolprogramsaredesignedtoimproveacademicperformance,decreaseyouthcrimesandotherhigh-riskbehaviors,andhelpyoungpeoplegrowintohealthy,successfuladults.Theeffectofqualityafter-schoolprogramsonacademicperformanceisclear.Studiesshowthatstudentsw

37、hotakepartinsuchprogramsshowbetterworkhabits,higherratesofhomeworkcompletion,improvedgrades,andhigherscoresonachievementtests.Theyalsohavefewerabsencesandarelesslikelytoblame.After-schoolprogramsalsoinfluencehigh-riskteenbehavior.Variousstudiesshowdecreasedratesofcrime,druguse,andteensexamongyouthwh

38、ojoininwell-runafter-schoolprogramswhencomparedtosimilaryouthwhodonot.Finally,after-schoolprogramsplayanimportantroleinsupportingthefollowingfieldsofdevelopment:physicaldevelopment,mentaldevelopmentandsocialdevelopment.Thus,onecansafelysaythatafter-schoolprogrammingisaneffectivemethodtohelpyoungpeop

39、lebecomecontributingmembersofsociety.Althoughthereisenoughprooffrombothsmallandlargeassessmentsthatafter-schoolprogramscanmakeapositivedifference,itisimportanttonotethatnotallprogramsareequal.First,dosage（時(shí)量）matters-youngpeoplewhoattendthemosthoursoverthemostyearsbenefitmorethanmemberswhoattendlesso

40、ftenoroverashorterperiodoftime.Next,after-schoolprogramsmakeabiggerdifferenceforthosestudentswhoneedhelpmostandhavethefewestchoices.Finally,programqualitiesmatter.After-schoolprogramsworkbestwhentheycreateuniqueopportunitiesforyouth.Theyshouldprovideopportunitiesforpositiverelationships,skillbuildin

41、g,meaningfulinvolvement（參入），expression,suggestion,service,andwork.Staffcharacteristicsmakeanimportantdifferenceinthequalityofaprogram.Theadultsshouldtreatyouthaspartners,createsafeandfairenvironments,encouragepersonalized（個(gè)性化的）involvement,andactivelycreatelearningopportunities.Inshort,althoughafter-

42、schoolprogramshavepromisingfuture,howtheyaredesignedandrunmatters.Title:76improvingacademicperformance 78.andhigh-riskbehaviors helpingyoungpeoplegrowintohealthy,successfuladults79. betterworkhabits higherratesofhomeworkcompletion improvedgradesandhigherscores fewerabsencesand80.EffectsDecreasedhigh

43、-riskteenbehaviorsdecreasedratesofcrime,81.andteensexamongyouth82. physicaldevelopment mentaldevelopment socialdevelopmentosage-85.quality76.QualityAfter-SchoolProgram77.Aims79.Improvedacademicbehaviors80.lessblame82.Integrateddevelopment/All-arounddevelopment85.studentdifference83.helpingyoungpeopl

44、ebecomecontributingmembersofsocietyConclusionHowtodesignandruntheprogramisveryimportant.78.decreasingyouthcrimes81.druguse83.Result84.Assessments本文主題為優(yōu)質(zhì)的課外活動(dòng)。它可以幫助學(xué)生養(yǎng)成及時(shí)完成作業(yè)、少遲到、少違反紀(jì)律的好習(xí)慣，提高學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)；預(yù)防青年學(xué)生吸毒、早戀等高危習(xí)慣的形成，降低青少年犯罪率；有利于學(xué)生德、智、體的全面發(fā)展，使他們成為有益于社會(huì)發(fā)展的人才。優(yōu)質(zhì)的課外活動(dòng)的開展，應(yīng)由一定時(shí)間和次數(shù)來保證，參加的學(xué)生要有針對(duì)性，通過構(gòu)建平等的師生

45、關(guān)系，采用多種形式，鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生積極參與，進(jìn)一步提高課外活動(dòng)的質(zhì)量。準(zhǔn)確理解了正文的意思，便可以順?biāo)浦鄣赝瓿杀砀裉畛涞娜蝿?wù)。76、78、81、84題大都能從原文中直接取來復(fù)用。76題為大標(biāo)題歸納，可從本文主題段的主題句中取出QualityAfter-SchoolProgram，三個(gè)單詞首字母均大寫，當(dāng)然僅第一單詞首字母大寫也行。利用文章的主題段和通常位于段首的主題句來進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)，不失為一種很好的做題方法。78題后的連詞and提示前面待填充部分一定和high-riskbehaviors構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系，在原文的第一段可搜索到相同結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系的decreaseyouthcrimesandotherhigh

