【高考四元聚焦】2014屆高三英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)（自主復(fù)習(xí)+考點(diǎn)演練+真題集訓(xùn)）語法篇 非謂語動詞類(3)課件

1、考點(diǎn)一：動詞不定式1動詞不定式的語法功能(句子成分)(1)作主語。如：To help them is my duty.幫助他們是我的職責(zé)。動詞不定式作主語時，通常用“it”作形式主語代替“to do”作主語。如：Its not easy to master a foreign language.精通一門外語不容易。(2)作表語。如：His wish is to be a doctor.他希望當(dāng)一名醫(yī)生。(不定式說明主語的內(nèi)容)I was about to leave when he walked into my room.我正要離開房間時，他走了進(jìn)來。(不定式表示將來)(3)作賓語不定式作賓語

2、常接在一些及物動詞后。如：Mr. Brown wants to understand further what the author meant.布朗先生想進(jìn)一步了解作者的意思。不定式作tell，show，understand，explain，teach，learn，advise，discuss，know等動詞的賓語時，前面常帶有疑問詞。如：He showed us how to do the work.他向我演示怎么做這項工作。(4)作定語不定式作定語必須后置，即放在所修飾的名詞或代詞的后面，通常要注意以下幾種情況：被修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式的邏輯賓語。如：Have you got anyt

3、hing to say for yourself?你有為自己說的話嗎？Mr. White is a worker, but he has got a large family to support.懷特先生是一個工人，但是他有一大家子的人要養(yǎng)。被修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式的邏輯主語。如：Captain Cook was the last one to leave the sinking ship.庫克船長是最后一位離開正在下沉的船的人。He is always the first to come to school in the morning.早上他總是第一個來學(xué)校的人。不定式說明它所修飾的名

4、詞或代詞的內(nèi)容。如：Her wish to become an artist came true at last.她最終實現(xiàn)了想成為一名藝術(shù)家的愿望。不及物動詞構(gòu)成的不定式作定語要加介詞。如：They got a wonderful piece of music to dance to.他們有一支很好的音樂用來伴舞。Because of air pollution being greatly reduced，this city is still a good place to live in.因為這個城市的空氣污染得到了很大的改善，因此，它仍然是一個好的居住地。有些及物動詞的不定式作定語仍需帶

5、上介詞。如：He has got a pair of thick glasses to read with.他閱讀時戴的是一副深度的眼鏡。(5)作狀語不定式作目的狀語，位于句首時，用逗號隔開；位于句尾時，不用逗號隔開。如：His stepmother did all she could to help him.他的繼母盡其所能幫助他。To make a living, he had to work hard.為了謀生，他只有拼命地工作。不定式作結(jié)果狀語一般表示出乎意料的結(jié)果。如：He hurried to the station only to find the train had left.

6、他匆忙趕到車站，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)火車已經(jīng)開走了。不定式作原因狀語，其主要用于形容詞作表語時，表示喜、怒、哀、樂等。如：Im too glad to see you again.我真高興能再次見到你。(6)作賓語補(bǔ)足語或主語補(bǔ)足語常帶to do作賓補(bǔ)的動詞有：allow，permit，want，ask，cause, encourage, expect, force, invite, order, warn, tell, consider，require，advise，teach，urge等。如：They would not allow him to risk going across the enemy

7、line.他們不允許他冒險越過敵人的封鎖線。比較：Mr. Black invited me to have a dinner with him.布萊克先生邀請我和他一起吃晚餐。(to have的邏輯主語是me)Mr Black promised me to have a dinner with me.布萊克先生答應(yīng)和我一起吃晚餐。(to have的邏輯主語是Mr. Black)(7)不定式作獨(dú)立成分(插入語)。如：To be fair，he has worked hard these days.說句公道話，他這幾天工作很努力。類似的常見短語還有to be frank，to be true，to

8、 tell(you) the truth，to begin with，to be honest等。(8)不定式的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)由“名詞或代詞不定式”構(gòu)成獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。如：More time to be given，they will make much more progress.如果能給更多的時間，他們會取得更大的進(jìn)步。The exam to be held next week, I cant go with you.因為下周要考試，所以我不能跟你一起去了。2動詞不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)(1)不定式的進(jìn)行式表示動作正在進(jìn)行，完成式表示動作發(fā)生于謂語動詞之前，常用于pretend，believe，prov

