普通生態(tài)學(xué)考試題習(xí)題庫有答案to student

1、普通生態(tài)學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)大綱. Please explain the following terms. 名詞解釋（1） Introductionecology（生態(tài)學(xué)）：是有關(guān)生物與環(huán)境（棲息地）相互關(guān)系的科學(xué)。或者，生態(tài)學(xué)是研究生物與環(huán)境相互關(guān)系的科學(xué)。（2） autoecologyniche（生態(tài)位）：生物在環(huán)境中占據(jù)的位置。fundamental niche（基礎(chǔ)生態(tài)位）：在生物群落中能夠為某一物種所棲息的理論最大空間。realized niche（實際生態(tài)位）：物種實際所能占有的生態(tài)位空間。competitive exclusion principle（競爭排斥原理）：生態(tài)位相同的兩個物種不可能

2、共存。habitat（棲息地）：生物生活的地方。fitness（適合度）：是衡量一個個體存活和生殖成功機會的一種尺度。個體存活的機會和生殖成功的可能性越大，適合度越大。environment（環(huán)境）：生命有機體周圍一切的總和，包括空間以及可以直接或間接影響有機體生活、生長與繁殖的各種因素。Liebigs law of minimum（利比希最小因子定律）：在穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)下，當(dāng)某種物質(zhì)的可利用量最接近于該物種所需的臨界最小量時，生物生長就會受到這種最小量因子的限制。Shelfords law of tolerance （謝爾福德的“耐受性定律”）：當(dāng)任何一個生態(tài)因子在數(shù)量上或質(zhì)量上不足或過多，超過某

3、種生物能夠耐受的極限時，均會使該種生物不能生存，甚至滅絕。ecological valence or amplitude（生態(tài)價、生態(tài)幅、耐性限度）：每一種生物對每一種環(huán)境因素都有一個能耐受范圍，即有一個生態(tài)上的最低點和一個生態(tài)上的最高點，在最低點和最高點（或稱為耐受性下限和上限）之間的范圍，這個能耐受的范圍稱為生態(tài)幅。law of limiting factor（限制因子定律）：在眾多環(huán)境因子中，任何接近或超過某種生物的耐受性極限而阻止其生存、生長、繁殖或擴散的因素，這個因子稱為限制因子。Vant Hoffs law（范霍夫定律或Q10定律）：在一定范圍內(nèi)，變溫動物的體溫每增加10，生理過程

4、速率加快2倍，我們把這種關(guān)系稱為范霍恩定律或Q10定律。developmental threshold temperature（發(fā)育起點溫度）：動物的生長發(fā)育是需要一定溫度范圍的，低于某一溫度，動物就停止生長發(fā)育，高于這一溫度，動物才開始生長發(fā)育，這一溫度閾值就叫做發(fā)育起點溫度或生物學(xué)零度。law of effective temperature（有效積溫法則）：外溫動物完成其發(fā)育史需要一定的時間和溫度的組合，或者說它需要的是一定的總積溫（sum of heat）。（3）population ecologyPopulation（種群）：在一定時間內(nèi)占據(jù)同一空間的同種個體所組成的集合。ecolo

5、gical invasion（生態(tài)入侵）：生物在人類有意識或無意識情況下帶入到一個適宜于其生存或繁衍的地區(qū)，致使其種群不斷增加，分布區(qū)穩(wěn)步擴大的過程，稱為生態(tài)入侵。innate capacity of increase (or intrinsic rate of increase)內(nèi)稟增長率：當(dāng)食物量和空間條件不受限制并排除同種個體競爭或敵害時，在特定溫度、濕度和食物質(zhì)地等條件下，種群所達到的瞬時最大增長率。density dependence（密度制約）：種群參數(shù)如出生率、死亡率隨著密度的改變而改變。density independence（非密度制約）：出生率和死亡不隨密度的改變而改變。a

