七非謂語動(dòng)詞

1、第七章 非謂語動(dòng)詞一分類：不定式（to do），動(dòng)名詞(doing)，現(xiàn)在分詞(doing)，過去分詞(done)二特征1.非謂語動(dòng)詞并非不可以做謂語動(dòng)詞，只是不可以單獨(dú)做謂語動(dòng)詞，當(dāng)做謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)須在前面加上相應(yīng)的助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。I have told him the truth. I am listening to the radio.2.非謂語動(dòng)詞在不做謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)詞性均發(fā)生了變化(名詞，形容詞，副詞)，但是卻保留了動(dòng)詞的特征，可以帶有自己的賓語，表語，補(bǔ)語或狀語，還有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。不定式（名詞，形容詞，副詞）一 句法功能：主語，賓語，表語，定語狀語，賓語，補(bǔ)足語1. 主語：To th

2、ink of you makes me old.2. 表語：Her dream is to become a pop star.3.賓語：I wish to see you again. 只能接不定式做賓語的動(dòng)詞：agree(同意),fail(失敗), promise（許諾）, plan（計(jì)劃）, pretend（假裝）, prepare（準(zhǔn)備）, offer（提供）, offord（付得起）, wish（希望）, hope（希望）, expect（期望）, decide（決定）, manage（設(shè)法）4.定語：I have a lot of work to do.注意：不定式做定語須放在被修

3、飾詞之后，和它修飾的名詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞須在后面加上相應(yīng)的介詞。There is nothing for us to think about.5.賓語補(bǔ)足語結(jié)構(gòu)：VT+ somebody to do-Nobody foces you to do anything.注意：在動(dòng)詞 make, have, let, see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at之后要接不帶to 的不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語，但變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)的時(shí)候要還原to。I noticed a tall man enter her house last night.A tall

4、man was noticed to enter her house last night.6.狀語1） 目的狀語We all rushed over to help the man whose car broke down.此時(shí)如果想強(qiáng)調(diào)目的狀語可以在不定式的前面加上 so as或in order I got up very early this morning so as to catch the first bus.In order to do 可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后，但 so as to do 只能位于主句之后。2）結(jié)果狀語*What have I said to make

5、you unhappy?so+adj/adv-as to-such+n.-as to- (太-以至于-)too-to-enough (for sb)to-only to -(出乎意料之外的結(jié)果)I am not so foolish as to believe him.I am not such a fool as to believe him.I went to see him only to find him out.3）原因狀語不定式做原因狀語時(shí)一般只放在表示情緒的形容詞之后，表示產(chǎn)生這種情緒的原因。Glad to meet you!I am sorry to hear that.7.在

6、一些特殊句型中常用不定式，也可以用that 句be likely to do, be said to do, be reported to do, seem to do, happen to doShe is likely to be in the office.It is likely that she is in the office.8.特殊疑問詞與不定式連用（what, which, who, when, where, how）He doesnt know how to get the loan.二不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)一般式to doto be done進(jìn)行式to be

7、doing完成式to have doneto have been done完成進(jìn)行式to have been doing1. 一般式：不定式的動(dòng)作晚于謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作，或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生We all rushed over to help the man.2. 進(jìn)行式：當(dāng)謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)不定式動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生He is said to be living with his uncle.3. 完成式：不定式動(dòng)作早于謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作This novel is said to have been translated into six languages.4. 完成進(jìn)行式：不定式動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，

8、一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在, 強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在此時(shí)間的連續(xù)性（未間斷過）He is said to have been living here for 20 years.三. 邏輯主語獨(dú)立主格非謂語動(dòng)詞在使用時(shí)其主被動(dòng)形式的參考對(duì)象叫做邏輯主語This book is too difficult to be understood.不定式用被動(dòng)形式，因?yàn)閰⒖嫉膶?duì)象是This book，因此This book就是不定式的邏輯主語，但不是獨(dú)立主格，因?yàn)門his book是句子中的一部分主語。當(dāng)非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語脫離句子時(shí)（邏輯主語不在句子中做任何成分），這樣的邏輯主語就叫做獨(dú)立主格。This book is too

9、 difficult for me to understand. 不定式用的主動(dòng)形式，因?yàn)閰⒖嫉膶?duì)象是me. me 不在句子里充當(dāng)任何成分，因此是不定式的獨(dú)立主格。不定式的獨(dú)立主格有兩種情況：for sb to do-/ of sb to do-. Of sb to do 只用于一個(gè)句型中：It is +品質(zhì)的形容詞+of sb to do -It is so kind of you to help me!其他情況用for sb to do動(dòng)名詞（名詞）一 句法功能 （主語，賓語，表語，定語）1. 主語Respecting others means being respected.在以下句型中

10、要用動(dòng)名詞1） It is no use / useless / no good/ a good pleasure doing sthIt is no use argueing with her.2) There is no doing sth = It is impossible to do sthThere is no saying what may happen.2. 表語My job is teaching English. He is teaching English.3. 定語 （表示被修飾名詞的用途）swimming pool （動(dòng)名詞） swimming fish （分詞）fl

11、ying suit （動(dòng)名詞） flying bird （分詞）4. 賓語1） 以下及物動(dòng)詞后只能接動(dòng)名詞做賓語: suggest(建議), advise（建議）, avoid（避免）, deny（否認(rèn)）, mind（介意）, consider（考慮）, enjoy（喜歡）, imagine（想象）, delay（推遲）, appreciate（感激，欣賞）,stand（忍受）,keep（一直做）, admit（允許）, practise（練習(xí)）,finish （完成）Mary suggests having a picnic in the park.2） 介詞后 (短語)We should