9、e，seem，consider等詞之后。如：The boy pretended to be working hard when the teacher came in.當(dāng)老師進(jìn)來時，這個男孩假裝正用功學(xué)習(xí)。She seems to have forgotten her promise.看起來她好像已經(jīng)忘了她的承諾。(2)不定式的被動形式表示不定式的邏輯主語是不定式所表示的動作的承受者。如：Volunteer workers asked to be sent where they were most needed.志愿工作者們要求被派到最需要他們的地方去。3“wh”疑問詞不定式的用法不定式可以和

10、疑問代詞who，whom，whose，what，which，副詞when，how，where，連詞whether，as if連用，在句中起名詞作用，可作主語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、表語等成分。如：How to get there is a big problem.(作主語)The question is where to find the answer.(作表語)I can tell you where to get the dictionary.(作賓語補(bǔ)足語)I really didnt know which one to choose.(作賓語)Last summer, I took a c

11、ourse on how to make dresses.(作介詞賓語)The professor paused as if to expect his students to ask questions on the point he had just made.(作狀語)4動詞不定式“to”的省略(1)主動句中，使役動詞和感觀動詞用不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語省略“to”，變?yōu)楸粍邮綍r，成為主語的補(bǔ)足語須加上“to”(前面已講述)。(2)有些動詞的賓語省略“to”及在一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中動詞不定式也須省略“to”。如：He cant help (to) do me a favor.Looking at t

12、he photos, he cant but laugh (can not but docant help doing 情不自禁)(3)不定式作表語或不定式放在介詞but/except后時，它的前面出現(xiàn)過實義動詞do的各種形式時可省略“to”。如：All he can do is (to) wait.What he can do is (to) wait. The only thing he can do is (to) wait.Theres nothing to do but/except wait.Theres nothing to say but to wait.(前面沒有實義動詞“d

13、o”時“to”不能省)(4)有些連詞連接的不定式要省略“to”。prefer to dorather than doto doand do注意：to doand not to do如：I prefer to stay home rather than go out.She told her children to stay there and wait till she came back.(5)在when，if，what，as等從句中與like，want，wish連用時省略“to”。如：You can stay here as long as you like.You can come wh

14、enever you like.(6)why not do？why dont you do？用來提出建議時不用“to”?？键c(diǎn)二：動名詞1動名詞的語法功能(1)作主語。如：Reading aloud is very important in learning a foreign language.(2)作表語。如：My job is teaching English.(3)作賓語。如：I cant understand his giving up such a wellpaid job.We should practice speaking English every day.(4)作定語。如：

15、This is a writing table and that is a swimming pool.2動名詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)(1)動名詞一般式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作的同時或之后。如：We all dont like his talking that way.She dreams of becoming a teacher.(2)動名詞的完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。如：I remember having read the book.She was praised for having helped the old man.注意：有時用動名詞的一般式來代替完成式。如：

16、After working for three hours，we began having a break.Thank you for helping me.(3)動名詞有兩種語態(tài)，即主動式doing和having done及其對應(yīng)的被動式being done和having been done。如：Tom feels like being taken to Beijing.He was excited for having been praised.(4)動名詞的否定式是在動名詞的前面加not構(gòu)成。如：I regret not having told you the truth.3動名詞的復(fù)合

17、結(jié)構(gòu)動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)由名詞所有格或物主代詞加動名詞構(gòu)成。當(dāng)動名詞有自己的主語時要用這種結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語時可用名詞普通格或人稱代詞賓格加動名詞，這個名詞或代詞為動名詞的邏輯主語。如：Do you mind my opening the window?The presidents attending the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.考點(diǎn)三：分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞)1分詞的語法功能(1)作表語分詞可以用來作表語。這樣用時，現(xiàn)在分詞多表示主語所具有的特征，過去分詞多表示主語所處的狀態(tài)。如：The situat

18、ion is encouraging.形式很令人鼓舞。The bottle is broken.瓶子破了。(2)作定語作定語的分詞可以是現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式和被動式，也可以是過去分詞。如：He is a promising young man.他是一個很有前途的青年。The meeting being held is very important.正在舉行的會議很重要。The Olympic Games held in Beijing is a great success.在北京舉行的奧運(yùn)會非常成功。現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞作定語的區(qū)別：一般來說，現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示正在進(jìn)行而動名詞則表示用途。如： 現(xiàn)在分