6、ge structure（年齡椎體或年齡金字塔）：不同年齡組在種群中所占的比例或配置情況。reproductive value（生殖價）：指某一特定年齡個體未來產(chǎn)仔數(shù)的期望值?；蛞粋€某年齡雌體平均地能對未來種群增長所作出的貢獻的參數(shù)。Survivorship curve（存活曲線）：將生命表中的lx或nx項對各年齡期x作圖所得到的反映種群不同年齡段存活情況的曲線。ecological natality（生態(tài)出生率）：又稱為實際出生率，在特定的條件下種群的實際出生率。ecological mortality（生態(tài)死亡率）：又稱為實際死亡率，在特定環(huán)境條件下，種群受到食物短缺、捕食及疾病干擾等的情

7、況下的死亡率。maximum natality（最大出生率）：在理想的條件下（即食物、空間等資源不受限制時，排除疾病的干擾）種群的出生率（此時的出生率只受生物的生理特征限制）。minimum mortality（最低死亡率）：在最適環(huán)境下，種群中的個體因年老而死亡的速率。ecological strategy（生態(tài)對策）：生物在進化過程中，對某一些特定的生態(tài)壓力所采取的生活史或行為模式。（4）community ecologypioneer species（先鋒物種）：最先占領(lǐng)新生境的物種或在裸地上最先形成的物種。climax （頂級群落）：群落演替最后階段的群落。此時，物種非常豐富，物種間關(guān)

8、系通常非常緊密。biotic community（生物群落）：在相同時間聚集在一定區(qū)域或生境中的各種生物種群的集合。community succession（群落演替）：在一定的地段上，群落由一個類型轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榱硪活愋偷挠许樞虻难葑冞^程。growth form（生長型）：根據(jù)植物的可見結(jié)構(gòu)及其形態(tài)特征分成的不同類群。life form（生活型）：植物地上部分的高度與其多年生組織（冬季或者夏季休眠并可存活到下一個生長季節(jié)）之間的關(guān)系。ectone（群落交錯區(qū)）：為兩個不同群落交界的區(qū)域。edge effect（邊緣效應(yīng)）：群落交錯區(qū)中生物種類和種群密度增加的現(xiàn)象。species diversity（

9、物種多樣性）：是指組成群落的生物種類的多少，是衡量群落生物組成結(jié)構(gòu)和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性的重要指標(biāo)，是生物多樣性的一個重要層次（遺傳多樣性和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)多樣性）。dominant species（優(yōu)勢種）：群落中起決定和控制作用的物種。functional group (guild)（同資源種團或功能團）：以同一方式利用共同資源的物種集團。（5）ecosystembiomass（生物量）：某一特定觀察時刻，某一空間范圍內(nèi)現(xiàn)有有機體的多少。用B表示，單位：數(shù)量、重量或能量/單位面積。primary production（初級生產(chǎn)）：綠色植物（自養(yǎng)生物）通過光合作用將無機物轉(zhuǎn)變成有機物并把太陽能轉(zhuǎn)變成化學(xué)能

10、的過程（嚴格說來，應(yīng)包括化能合成生物）。biogeochemical cycle（生物地化循環(huán)）：是指各種化學(xué)物質(zhì)在生態(tài)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部不同生物成分之間、生物成分與物理成分之間的交換和循環(huán)以及化學(xué)物質(zhì)在不同生態(tài)系統(tǒng)之間的交換和循環(huán)。ecosystem（生態(tài)系統(tǒng)）：在一定空間中共同棲居著的所有生物（即生物群落）與其環(huán)境之間由于不斷進行的物質(zhì)循環(huán)和能量流轉(zhuǎn)過程而形成的統(tǒng)一整體。biosphere（生物圈）：是地球上凡是出現(xiàn)并感受到生命活動影響的地區(qū)，是地球上最大的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。ecological pyramid（生態(tài)椎體或生態(tài)金字塔）：是指生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中不同營養(yǎng)級的生物量、數(shù)量或能量的組成比例，通常用圖解表示。

