西方思想經(jīng)典閱讀-(弗洛伊德)

1、 Introduction & Background A Profile of Sigmund Freud An Outline of Psychoanalysis Chapter One The Psychical Apparatus Chapter Two The Theory of the Instincts Chapter Six The Technique of Psychoanalysis the late 19th Century & the early 20th Century1914.7La Belle poque 1871 ( Franco-Prussian

2、 War ends )1918.11WWI1929.101933the Great Depression19391945WWII( Freud died )Images of This Age: Europe was “ dancing on a volcano ” Vicissitudes, Gaping Chasms Massacre, WARS, Violence, Decadence of Civilization Unemployment, Poverty, Emotional LossIt was exactly in this era that Sigmund Freud liv

3、ed. Born 6 May 1856Died 23 September 1939 ( aged 83 )Nationality AustrianReligion JudaismFields Neurology, Psychotherapy, PsychoanalysisAlma mater University of Vienna ( MD, 1881 )Known for PsychoanalysisWorks The Interpretation of Dreams, On Narcissism, An Outline of Psychoanalysis (1940) , etc. Fr

4、eud , the founder of modern psychoanalysis, was identified as one of the three Jews (the other two being Karl Marx and Albert Einstein) who have changed the 20th Century . He opened up enormous areas for humanities and social sciences.He created an approach to the understanding of human personality,

5、 and formulated basic therapeutic procedures that are still being applied widely in the present-day treatment of neuroses and psychoses. He was also an early researcher in the field of cerebral palsy.According to dream analysis, which led to Freuds Seduction Theory, he stated that infantile sexualit

6、y is the innate drive of human.Psyche : the Nervous System the Acts of ConsciousnessunknownAn Assumption: “ mental life is the function of an apparatus ” the Structure Model of the Psyche in Psychodynamics“ id ”“ ego ”“ super-ego ”Freuds Previous Topographic Schema The conscious mind: includes every

7、thing that we are aware of. Its our mental processing that we can think and talk about rationally. The preconscious mind: is the part of the mind that represents ordinary memory. While we are not consciously aware of this information at any given time, we can retrieve it and pull it into consciousne

8、ss when needed. The unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our conscious awareness. Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict. “id”“ego”“super-ego” is the oldest instincts

9、 of psychical apparatus; contains everything that is inherited, that is present at birth, that laid down in the constitution. is a special organization which acts as a protective shield against stimuli and an intermediary between the id and the external world; has the task of self-preservation Exter

10、nal: stimuli; Internal: the demands of the instincts; has voluntary movement: Storing up FlightAdaptationActivity is a special agency in which the parental influence (morality , racial and national traditions etc.) is prolonged.The Relation of “id”, “ego”, and “super-ego”The id acts according to the

11、 “ pleasure principle”; the ego the “ reality principle ”; the super-ego the “ conscience principle ”.An action by the ego is (as it should be) if it satisfies simultaneously the demands of the id, of the super-ego and of reality i.e. if it is able to reconcile their demands with one another . The s

12、uper-ego works in contradiction to the id. The super-ego strives to act in a socially appropriate manner, whereas the id just wants instant self-gratification. The super-ego controls our sense of right and wrong and guilt. It helps us fit into society by getting us to act in socially acceptable ways

13、.The forces which exist behind the tensions caused by the needs of the id are called instincts. They represent the somatic demands upon the mind. “ id ” “ the needs of the id ”“ the tensions ”“ the forces ( the instincts ) ”“we call it a chaos, a cauldron full of seething excitations. It is filled w

14、ith energy reaching it from the instincts, but it has no organization, produces no collective will, but only a striving to bring about the satisfaction of the instinctual needs.”Erosthe Destructive Instinct“l(fā)ibido”Premise: It is the egos task to meet the demands of the three forces upon which it is

15、dependentreality, the id, and the super-egoand meanwhile to preserve its own organization and maintain its own autonomy.a relative or absolute weakening of the egowhich prevents it from performing its taskthe ego: to keep down of them. ( great expenditures of energy upon anti-cathexes )the claims made by the super-egothe instinctualclaims of the id the ego may be crippledthe id and the super-ego often make common cause against the hard pressed