19、詞 動名詞waiting car 等待著的汽車waiting room 候車室sleeping child 熟睡的孩子sleeping car 臥鋪車廂過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式作定語的區(qū)別：過去分詞作定語時表示動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，或沒有一定的時間性。如：Have you read the novel written by Dickens?你讀過狄更斯寫的小說嗎？Dont use words, expressions, or phrases known only to people with specific knowledge.不要使用只有擁有專業(yè)知識的人才懂的單詞、表達(dá)法或

20、短語?，F(xiàn)在分詞的被動式作定語時表示動作正在發(fā)生或與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生。如：Listen! The song being sung is very popular with the students.聽！正在唱的這首歌非常受學(xué)生歡迎。單個分詞作定語多置于被修飾詞的前面；分詞短語作定語，置于被修飾詞的后面。如：China is a developing country and belongs to the third world.中國是發(fā)展中國家，屬于第三世界。The teacher answered all the questions raised by the students.老師

21、回答了學(xué)生提出的所有問題。(3)作狀語分詞作狀語時，分詞的邏輯主語一般與句子的主語保持一致。如：He sent me an email, hoping to get further information.他給我發(fā)了封郵件，希望能得到進(jìn)一步的信息。Founded in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.成立于1636年的哈佛是美國最著名的大學(xué)之一。如果作狀語的分詞帶有邏輯主語，即構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)通常由“名詞或代詞主格十分詞”構(gòu)成，這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以作時間、原因、條件、方式和

22、伴隨狀語。如：Mr. Cook being away from home，his wife has to do all the housework.(原因狀語)由于庫克先生不在家，他妻子必須做所有的家務(wù)。Work done，they went out to play football.(時間狀語)工作完成后，他們出去踢足球。More time given, the work can be done much better.(條件狀語)如果再多給點(diǎn)時間，工作會做得更好。The tourists visited many scenic spots in Beijing，the guide acti

23、ng as interpreter.(伴隨狀語)游客們參觀了許多風(fēng)景名勝，導(dǎo)游當(dāng)翻譯。分詞作狀語時，可以表示時間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式、伴隨等。表示時間關(guān)系的分詞短語有時可由連詞while或when引出。如：Be careful when/while crossing the street.(時間)穿過街道時要小心。Not knowing anything about the accident，he went to work as usual.(原因)還不知道發(fā)生了車禍，他和往常一樣去上班。Given a chance, I can surprise the world.(條件)只要有

24、機(jī)會，我能使全世界吃驚。Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.(讓步)盡管已經(jīng)告訴他很多次，他仍犯同樣的錯誤。The teacher came into the lab，followed by some students.(伴隨)老師走進(jìn)實驗室，后面跟著幾名學(xué)生。The cup dropped to the ground, breaking into pieces.(結(jié)果)杯子掉到地上，打碎了。(4)作賓語補(bǔ)足語感官動詞see，watch.observe，look at，hear，listen to，no

25、tice等和使役動詞have后面的賓補(bǔ)有三種形式，即動詞原形、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。動詞原形表示主動和動作的全過程，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動和正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞表示被動和完成。如：I heard her sing an English song just now.剛才我聽見她唱了一首英文歌。I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.昨天經(jīng)過她房間時，我聽見她在唱英文歌。I heard the English song sung many times.我多次聽到有人唱這首英文歌。注意：不及物動詞的過去分詞

26、作賓補(bǔ)表示完成。如：I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much.我驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)我的家鄉(xiāng)變化很大。(完成)leave后接三種形式作賓補(bǔ)時，其中的leave保留了原意“留下”，但表達(dá)的確切之意應(yīng)是“使處于某種狀態(tài)”。leave sb. doing sth. 讓某人一直做某事leave sth. undone 留下某事未做leave sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事leave sth. to be done 留下某事要做have，get后接三種形式作賓補(bǔ)時，其中have，get表示“使，讓，叫”。Aget/have sth. do

27、ne使/讓某事由別人去做。如：Ill get/have my bike repaired tomorrow.此外，have sth. done還表示“使遭受”。如：Tom had his leg broken while playing football.Bhave sb. /sth. doing 使/讓某人/物持續(xù)地做某事。get sb./sth. doing 使某人/物開始行動起來。如：The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the harvest time.The captain got the soldiers mov