11、food chain（食物鏈）：生產(chǎn)者所固定的能量和物質(zhì)，通過一系列取食和被食的關(guān)系在生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中傳遞，各種生物按其食物關(guān)系排列的鏈狀順序稱為食物鏈。 food web（食物網(wǎng)）：群落中的各種食物鏈相互交叉組成復(fù)雜的網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)，稱為食物網(wǎng)。trophic level（營養(yǎng)級）：指生物在食物鏈中所處的位置。. Put the appropriate ecological terms into the Blank in order to make the sentence meaningful. 填空題（1）introduction Human being are confronted with th

12、e five crises such as 人口 , food, 資源 , 能量 , environment.Divided by the organization levels, the ecology includes molecular ecology, autoecology, 種群 ecology, 群落 ecology, 生態(tài)系統(tǒng) ecology, 景觀 ecology, global ecology.Divided by the habitat, ecology includes terrestrial ecology, 淡水 ecology, estuary ecology,

13、海洋 ecology, etc.Divided by the organisms, ecology includes 動物 ecology, 植物 ecology, and microorganism ecology.Classic ecology include autoecology, 種群 , 群落 , and ecosystem ecology.Ecology is the study（研究）of the 相互作用 (interaction) between organisms (生物) and their environment (環(huán)境). The environment is a

14、combination of 非生物 (abiotic) environment and the 生物 （biotic） environment.（2）autoecologyThe ways of tolerance to extremely low temperature are 超冷 and 耐受凍結(jié) .According to Libigs Law of Minimum（利比希最小因子定律）, 磷 (P) is most probably the limiting factor (限制因子) to the growth of algae(藻類) in many fresh waters

15、(淡水).The types of aquatic plants that adapt to water (水分) are 沉水植物 , 漂浮植物, 浮葉植物 , and 挺水植物 .The types of terrestrial plants adapt to water are 旱生植物 , 中生植物 , 濕生植物 .The air temperature at night增加( increase) with the altitude ascent.The ways of osmoregulation (滲透壓調(diào)節(jié)) for fishes include 高滲調(diào)節(jié) , 低滲調(diào)節(jié) , 等滲

16、調(diào)節(jié) ， 變滲調(diào)節(jié) 。The concentration (溶度) of O2 in soil is higher than in air, and which of CO2 in soil is lower (低于) than in air.According to size, the organisms in the soil can be classified into 原生生物 , 小型動物區(qū)系, 中型動物區(qū)系，大型動物區(qū)系 and 巨型動物區(qū)系（如鼴鼠 and 蛇 ）.The factors that have important influences on the soil for

17、mation include 氣候, 母質(zhì), 生物, 時間,地形.The organic matter (有機質(zhì)) in soil is composed of 腐殖質(zhì) and 非腐殖質(zhì).（3）population ecologyThe types of natural selection (自然選擇) include 分裂選擇 , directional selection, 穩(wěn)定選擇 .The self-regulation schools (自動調(diào)節(jié)學(xué)派) include 行為調(diào)節(jié)學(xué)說, 遺傳調(diào)節(jié)學(xué)說, and 內(nèi)分泌調(diào)節(jié)學(xué)說 .According to the shape of age

18、 pyramid (年齡椎體), it can be classified into three types, that is, 增長型 , 穩(wěn)定型 , and 下降型 .The interspecific relationship between lion and deer is 捕食 . The interaction between penicillin （青霉素） and bacterium is 抗生作用 . Walnut quinine (胡桃醌) secreted by walnut (胡桃) can inhibit the growth of its surrounding p

19、lants, so the relationship between walnut and its surrounding plants belongs to 他感作用或異種抑制作用.The spatial distribution patterns of a population (種群的空間分布格局) include even distribution (均勻分布), 聚集（或成群） distribution, and 隨機 distribution.Organisms with K -strategist usually show low mortality (死亡率) in the e

20、arly life stage and live in a stable environment.According to the competitive exclusion principle（競爭排斥原理）, if two species compete in a stable environment, there are two possible outcomes（結(jié)果）: (1) one species is excluded or (2) niches of both species 出現(xiàn)分化 (are differentiated)（4）community ecologyThe t

21、hree model to explain the succession mechanism include 促進模型 , 抑制模型 , 忍耐模型 .Plants in a community can be classified not only by its taxonomy (分類學(xué)), but also by the growth form (生長型) , i. e., the height of the plants, woody(木本) or nonwoody(非木本), leave shapes etc, thus we can classify the plants as 喬木

