云南省中考英語(yǔ)第二部分語(yǔ)法專題突破專題簡(jiǎn)單句課件

1、專題十二簡(jiǎn)單句初中階段必須掌握的五種句型結(jié)構(gòu)：簡(jiǎn)單句的基本句型考點(diǎn)一基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)例句基本句型一SV(主謂)He swims in the river every summer. 他每年夏天都在這條河里游泳?；揪湫投VP(主系表)The bike is new. 這輛自行車是新的。The hat looks nice on you! 你戴著帽子真好看！基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)例句基本句型三SVO(主謂賓)Children often sing this song. 孩子們經(jīng)常唱這首歌?；揪湫退腟VIODO(主謂間賓直賓)She showed her friends all her pictures.

2、她向她的朋友們展示了她所有的圖片?；揪湫臀錝VOOC(主謂賓賓補(bǔ))We keep our classroom clean and tidy. 我們保持教室干凈整潔。1含義：用以陳述事實(shí)或觀點(diǎn)的句子叫做陳述句，句末用句號(hào)。2分類：陳述句分為肯定句和否定句。(1)陳述句肯定式的正常語(yǔ)序是主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)前。eg.Well meet again tomorrow. 我們明天再見(jiàn)面。陳述句考點(diǎn)二(2)陳述句否定式的結(jié)構(gòu)含有be動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞have, will和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的否定形式是將not放在這些詞的后面。eg.We mustnt waste any more time. 我們決不能再浪費(fèi)時(shí)間了。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞

3、的否定形式要借助于助動(dòng)詞，并且將否定詞not加在助動(dòng)詞的后面。eg.I didnt find Chinese easily at first. 起初，我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)中文不容易。句中若有no, none, little, not, nobody, nothing, neither, nor, never, hardly, scarcely等否定意義的詞，可構(gòu)成陳述句的否定式。eg.I had never seen such a good match before that day! 在那天以前，我從來(lái)沒(méi)有看過(guò)這么精彩的比賽！含義：用來(lái)提問(wèn)的句子叫疑問(wèn)句，句末用問(wèn)號(hào)。分類及用法見(jiàn)下表：疑問(wèn)句考點(diǎn)三分類概

4、念形式例句一般疑問(wèn)句用yes, no來(lái)回答的疑問(wèn)句be主語(yǔ)其他？Is she from England？她來(lái)自英格蘭嗎？Yes, she is.是的，她是。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞原形其他？May I have a look at your new book？我可以看你的新書嗎？助動(dòng)詞主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞原形/過(guò)去分詞其他？Did she like to dance when she was young？她小時(shí)候喜歡跳舞嗎？分類概念形式例句特殊疑問(wèn)句以疑問(wèn)詞開頭的疑問(wèn)句who詢問(wèn)身份Who is the girl over there？那邊的女孩是誰(shuí)？which詢問(wèn)特定的人或物Which color is you

5、r favorite color？你最喜歡的顏色是什么？what詢問(wèn)職業(yè)或身份Whats her job？她的工作是什么？when詢問(wèn)時(shí)間When did you go to Shanghai last month？你上個(gè)月什么時(shí)候去上海的？where詢問(wèn)地點(diǎn)、位置Where are you going this summer vacation？這個(gè)暑假你要去哪里？why詢問(wèn)原因Why are you late for the meeting？開會(huì)的時(shí)候你為什么遲到了？how詢問(wèn)方式How do you get to school every day？你每天怎樣去學(xué)校？分類概念形式例句選擇疑問(wèn)

6、句提出兩種或兩種以上不同情況以供對(duì)方選擇的問(wèn)句A or B？Which one do you prefer, Size A or Size B？你更喜歡哪一個(gè)，A號(hào)還是B號(hào)？反意疑問(wèn)句附加在陳述句后的簡(jiǎn)單問(wèn)句，又稱附加問(wèn)句?？隙愂鼍浞穸ǜ郊訂?wèn)句Lucy often goes to school on foot, doesnt she? 露西常常步行去上學(xué)，對(duì)吧？否定陳述句肯定附加問(wèn)句You havent finished your work, have you? 你還沒(méi)有完成工作，是不是？肯定(否定)祈使句will you？Be sure to come on time, will you?