46、-riskbehaviors,考慮到表格中該題的上下相鄰的同級(jí)別語(yǔ)段表達(dá)形式為-ing短語(yǔ)，所以還要把decrease改用為decreasing,同時(shí)確切地表達(dá)出優(yōu)質(zhì)課外活動(dòng)的動(dòng)態(tài)作用，可見題目設(shè)計(jì)者的匠心獨(dú)具。81題的答案可從原文第二段Variousstudiesshowdecreasedratesofcrime,druguse,andteensexamongyouth中直接找至U。單看84題后表格中待歸納的dosage和quality,我們很可能一下子就懵了，不知所云，毫無(wú)頭緒。但是，請(qǐng)時(shí)刻銘記做閱讀填空題目時(shí)必須遵循的最實(shí)用的原則：不僅從表格結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系尋找提示，更重要的是學(xué)會(huì)自原文的關(guān)鍵句

47、中尋求最原始最有效的幫助。當(dāng)我們仔細(xì)閱讀第三段主題句Althoughthereisenoughprooffrombothsmallandlargeassessmentsthatafter-schoolprogramscanmakeapositivedifference,itisimportanttonotethatnotallprogramsareequal時(shí)，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)答案竟在其中了！表中Decreasedhigh-riskteenbehaviors與79題、82題屬同一級(jí)別的歸納總結(jié)題，它約定了兩題大寫要求及動(dòng)詞形式，用動(dòng)詞-ed形式準(zhǔn)確而又巧妙地表達(dá)出優(yōu)質(zhì)的課外活動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生Effects的現(xiàn)實(shí)

48、性。79題的答案從第段Qualityafter-schoolprogramsaredesignedtoimproveacademicperformance中的關(guān)鍵語(yǔ)段加以調(diào)整變形可得Improvedacademicbehaviors,當(dāng)然亦可用Improvedacademicperformanceo82題下面的三個(gè)短語(yǔ)共有development,前面的三個(gè)定語(yǔ)說明優(yōu)質(zhì)課外活動(dòng)”多方面的綜合作用“，因此可歸納為Integrateddevelopment/All-arounddevelopmento80題則運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言知識(shí)中副詞變用形容詞和動(dòng)詞變用名詞的手段，將Theyalsohavefewerabs

49、encesandareJesslikelytoblame中的關(guān)鍵詞轉(zhuǎn)述為lessblame。85題屬句子歸納總結(jié)，可謂本大題的最高亮點(diǎn)。理解句意是做對(duì)本題的關(guān)鍵，課外活動(dòng)對(duì)于那些急需幫助的學(xué)生作用極大，也就是說課外活動(dòng)的組織要針對(duì)不同的學(xué)生differentstudents,即學(xué)生的不同情況studentdifferenceo77題、83題是課外活動(dòng)開展的目的Aims和結(jié)果Result,屬于行列標(biāo)題的歸納，一般放在最后處理。另外，我們要注意表格內(nèi)同級(jí)別內(nèi)容的標(biāo)志，83題前沒有“"，83題和它下面的helpingyoungpeoplebecomecontributingmemberso

50、fsociety屬不同級(jí)另1J。規(guī)律小結(jié)歸納總結(jié)就是將眾多的復(fù)雜信息簡(jiǎn)單化的過程，是多變少的過程，簡(jiǎn)單化的信息應(yīng)具有眾多信息所具有的共同特征。歸納總結(jié)，一要分析確定眾多信息某一方面的共同點(diǎn)，二要選取規(guī)范簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)言將其表述出來。在閱讀填空的某一表格中，歸納總結(jié)存在著不同的層次，可能是一個(gè)或多個(gè)句子的歸納，也可能是一段或幾段的歸納，還可能是整篇正文的歸納，換句話說，有小標(biāo)題和大標(biāo)題歸納之分。無(wú)論是哪一種歸納，都有難易之別，關(guān)鍵在于縝密思考，既要照顧到歸納的全面性，又要考慮到歸納的簡(jiǎn)潔性和單一性。05年的大標(biāo)題歸納，將整篇文章主題用兩三個(gè)詞概括出來似乎是不易之事，然而當(dāng)我們讀完全文之后就可發(fā)現(xiàn)全文的