22、（Tree）, 藤本植物 (Lianas), 灌木 (Shrubs), 附生植物(epiphytes)，草本植物 (grass) , and Thallophytes (菌藻植物).The species that determines the structure and function of the community is 優(yōu)勢種 (dominant species).According to the area where whether a community have existed or not, the succession can be classified into原生演替

23、(primary succession) and次生演替 (secondary succession).According to the whether the factors that incur succession are endogenous or exogenous, the succession can be classified into 內(nèi)因性演替 (endogenous succession) and 外因性演替 (exogenous succession).（5）ecosystem ecologyThe function of ecosystem include 物質(zhì)循環(huán)

24、, 能量流動 , 信息交換 .Three fundamental types of biogeochemical cycles are 氣體型循環(huán) , 沉積型循環(huán) , 水循環(huán) .The two main types of food chains are 捕食食物鏈 and 碎屑食物鏈 . 生產(chǎn)者 , 分解者 , and 消費者 are the three functional groups that consist of ecosystem.The largest ecosystem on Earth is the 生物圈 .Producers(生產(chǎn)者) are autotrophs (自養(yǎng)生

25、物), including 光能自養(yǎng)生物（photoautotroph） and化能自養(yǎng)生物(chemoautotrophs).Decomposers(分解者) are those organisms which feed on nonliving material and can break down （分解）the organic matters （有機物質(zhì)） into inorganic nutrients（無機營養(yǎng)物） for the producers. The most important decomposers might be 細菌(bacteria), and 真菌(fung

26、i). The figure below is a simplified sketch map (示意圖) of food web (食物網(wǎng)) in grassland ecosystem, please give the answers for the six questions below according to this sketch map.（1）The number of food chain (食物鏈) in this food web is 4 .（2）The number of trophic level (營養(yǎng)級) of hawk is 2 .（3）The interspe

27、cific relationship between hawk and fox is 競爭 .（4）The life form (生物) with the highest energy among the components of this ecosystem is 草 . The energy were ultimately transferred to hawk through two food chains, the efficient food chain is   草-鼠-鷹 .（5）If we use DDT to control the pest insec

28、t (害蟲) that do harm to grasses, then we can infer that the life form with the highest concentration (濃度) of DDT is 鷹 .（6）If the hawk, snake, and fox are largely hunted in the short term, the life form will be seriously negatively influenced is 草 . True or false (one points each, 12 points totally).

29、是非題，每小題1分，共12分（對: false, F；錯：true,T）. Why is it right or wrong? 請思考為什么對，為什么錯？（1）introduction( F ) 32. Population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology, and landscape ecology all belong to research content of the classic ecology (經(jīng)典生態(tài)學(xué)).( F ) 35. Molecular ecology belongs to the research doma

30、in of classic ecology.( T ) 36. Modern ecology (現(xiàn)代生態(tài)學(xué)) include molecular ecology, global ecology, and classic ecology.（2）autoecology( T ) 4. Solar radiation is a condition for an insect, but a resource for a plant. ( F ) 4. Water is a resource for cotton at any time. ( F ) 17. For any organism, the

31、value of increase in heartbeat frequency (心跳次數(shù)) by a 10 rise in temperature is two to three. ( F ) 22. If the ecological niche of two species are the same, it is sure that one species of the two species destined (注定) to go to extinction (滅絕). ( F ) 21. Organisms in the Tropical Zone（熱帶）are able to t

32、olerate(耐受) much higher temperature than those in Temperate Zone（溫帶）and Frigid Zone（寒帶）, so organisms in Tropical Zone are eurytherms (廣溫生物) while organisms in Temperate Zone are stenotherms (狹溫生物). （3）population ecology( T ) Most animals belong to unitary organism (單體生物).( T ) Most plants belong to

33、 modular organism (構(gòu)件生物).( F ) One species maybe obtains some benefits from the other when they compete with each other for resources.( T ) In the broad sense (廣義上說), parasitism is one kind of predation.( F ) Time-specific life table (特定時間生命表) is drawn up using the data on mortality (死亡) over time o