28、ing toward the front after a short rest.2分詞的時態(tài)與語態(tài)過去分詞只有一種形式，現(xiàn)在分詞與動名詞的各種形式是完全一樣的?，F(xiàn)在分詞一般式表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作一般同時發(fā)生，而完成式所表示的動作則在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前已經(jīng)完成。現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式常表示正在進(jìn)行的動作。如：Having written the letter，he went to post it.寫好信后，他去了郵局。Having been translated into Chinese, the book is widely read among young people.翻譯成中

29、文后，這本書被年輕人廣泛地閱讀?！癈ant you read？”Mary said，angrily pointing to the notice.“你不識字嗎？”瑪麗指著告示生氣地說。The building being built is our new office building.那座正在建的大樓是我們的新辦公樓。3現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式是在分詞前加not構(gòu)成。如：Not knowing his telephone number，she had some difficulty getting in touch with him.由于不知道他的電話號碼，她聯(lián)系不上他?？键c(diǎn)四：非謂

30、語動詞難點(diǎn)1不定式、分詞作補(bǔ)足語的要點(diǎn)(1)用于感官動詞后的賓語補(bǔ)足語，現(xiàn)在分詞一般用其主動式，表示動作正在進(jìn)行，及物動詞的過去分詞表示動作的被動和完成，不及物動詞只表完成，不表被動。如：I saw a thief stealing a purse from a woman.我看見一個小偷正在偷一位婦女的錢包。When I got off the bus, I found my cellphone stolen.下車時，我發(fā)現(xiàn)手機(jī)被偷了。(2)用于感官動詞后的賓語補(bǔ)足語，不定式表示動作的全過程或只陳述某一事實。如：I saw a thief steal a purse from a woman

31、.我看見一個小偷偷了一位婦女的錢包。(3)with名詞/代詞賓語補(bǔ)足語在該結(jié)構(gòu)中，現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語表示動作與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生，過去分詞表示被動和完成，不定式則表示動作在謂語動詞之后發(fā)生。With all lights turned on, the building looks more beautiful.燈全亮了，大樓顯得更漂亮了。With the guide leading the way, we set off on foot into the dark night.有向?qū)ьI(lǐng)路，我們在黑夜里步行。With them to help us, we can finish the work

32、 ahead of time.有他們幫助我們，我們可以提前完成工作。2不定式、動名詞作賓語的要點(diǎn)(1)下列動詞只能用不定式作賓語，請牢記下面的口訣：決心學(xué)會想希望，拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝。主動答應(yīng)選計劃，同意請求幫一幫。decide/determine, learn, want, expect /hope/wish; refuse，manage, care, pretend; offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg，help。此外，afford，happen，wait等也要用不定式作賓語。(2)下列動詞只能用動名詞作賓語，請牢記：consider，su

33、ggest/advise，look forward to，excuse/pardon，admit，delay/put off，fancy(想象，設(shè)想)，avoid，miss，keep/keep on，practice，finish，enjoy/appreciate，forbid，imagine，risk，cant help，mind，allow/permit，escape。(3)下列動詞或詞組既可以跟動名詞作賓語，也可以跟不定式作賓語，但意義上有區(qū)別，要特別注意：(4)動詞like，love，prefer后接不定式或動名詞作賓語均可。如表示經(jīng)常性的行為常用動名詞，如表示具體的行為常用動詞不定式

34、。但要注意：如果like，love，prefer前有would/should時，后面則應(yīng)該接動詞不定式作賓語。feel like后接動名詞作賓語。would/shouldlike/love/preferto do sth.feel like doing sth.(5)在動詞allow，advise，forbid，permit后直接跟動名詞形式作賓語，如果后面有名詞或代詞作賓語，其后用動詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。即：(6)動詞need，require，want作“需要”講時，其后用動名詞的主動形式或不定式的被動形式作賓語，表示事情需要做。這時動名詞的主動式表示被動意義。be worth后必須用動名詞的主動形式表示被動意義。此外，若動詞need表示“需要”，require表示“要求”，want表示“想要”時，其后須接名詞或代詞作賓語，然后接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。即：窗戶需要擦一下。這個地方值得一去。3不定式、分詞作狀語的要點(diǎn)不定式作狀語，主要表示主句的目的、結(jié)果、程度、原因等。而分詞作狀