2010年考研英語真題及答案完整解析

1、2010年考研英語真題與答案解析從2010年開始，全國碩士研究生入學考試的英語試卷分為了英語（一）和英語（二）。英語（一）即原統(tǒng)考“英語”。英語（二）主要是為高等院校和科研院所招收專業(yè)學位碩士研究生而設(shè)置的具有選拔性質(zhì)的統(tǒng)考科目。英語一考試形式、考試內(nèi)容與試卷結(jié)構(gòu)（一）考試形式 考試形式為筆試。考試時間為180分鐘。滿分為100分。 試卷包括試題冊和答題卡。答題卡分為答題卡1和答題卡2?？忌鷳獙?45題的答案按要求填涂在答題卡1上，將4652題的答案寫在答題卡2上。 （二）考試內(nèi)容 試題分三部分，共52題，包括英語知識運用、閱讀理解和寫作。 第一部分 英語知識運用 該部分不僅考查考生對不同語境

2、中規(guī)范的語言要素（包括詞匯、表達方式和結(jié)構(gòu)）的掌握程度，而且還考查考生對語段特征（如連貫性和一致性等）的辨識能力等。共20小題，每小題0.5分，共10分。 在一篇240280詞的文章中留出20個空白，要求考生從每題給出的4個選項中選出最佳答案，使補全后的文章意思通順、前后連貫、結(jié)構(gòu)完整?？忌诖痤}卡1上作答。 第二部分 閱讀理解 該部分由A、B、C三節(jié)組成，考查考生理解書面英語的能力。共30小題，每小題2分，共60分。 A節(jié)（20小題）：主要考查考生理解主旨要義、具體信息、概念性含義，進行有關(guān)的判斷、推理和引申，根據(jù)上下文推測生詞的詞義等能力。要求考生根據(jù)所提供的4篇（總長度約為1600詞）文

3、章的內(nèi)容，從每題所給出的4個選項中選出最佳答案?？忌诖痤}卡1上作答。 B節(jié)（5小題）：主要考查考生對諸如連貫性、一致性等語段特征以及文章結(jié)構(gòu)的理解。本部分有3種備選題型。每次考試從這3種備選題型中選擇一種進行考查。考生在答題卡1上作答。 備選題型有： 1）本部分的內(nèi)容是一篇總長度為500600詞的文章，其中有5段空白，文章后有67段文字。要求考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容從這67段文字中選擇能分別放進文章中5個空白處的5段。 2）在一篇長度約500600詞的文章中，各段落的原有順序已被打亂，要求考生根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)將所列段落（78個）重新排序，其中有23個段落在文章中的位置已給出。 3）在一篇長度為5

4、00詞的文章前或后有67段文字或67個概括句或小標題。這些文字或標題分別是對文章中某一部分的概括、闡述或舉例。要求考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，從這67個選項中選出最恰當?shù)?段文字或5個標題填入文章的空白處。 C節(jié)（5小題）：主要考查考生準確理解概念或結(jié)構(gòu)較復雜的英語文字材料的能力。要求考生閱讀一篇約400詞的文章，并將其中5個畫線部分（約150詞）譯成漢語，要求譯文準確、完整、通順?？忌诖痤}卡2上作答。 第三部分 寫作 該部分由A、B兩節(jié)組成，主要考查考生的書面表達能力。共30分。 A節(jié)：題型有兩種，每次考試選擇其中的一種形式。 1）考生根據(jù)所給情景寫出約100詞（標點符號不計算在內(nèi)）的應用性短文，包

5、括私人和公務(wù)信函、備忘錄、報告等。 2）要求考生根據(jù)所提供的漢語文章，用英語寫出一篇80100詞的文章摘要。 B節(jié)：考生根據(jù)提示信息寫出一篇160200詞的短文（標點符號不計算在內(nèi)）。提示信息的形式有主題句、寫作提綱、規(guī)定情景、圖、表等。考生在答題卡2上作答。共20分。 碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語（一）考試將英譯漢試題作為閱讀理解的一部分，其目的是測試考生根據(jù)上下文準確理解概念或復雜結(jié)構(gòu)并用漢語正確予以表達的能力。博仁教育提供！ （三）試卷結(jié)構(gòu) 部分節(jié)為考生提供的信息指導語語言測試要點題型題目數(shù)量計分答題卡種類I英語知識運用（10分）1篇文章（240280詞）英語詞匯、語法和結(jié)構(gòu)完形填空多項選

6、擇題（四選一）2010答題卡1（機器閱卷）II閱讀理解（60分）A4篇文章（共約1 600詞）英語理解主旨要義、具體信息、概念性含義，進行有關(guān)的判斷、推理和引申，根據(jù)上下文推測生詞的詞義等多項選擇題（四選一）2040B1篇文章（500600詞）英語對連貫性、一致性等語段特征以及文章結(jié)構(gòu)的理解選擇搭配題510C1篇文章（約400詞）5處畫線部分（約150詞）英語理解概念或結(jié)構(gòu)較復雜的英語文字材料英譯漢510答題卡2（人工閱卷、機器登分）III寫作（30分）A規(guī)定情景或漢語文章英語書面表達歸納、概括、表述應用文（約100詞）或摘要寫作（80100詞）110B主題句、寫作提綱、規(guī)定情景、圖、表等英語