34、btained through observing a cohort (同生群).( T ) Age-specific life table (特定年齡生命表) is drawn up using the data on mortality (死亡) over time obtained through observing a cohort (同生群).( T ) Self regulation school (自動調(diào)節(jié)學(xué)派) belongs to endogenous regulation theory (內(nèi)源性調(diào)節(jié)理論).( F ) According to Hardy-Winbergs

35、law (哈文定律), the gene and genotype frequency (基因頻率和基因型頻率) in each generation will retain constant in a small population.( T ) Ecological factors (生態(tài)因子) can be divided into density-dependent (密度制約) and density-independent (非密度制約) factors, temperature are density-independent factors, while food is dens

36、ity-dependent.( T ) Parasites and their host are in co-evolution (協(xié)同進化) .( T ) Realized (ecological) natality is not only determined by physiological conditions but also by actual ecological conditions.( F ) The result of static life table (靜態(tài)生命表) are more reliable (可靠的) than that of dynamic table l

37、ife (動態(tài)生命表).( T ) There are more species of monotrophic (單食性) animals in stable conditions than that of polytrophic (多食性) ones in capricious (變化無常的) conditions.( T ) Antibiosis (抗生作用) belongs to amensalism (偏害作用).( F ) The inter-specific relationship between black carp (鳙魚) and silver carp (鰱魚) is m

38、utualism.( F ) The relationship between termite (白蟻) and flagellate (鞭毛蟲) in its intestine (腸道) is commensalism (偏利作用).( T ) That 1000 individuals of silver carps (鰱魚) have fished per unit fishing effort (單位捕撈努力) stands for relative density (相對密度).（4）community ecology( F ) Species diversity (物種多樣性)

39、in Tropical Zone (熱帶地區(qū)) is lower than in Temperate Zone (溫帶地區(qū)).( T ) The succession direction of facilitation model (促進模型) is predictable.( F ) Polyclimax hypothesis (多頂級學(xué)說) argue that the climax of a community is determined only by the climate.( F ) The ecologists of the organismic school (機體論學(xué)派) a

40、rgue that there are not obvious borderline between two communities.( T ) One of the succession viewpoint (演替觀) of individualistic school (個體論學(xué)派) is that it is difficult to predict the succession direction of a community.( T ) We can classified trees (喬木) into broad-leaved and needle-leaved in term o

41、f growth form.( F ) There are two communities A and B, and each of them has 100 individuals. Community A has two species each with 50 individuals. Community B has ten species, but the each of which has 10 individuals, respectively (分別地). So we can conclude that the species biodiversity of community

42、A is higher than that of community B.( T ) After a forest is logged by the way of clear cutting (皆伐) , there will occur secondary succession (次生演替). ( T ) It will not incur (招致, 引起) any negative effects on a community to remove all the redundant species (冗余種) from this community.( F ) Plants can be

43、classified into trees, lianas (藤本植物), shrubs, epiphytes (附生植物), herbs, thallophytes (菌藻植物) in terms of life growth.（5）ecosystem ecology( F ) The biomass of the lower of trophic level (營養(yǎng)級) must be higher than that of the higher trophic level.( T ) We can boldly declare (大膽地說) that the energy decreas

44、es with increase of trophic level. ( F ) Sulfur cycle (硫循環(huán)) belongs to sedimentary cycle (沉積型循環(huán)) and doesnt belong to gaseous cycle (氣體型循環(huán)).( F ) The more the production of rice is, the more is the biomass of it.( T ) There are 158 000 kg of bighead carp (鳙魚) in a lake with area of 100 km2 in a give

45、n time (某一時刻), so the biomass of the bighead carp can be calculated.( F ) The number of trophic level of the ecosystem is often less than seven to eight. To make the right choice 選擇題（1）introductionThe ecologist who firstly gave definition for ecology is ( A ). A. Hackel B. Clements C. Tansley D. Lac