12、prevent him from going there along.二 獨(dú)立主格1.當(dāng)邏輯主語是有生命的名詞或代詞時(shí)要用屬格，當(dāng)是無生命的名詞或代詞時(shí)用主格2.當(dāng)邏輯主語是以S結(jié)尾的名詞或一個(gè)以上名詞時(shí)用主格3.當(dāng)邏輯主語是數(shù)詞，指示代詞或不定代詞時(shí)用主格I am waiting for Toms coming.(有生命的名詞)I am waiting for the students coming.（以S結(jié)尾的名詞）He and the beauty getting married makes me crazy. （一個(gè)以上名詞）三時(shí)態(tài)主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般式doingbeing done完成式ha

13、ving donehaving been done1.一般式：表示動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作晚于謂語動(dòng)詞，或與謂語動(dòng)詞幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生We should do something to protect her from being hurt.I am thinking of getting a new dictionary.2.完成式：表示動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作早于謂語動(dòng)詞He is proud of having won the first prize.分詞（形容詞，副詞）現(xiàn)在分詞：doing (主動(dòng)，進(jìn)行)過去分詞：done （被動(dòng)，完成）一 句法功能（表語，定語，狀語，賓語補(bǔ)足語）1. 定語：單獨(dú)的分詞作前置定語，分詞

14、短語作后置定語a flying bird a bird flying in the skywritten English the novel written by Luxun現(xiàn)在分詞 修飾物 表示某物令人感到-interesting, disappointing, satisfying, puzzlinga disappointing news過去分詞修飾物表示感到-interested, disappointed, satisfied, puzzleda disappointed boy2. 表語現(xiàn)在分詞 修飾物 表示某物令人感到-interesting, disappointing, sa

15、tisfying, puzzlingI am very interested in the story.This story is very interesting.2. 賓語補(bǔ)足語Hes going to have his hair cut.Can you hear somebody singing in the next room?3. 狀語 （分詞的的選用要看與句子的主語的關(guān)系）1)原因狀語Being ill, she didnt go to school today.Inspired by his example, we worked even harder.2)時(shí)間狀語Seen fr

16、om the hill, this park looks more beautiful.Hearing the news, he jumped up with joy.Setting on a deck chair, he began to think of the reasons for taking the voyage.3)條件狀語Given more time, we can do it much better.Working hard, you will succeed.4)伴隨狀語Laughing and talking, they entered the room.He went

17、 into his room, exhausted.When it was dark these animals began to prowl about, looking for something to eat for their mates and their own young.5）讓步狀語Wounded, the brave soldiers continued to fight.Admitting what she has said, I still think that she hasnt tried her best.6）結(jié)果狀語(不可以放在句子的前面)He died all

18、of a sudden, leaving her wife two children to care.Mrs. Joe has been out a dozen times, looking for you. And shes out now, making it a bakers dozen.二 現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài) 主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done1. 一般式：表示現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作晚于謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā) 生 Hearing the news, she jumped up with joy.2. 完成式：表

19、示分詞的動(dòng)作早于謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作Not having received his letter, she wrote to him again.三 分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) （主格）Whether permiting, we will go fishing tomorrow.不定式與動(dòng)名詞的區(qū)別1. 不定式與動(dòng)名詞都可以做主語表語以及l(fā)ike和love 的賓語。他們的區(qū)別在于：動(dòng)名詞一般表示的是抽象的泛指，而不定式則表示具體的特指。His work is to clean the hall. (特指，暫時(shí)的任務(wù))His work is cleaning the hall. (泛指，他就是做衛(wèi)生的)2.

20、作賓語時(shí)的區(qū)別A：有些動(dòng)詞只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語，有些動(dòng)詞只能接不定式做賓語。B：以下句型中的to都是介詞，后面要加動(dòng)名詞或名詞作賓語。be used to , be opposed to, object to, look forward to, get down toHe is used to getting up early.C: 在動(dòng)詞 start, begin, continue, cease, intend后既可以接動(dòng)名詞也可以接不定式，詞意無太大區(qū)別。如果表示有意識(shí)的“開始或停止做某事”，多用動(dòng)名詞，不定式則表示情況突然發(fā)生了變化。The old man ceased driving.

21、 (有意識(shí)地不開車了)The old man ceased to breathing. (情況發(fā)生了變化)D：在remember, forget, go on, stop, cant help 之后接動(dòng)名詞和不定式區(qū)別很大。remember to do (記得要做-) forget to do (忘記要做-) doing (記得做過-) doing (忘記做過-)go on to do (繼續(xù)做另一件事) stop to do (停止一件事去做另一件事) doing (繼續(xù)做同一件事) doing (停下-)cant help to do (不能幫助做-) doing (不禁-，忍不住-)He

22、 cant help laughing. 他忍不住大笑起來I cant help to steal the bike. 我不能幫著偷車。E：英語的里的絕大多數(shù)介詞都可以接動(dòng)名詞做賓語，但是只有but和except后面可以接不定式做賓語。I have no choice but/except to wait/ wait/ waiting. 不定式與分詞的區(qū)別1. 做補(bǔ)語時(shí)的區(qū)別不定式做補(bǔ)語時(shí)與賓語是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，用在感官動(dòng)詞后表示動(dòng)作的全過程，用在使役動(dòng)詞之后表示一次性的動(dòng)作。I noticed a tall man enter his house last night. (感官動(dòng)詞后表示看見了進(jìn)入房間的全過程。) I begged him to give it to me. (使役動(dòng)詞后表示一次性的動(dòng)作)現(xiàn)在分詞作補(bǔ)語時(shí)表示主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行，用在感官動(dòng)詞后表示動(dòng)作的一部分，用在使役動(dòng)詞之后表示動(dòng)作的反復(fù)發(fā)生或持續(xù)