7、書面表達短文寫作（160-200詞）120總計50+2100Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experim

8、ents at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting 大1家 workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended 大2家 giving their name to the "Hawthorne effect", the extremely influential idea that the very 大3家 to

9、being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.The idea arose because of the 大4家 behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to 大5家 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 大6家 what was done in the experimen

10、t; 大7家 something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 大8家 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 大9家 to alter workers' behavior 大10家 itself.After several decades, the same data were 大11家 to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 大12家the descriptio

11、ns on record, no systematic 大13家 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to 大14家 interpretation of what happed. 大15家, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Mon

12、day, output 大16家 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 大17家 to rise for the next couple of days. 大18家, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers 大19家 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, be

13、fore 大20家 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.1.A affectedB achievedC extractedD restored2.A atB upC withD off3.A truthB sightC actD proof4.A controversialB perplexingC mischievousD ambiguous5.A requirementsB explanations

14、C accountsD assessments6.A concludeB matterC indicateD work7.A as far asB for fear thatC in case thatD so long as8.A awarenessB expectationC sentimentD illusion9.A suitableB excessiveC enoughD abundant10.A aboutB forC onD by11.A comparedB shownC subjectedD conveyed12.A contrary toB consistent withC

15、parallel withD peculiar to13.A evidenceB guidanceC implicationD source14.A disputableB enlighteningC reliableD misleading15.A In contrastB For exampleC In consequenceD As usual16.A dulyB accidentallyC unpredictablyD suddenly17.A failedB ceasedC startedD continued20.A breakingB climbingC surpassingD

16、hittingSection IIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-c

17、entury, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city ne

18、wspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulat

19、ion dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.

20、In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to

21、 know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define journalism as a term of contemp

22、t applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetim

23、e, though, he was also one of Englands foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music

24、 is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Carduss criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the

25、 amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21.It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 thatA arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.B English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.C high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.D young rea

26、ders doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22.Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized byA free themes.B casual style.C elaborate layout.D radical viewpoints.23.Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?A It is writers' duty to fulfill

27、 journalistic goals.B It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.C Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.D Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24.What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?A His music criticism may not appeal to readers tod

28、ay.B His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.C His style caters largely to modern specialists.D His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25.What would be the best title for the text?A Newspapers of the Good Old DaysB The Lost Horizon in NewspapersC Mournful Decline of Jour

29、nalismD Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. A received one for its "one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a

30、 technique for lifting a box.Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for

31、 the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known , is "a very big deal", says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entire cla

32、ss of patents."Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an

33、 explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat

34、 them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as the

35、y took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of thre

36、e, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for e

37、xample the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court", says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington Univ

38、ersity Law School.26.Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because ofA their limited value to businessB their connection with asset allocationC the possible restriction on their grantingD the controversy over authorization27.Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?A Its rul

39、ing complies with the court decisionsB It involves a very big business transactionC It has been dismissed by the Federal CircuitD It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28.The word "about-face" (Line 1, Para 3) most probably meansA loss of good willB increase of hostilityC change of

40、attitudeD enhancement of dignity29.We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patentsA are immune to legal challengesB are often unnecessarily issuedC lower the esteem for patent holdersD increase the incidence of risks30.Which of the following would be the subject of the text?A A lo

41、oming threat to business-method patentsB Protection for business-method patent holdersC A legal case regarding business-method patentsD A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the

42、 acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding

43、but largely untested theory called the "two step flow of communication": Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selec

44、ted people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is b

45、efore anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supp

46、osed. In fact, they don't seem to be required of all.The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfreywhose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influenceeven the most in

47、fluential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to oc

48、cur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from

49、the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manip

50、ulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call "global cascades" the widespread propagation of

51、 influence through networks is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exer

52、t global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.31.By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends toA analyze the consequences of social epidemicsB discuss influentials' function in spreading ideasC exemplify people's intuitive response to s

53、ocial epidemicsD describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32.The author suggests that the "two-step-flow theory"A serves as a solution to marketing problemsB has helped explain certain prevalent trendsC has won support from influentialsD requires solid evidence for its validi

54、ty33.What the researchers have observed recently shows thatA the power of influence goes with social interactionsB interpersonal links can be enhanced through the mediaC influentials have more channels to reach the publicD most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34.The underlined phrase "the

55、se people" in paragraph 4 refers to the ones whoA stay outside the network of social influenceB have little contact with the source of influenceC are influenced and then influence othersD are influenced by the initial influential35.what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influen

56、ce?A The eagerness to be acceptedB The impulse to influence othersC The readiness to be influencedD The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters.

57、 Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be wo

58、rking. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Boa