46、k( ABC ) belong(s) to the research domain of classic ecology.A. population ecology B. community ecology C. ecosystem ecology D. landscape ecology（2）autoecology The auricle (外耳) of arctic fox (北極狐) is markedly shorter than that of red fox (赤狐) in temperate zone, and the auricle of red fox is obviousl

47、y shorter than that of large-ear fox (大耳狐). We can use ( B ) to explain this phenomenon.A. Bergmanns rule B. Allens rule C. Shelford law of tolerance D. Jordan ruleWhale, dolphin, sea lion, sea elephant, and sea dog all belong to mammal, and shark belongs to fish, but they all have the fin-like stru

48、cture to adapt themselves to water environment. We can term this phenomenon ( A ).A. convergence adaptation (趨同適應(yīng)) B. competition C. mutualism D. divergence adaptation (趨異適應(yīng))When there are short of calcium (鈣) in the environment, strontium (鍶) can substitutes for calcium (Ca.) in the growth and deve

49、lopment of mollusk. We can term this effect as ( B ).A. Combined effect (綜合作用) B. complementary effect (互補作用) C. Non-substitutable (不可替代作用) D. Definitiveness (限定性作用或階段性作用)The proportion of quantity of nitrogen (氮), potassium (鉀), phosphorus (磷) that a crop needs to grow and develop normally (正常生長發(fā)育)

50、 is 5 : 7: 10, and which of them is 2: 4: 5 in the soil where this crop inhabits (棲息, 存在于). According to the background (背景) above, we can infer (推斷) that ( A ) is the limiting factor (限制因子) for this crop in the soil.A. nitrogen B. potassium C. phosphorus D. nitrogen and potassiumFor the fish in a t

51、ank (水族箱), ( B ) most probably becomes the limiting factor.A. water B. oxygen (氧) C. nitrogen (氮) D. phosphorus (磷)The position of light compensation point (光補償點) for sun species (陽地或陽性物種) is ( A ) that for shade species (陰性或陰地物種).A. higher than B. lower than C. the same as D. higher than or lower t

52、han or the same as（3）population ecologyThe basic unit of species existence in nature is ( B ).A. individual B. population C. species D. communityThe main characteristics of K-selector include(s)（ BD ）.A. small body B. large body C. high reproduction rate D. low reproduction rateThe spatial distribut

53、ion pattern of population includes ( ABC ).A. even (uniform or regular) distribution (均勻分布) B. random distribution (隨機分布) C. clumped (clustered) distribution (聚集或成群分布) D. vertical distribution (垂直分布)( ABC ) dont belong to positive interaction among the four inter-specific relationships followed.A. c

54、ompetition B. amensalism (偏害作用) C. predation D. mutualism (互利共生)The dynamics of population of the algae (藻類) that resulted in red tide (赤潮) belongs to ( C ). A. irregular fluctuation (不規(guī)則波動) B. regular fluctuation (周期性波動) C. population outbreak (種群暴發(fā)) D. ecological invasion (生態(tài)入侵)A secondary metabol

55、ized material (次生代謝產(chǎn)物) is released into environment by a plant, which can inhibited the other plants from growth, we often term this phenomenon as ( A ). A. allelopathy (他感作用) B. Antibiosis (抗生作用) C. competition D. territoriality (領(lǐng)域性)In Logistic growth equation (邏輯斯蒂增長方程) dN/dt=rN(1-N/K), ( C ) den

56、otes the residual space (剩余空間)。A. 1/K B. N/K C. 1-N/K D. N(1-N/K)When Tribolium castaneum (雜擬谷盜) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (鋸谷盜) are cultured together, they compete for food and eat each others eggs. The interactions between the two animals belong(s) to ( AB ). A. exploitation competition (資源利用性競爭) B. interference competition (資源干擾性競爭) C. Predation (捕食作用) D. amensalism (偏害作用)( A ) belong(s) to modular organism.A. bracken fern（歐洲蕨） B. insect C. fish D. sheep( A ) belong(s) to unitary organism.A. insect B. bracken fern（歐洲蕨） C. hydroids (水螅) D. sponges (海綿)Th