7、 保證按時(shí)來(lái)，好嗎？1.反意疑問(wèn)句應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：(1)陳述部分含有few, little, hardly, never, not, no, no one, nobody, nothing, none等表示否定意義的詞時(shí)，其反意疑問(wèn)句要用肯定結(jié)構(gòu)。eg.He is never late for work, is he？他上班從不遲到，是嗎？(2)陳述部分是there be句型時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)句中依然用there。eg.There is a park near here, isnt there？這兒有個(gè)公園，不是嗎？(3)陳述部分含I think (believe, suppose)that結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，

8、其反意疑問(wèn)句須與從句的主謂語(yǔ)保持一致，注意主句的主語(yǔ)必須是第一人稱。eg.I dont think you are wrong, are you？我認(rèn)為你沒(méi)有錯(cuò)，不是嗎？(4)當(dāng)have/has不是表示“有”的意思，并在句中作謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，其反意疑問(wèn)句的助動(dòng)詞要用do/does/did。eg.They had a party last night, didnt they？他們昨晚舉行了晚會(huì)，不是嗎？(5)let引導(dǎo)的祈使句有兩種情況：lets開頭的句子后的反意疑問(wèn)句要用shall we？eg.Lets go home, shall we？讓我們回家吧，好嗎？let us/me 開頭的句子后的反意疑問(wèn)

9、句要用will/wont you？eg.Let me have a look, will/wont you？讓我看一看，行嗎？(6)當(dāng)must表示對(duì)過(guò)去的情況進(jìn)行推測(cè)時(shí)，如果強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)過(guò)去情況的推測(cè)(一般句中有過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))，反意疑問(wèn)句部分要用didnt主語(yǔ)；如果強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成(一般沒(méi)有過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))，反意疑問(wèn)句用havent/hasnt主語(yǔ)。當(dāng)must表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的情況進(jìn)行推測(cè)時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)句部分要根據(jù)must后面的動(dòng)詞采用相應(yīng)的形式。eg.He must be good at English, isnt he？他英語(yǔ)一定學(xué)得很好，是嗎？2反意疑問(wèn)句的回答對(duì)反意疑問(wèn)句的回答，無(wú)論問(wèn)題的問(wèn)法如何，如

10、果事實(shí)是肯定的，就用yes，事實(shí)是否定的，就要用no。要特別注意否定陳述句肯定附加問(wèn)句時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分肯定式提問(wèn)時(shí)，回答yes或no與漢語(yǔ)正好相反；這種省略回答的yes要譯成“不”，no要譯成“是”。 How 詞組辨析考點(diǎn)四疑問(wèn)詞組含義用法how many多少提問(wèn)數(shù)量詞，后跟可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)how much多少(錢)提問(wèn)數(shù)量，后跟不可數(shù)名詞；詢問(wèn)價(jià)錢how often多久一次 提問(wèn)頻率how long多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間提問(wèn)將來(lái)時(shí)間，答語(yǔ)用“for一段時(shí)間”或“since過(guò)去點(diǎn)時(shí)間”how soon多久提問(wèn)將來(lái)時(shí)間，答語(yǔ)用“in一段時(shí)間”how far多遠(yuǎn)提問(wèn)距離how old多大提問(wèn)年齡1“therebes

11、b/sth地點(diǎn)”表示“某處有某人或某物”。be動(dòng)詞必須和主語(yǔ)保持人稱和數(shù)的一致。如果主語(yǔ)部分是兩個(gè)以上的并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)，be一般和鄰近主語(yǔ)的數(shù)和人稱保持一致。eg.There is a book and two pencils on the desk. 書桌上有一本書和兩支鉛筆。 there be句型 考點(diǎn)五2“there be sb/sth 地點(diǎn)”的否定形式是在be 動(dòng)詞后面加not, not any, no。eg.There is no water in the bottle. 瓶子里面沒(méi)有水。3若變?yōu)橐话阋蓡?wèn)句則需要把be提前到句首。eg.Is there any water in the

12、bottle? 瓶子里有水嗎？注意：there be 結(jié)構(gòu)有不同的時(shí)態(tài)，而且可以和各種助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用。eg.There used to be several houses behind the two buildings. 過(guò)去這兩幢樓后面有幾所房子。1語(yǔ)法一致原則所謂語(yǔ)法一致，就是句子主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)法形式上必須保持一致。主謂一致考點(diǎn)六主語(yǔ)成分謂語(yǔ)例句動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或從句單數(shù)To learn English well isnt easy. 學(xué)好英語(yǔ)不容易。Reading is learning. 讀書就是學(xué)習(xí)。What he said is very important fo

13、r us all. 他所說(shuō)的對(duì)我們所有人都非常重要。主語(yǔ)成分謂語(yǔ)例句the number of名詞復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)The number of students in our class is 32.我們班學(xué)生人數(shù)為32。a number of名詞復(fù)數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)A number of trees are cut down.許多樹木被砍倒了。and或both and連接名詞復(fù)數(shù)Both John and Mike have attended the 2014 Youth Olympic Games. 約翰和邁克都參加了2014青奧會(huì)。主語(yǔ)后面有with, like, except, but, including