51、主題是美國(guó)的人口老齡化問題，即第一段的第一句ThepopulationoftheUnitedStatesisgrowingolderandwillcontinuetodoso。既要表達(dá)"美國(guó)人"，還要說明"老齡化"，ThepopulationoftheUnitedStates和isgrowingolder都無(wú)法壓縮。然而在尋找老齡化詞匯時(shí)，我們卻發(fā)現(xiàn)第二段的首句The"graying"oftheUnitedStatesismainlyduetothefactthat給了啟示：The"graying"oftheUni

52、tedStatesfThe"graying"oftheU.S.一The"graying"U.S.一GrayingU.S.。第一步完成兩個(gè)單詞變用一個(gè)單詞。第二步運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，通過"graying”從動(dòng)名詞到現(xiàn)在分詞的轉(zhuǎn)化省略了of和the,又能動(dòng)態(tài)體現(xiàn)主題句中老齡化是美國(guó)現(xiàn)在和未來都要面對(duì)的一個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)問題。第三步省去冠詞The,graying首字母大寫，既實(shí)現(xiàn)了標(biāo)題的簡(jiǎn)潔性，又做到了書寫規(guī)范?？傊?，做歸納總結(jié)類題目時(shí)，一要抓住眾多信息的主要特征，二要表述簡(jiǎn)潔規(guī)范。派考點(diǎn)警示既然歸納總結(jié)是抓住眾多信息的主要共有特征，那么，做題時(shí)就應(yīng)首先將眾多信息搜

53、集齊全，再做分析，以避免歸納片面性的發(fā)生。然后將次要信息特征果斷丟棄，最后利用所學(xué)知識(shí)調(diào)整用詞，簡(jiǎn)潔表達(dá)。潛心搜集掌握撰寫文章和分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)常用的不同種類的詞匯。item,topic,subject,title,fact,data,source,character,time,placesex,age,birth,nationality,career,experience,education,problem,cause,reason,way,method,solution,access,sign,feature,phenomena,usage,function,procedure,stage,

54、phase,action,measure,effect,result,consequence,conclusion,comment,assessment,improvement(4) aim,purpose,plan,activity,demand,requirement,advice,opinion,suggestion(5) content,amount,number,difference,similarity,advantage,virtue,disadvantageX同步訓(xùn)練閱讀填空模擬訓(xùn)練三Eachyear,roadaccidentskillamillionpeopleandinju

55、remillionsmore.Theeconomiclossesaregreatestfordevelopingcountries.Earlierthisyear,theUnitedNationscalledforacampaigntoimproveroadsafety.Onewaytoavoidroadaccidentsisbetterdriving.Anotherisbetterroadsandbridges.EngineersintheUnitedStateshavedesignedtennewconcretemixturesthattheythinkcouldmakebridgesla

56、stlonger.ProfessorPaulTikalskyleadstheexperimentsbyateamatPennsylvaniaStateUniversity.Hesaysbridgesmadeofconcretenowlastabouttwenty-fivetothirty-fiveyears.Buthesaysthenewmixturesmightextendforseventy-fiveorevenonehundredyears.Concreteismadeofstone,sand,waterandcement.Thematerialsinthecementholdtheco

57、ncretetogether.AncientRomansbuiltwithconcrete.Yetstrengthenedconcretebridgesdidnotappearuntilthelate1800s.Peoplekeeplookingfornewwaystoimproveconcrete.ProfessTikalskysaysitisoneofthemostcomplexesofallchemicalsystems.Thenewmixturesdesignedbyhisteamcontainindustrialwasteproducts.Hesaysthesemaketheconcretebetterabletoresistdamagefromwaterandsaltovertime.Oneoftheproductsisflyash,whichisreleasedintotheairaspollutionwhencoalisburned.ProfessorTikalskysaysparticles(顆粒)offlyasharealmostexactlythesamesizeandchemicalstructureasPortlandcement.Thisisthemostcostlymaterialinconcre