14、, together with, as well as等引導(dǎo)的名詞或代詞時(shí)a lot of(lots of/plenty of/most of/a pile of/most of)名詞主語(yǔ)成分謂語(yǔ)例句分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)名詞取決于主語(yǔ)Tom with his parents is watching TV.湯姆和他的父母正在看電視。Everyone except Jim and Tim has a new book. 除了吉姆和蒂姆外所有的人都有一本新書。Lots of people have been there. 很多人去過(guò)那兒。Two thirds of the work has been fin

15、ished. 三分之二的工作已被完成。2.意義一致原則所謂意義一致，就是概念一致，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式要和主語(yǔ)所表達(dá)的概念一致。主語(yǔ)成分謂語(yǔ)例句集體名詞(如：family/ class/team/group/public等)單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)His family is going to move to Beijing. 他家將搬到北京去。(作為整體時(shí)，用單數(shù))The whole family are watching TV. 全家人正在看電視。(側(cè)重成員時(shí)，用復(fù)數(shù))集合名詞(如：people/ police/cattle等)復(fù)數(shù)The police are helping a girl find her m

16、other. 警察正在幫助女孩找媽媽。主語(yǔ)成分謂語(yǔ)例句the姓氏名詞復(fù)數(shù)，表示“一家”或“夫婦”復(fù)數(shù)The Blacks enjoy working in China.布萊克夫婦喜歡在中國(guó)工作。the某些形容詞，表示一類人復(fù)數(shù)The young are energetic. 年輕人很有活力。and連接并列主語(yǔ)表示同一個(gè)人或物時(shí)(即and后面無(wú)冠詞)單數(shù)A famous writer and teacher is going to have a speech in my school. 一位著名的作家兼老師將在我校進(jìn)行一次演講。表示重量、度量、時(shí)間、長(zhǎng)度、價(jià)格、數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算等的詞或短語(yǔ)單數(shù)Two p

17、ounds isnt heavy. 兩磅不夠重。Two months is a long holiday. 兩個(gè)月是一個(gè)很長(zhǎng)的假期。3.就近原則所謂就近原則，就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式不與主語(yǔ)一致，而和靠近它的名詞一致。主語(yǔ)成分和謂語(yǔ)例句由eitheror；neithernor； not onlybut also；notbut或or連接兩個(gè)并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與較近的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上保持一致Not only my parents but also I am looking forward to meeting my uncle. 不僅僅是我父母，我也盼望看到我叔叔。there be和here be這兩個(gè)句式中

18、的be動(dòng)詞常與最近的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上保持一致There is a table and two chairs in Toms room. 在湯姆的房間有一張桌子和兩把椅子。1含義：表示強(qiáng)烈感情或情緒的句子叫做感嘆句。這種句子一般用what或how來(lái)引導(dǎo)，都用陳述語(yǔ)序，句尾用感嘆號(hào)。感嘆句考點(diǎn)七2構(gòu)成及用法感嘆句的引導(dǎo)詞結(jié)構(gòu)例句如何判定whatWhat a/an形容詞單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)！What a beautiful present it is！多么漂亮的一件禮物??！有a, an開頭的，多用what修飾What形容詞可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)！What interesting books th

19、ey are！很有趣的書！howHow形容詞/副詞主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)！How fine the weather is！天氣真好！How形容詞a/an單數(shù)名詞！How beautiful a present！很漂亮的禮物！1含義：表示說(shuō)話人直接向聽話人發(fā)出命令或提出勸告或邀請(qǐng)的句子叫做祈使句，句尾通常用句號(hào)，也可用感嘆號(hào)。祈使句考點(diǎn)八2?？季涫浇Y(jié)構(gòu)形式結(jié)構(gòu)例句肯定形式(Please)動(dòng)詞原形Put away your things.把你的東西收起來(lái)。Please listen to me carefully！請(qǐng)認(rèn)真聽我講！Do動(dòng)詞原形(加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，表“務(wù)必，一定”)Do come on time！一定要準(zhǔn)時(shí)

20、來(lái)！Do look out！一定要小心！Let賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞原形Lets have another try. 讓我們?cè)僭囋?。形式結(jié)構(gòu)例句否定形式Dont動(dòng)詞原形Dont open the window. 不要打開窗子。Please dont read in the sun. 不要在太陽(yáng)底下看書。No名詞/動(dòng)名詞No photos！禁止照相！No parking！禁止停車！Dont let動(dòng)詞原形Lets not動(dòng)詞原形Dont let him go there alone.Let him not go there alone. 不要讓他獨(dú)自去那兒。注意：(1)應(yīng)答祈使句時(shí)要用將來(lái)時(shí)。eg.Please remember to take the dog out for a walk every day.請(qǐng)記住每天帶著狗出去散步。 Yes, I will.是的，我會(huì)的。(2)掌握“祈使句and/or結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)。eg.Work harder, and