工程地質(zhì)及水文地質(zhì)考試題庫

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16、nues to strengtheni ng fourgood leadershipconstruction,fullplaylevelscadre s in e nterprisedevel opme nt inthe工程地質(zhì)及水文地質(zhì)考試庫復習 1 及其參考答案一、名詞釋義1、 工程地質(zhì)條件：與工程建筑有關的地質(zhì)因素總和。包括地形地貌、巖土類型、水文地質(zhì)條件、地質(zhì)構造、動力地質(zhì)現(xiàn)象、天然建材等。2、 活動斷層：指現(xiàn)在正在活動近期有過活動、不久的將來還可能活動的斷層。3、 巖體結(jié)構：結(jié)構面與結(jié)構體的統(tǒng)稱。4、 液化指數(shù)：反應液化程度的一個指標。是根據(jù)標準貫入試驗指標統(tǒng)計求得的。（也可以把計算

17、公式寫出）5、 軟化系數(shù)：巖石飽和單軸抗壓強度與干燥狀態(tài)下強度的比值。6、 地質(zhì)工程：涉及到工程建設工程中各種地質(zhì)問題以及地質(zhì)災害防治等。7、 卓越周期：巖土體對地震波有選擇和放大的作用，對于一些地震波在頻譜曲線上記錄的特別多而且好，這個周期就是卓越周期。8、管涌：指在滲流水作用下，土體細顆粒物質(zhì)在粗顆粒形成的空隙中流動或被帶走的現(xiàn)象。9、固結(jié)灌漿：為了改善巖體的性能，提高其強度和完整性，在基巖孔內(nèi)，采用一定壓力將灌注漿液填充到裂隙中去。10、圍巖壓力：工程上常把地下洞室圍巖的變形與破壞產(chǎn)生的、作用于支護之上的壓力成為圍巖壓力，或稱作山巖壓力、地層壓力等。二、簡答題1、巖體完整性含義是什么？給

18、出5 種以上反映巖體完整程度的定量指標？答： （ 1）巖體完整性指巖體結(jié)構面不發(fā)育，結(jié)構體巨大，整體性好而且完整。（ 2）巖體完整性系數(shù)、裂隙率、質(zhì)量指標、體積裂隙數(shù)、裂隙間距等。2、風化殼的結(jié)構特征是什么？給出5 種以上反映巖體風化程度定量指標？答：風化殼通常劃分為：風化殘積土、全風化帶、強風化帶、弱風化帶、微風化帶。（ 2 分）下列一些指標能反映風化程度，波速試驗指標、點荷載試驗指標、抗壓強度指標、變形指標、物理性質(zhì)及鉆探技術指標。3、軟土的工程地質(zhì)特征是什么？答：（1）高含水量和高孔隙比；（2）低滲透性；（3）高壓縮性；（4）抗剪強度低；（5）觸變性。4、簡述巖爆發(fā)生的機理？答：（1）高

19、地應力（2）脆性巖石（3）進行地下開挖5、簡述砂土液化機制？如何用標貫試驗判別砂土液化？答： （ 1）震動荷載作用（2）飽和狀態(tài)砂土（3）附加孔隙水壓力積累（4）當砂土抗剪強度少于等于剪應力時就產(chǎn)生液化6、軟弱巖石的含義以及基本特征是什么？答： （ 1）含義是指軟弱巖石包括三類：軟質(zhì)巖石、風化巖石、構造巖石。（2）強度低、水理性質(zhì)差、流變效應明顯、長期強度低。7、震級與烈度有什么區(qū)別？答： （ 1）震級是衡量一次地震釋放能量大小的量度，一次地震對應一個震級。（2）烈度是反映地震對地面以及建筑物的破壞程度，一次地震對應許多烈度區(qū)。8、巖溶發(fā)育基本條件是什么？巖溶區(qū)工程建設遇到主要工程地質(zhì)問題有哪

20、些？Wewillconti nuet o improvet he compa nys inter nalcontrol system,and steady im provement i nabilityto manageand control, optimize busine ss proce sses,to e nsure smoot h pr ocesses,responsibi lities in pla ce;tof urtherstre ngthe n inter nal control s, playa controlposti nde pendent oversight r ol

21、eof evaluationcomplying witht hird-partyresponsi bility;toa ctivelymake useof internala udittools detect potential management, streamline, standardize re latedtransacti ons, strengtheni ngoperations in a ccorda nce with law.Deepe ningt he informati onma nagement to e nsure full communicati on zero r

22、e sistance.oconstantly perfect ERP and BFS+, and PI,a nd MIS,a nd SCM,informati on system base d constr uction,fulli ntegration information system,achieved information resources shared;t oexpa ndPortalsystem a pplication of brea dth a nd depth, playi nformationsy stem onenterprise of Assistantrole ;

23、to perfectda ilyrunmaintena nce operation ofrecords,promote problem reasons analysi sand system handover; t ostrengt heni ng BFS+,and ERP , and S CM,te chnology application oftraini ng, impr oveempl oyees a pplication information systemofcapa cityand level.Humanisti ccare t o ensure zer o.Tostrength

24、e ningHumanitie scare, continues to foster companywi nd clear, a nd ga sare,and heartShun of culture atmosphere; strengthe ningl ovehelpe dtrapped, care difficultemployees; carried outstyle activities,ri chemployee s life; strengthe ning health a nd la bour pr otection, organization car eerhealt h m

25、edi cal,contr ol careeragai nst; continuesto im plementationpsy chologi calwar ning pr evention system, traini ngempl oyees health of chara cter,a nd stable ofmood andenter prising ofattitude, createdfrie ndlyfraternity ofHumanitiesenvironment.T o strengthen riskma nagement, ensurethatthebusiness of

26、zero risk.To strengt hene d busi ness plans manageme nt,will business busi ness planscover to all level ,ensure thebusiness can controlin control;t o close concer nfinancial,a nd coale lectri c linkage,a nd energy-savingscheduling,national policytrends,stre ngtheningtrack,a ctiveshould; to implement

27、ation State -ow ned assetsmet hod,further specificati on busi nessfinancialmanag ement; to perfectrisk t ube controlsystem,a chi eved riskre cognition,and measure,and assessment,andreport, and controlfeedba ckofcl osed ring manageme nt, improve risk preventi on capa city.Tofurtherstandar dizetradi n

28、g,and strivetoachieveaccor ding to la w,standar dizeand fair. Innovation ofperformancemanagement,toensure that potentialemployeeszer ofly.To strengt hen performance management,process control,e nhanceemploy eeevaluati on a nd level s ofeffective communicationtoimpr ove performa ncema nagement. Tofur

29、ther qua ntifyand refineemployee standards .Work,full playparty,and bra nch, andmembers in fivetype Enterpriseconstructi on i n the ofcore role ,and f ighti ngfortressrol eand pioneermodel rol e;toconti nues to strengtheni ng fourgood leadershipconstruction,fullplaylevelscadre s in e nterprisedevel

30、opme nt inthe答： （ 1）可溶性巖石、具有融蝕性水、良好水循環(huán)條件。（ 2）滲漏問題、巖溶地基穩(wěn)定問題等。9、野外如何識別滑坡？答：根據(jù)地形地貌和滑坡的形態(tài)特征識別。（ 1）滑坡后緣形狀；（ 2）滑坡前緣形態(tài)；（ 3）雙溝同源；（ 4）階地變位；（ 5）馬刀樹等。10、水庫地震的特征是什么？其成因?qū)W說有哪些？答： （ 1）特征：真中多分布在庫區(qū)邊緣以及庫底；震級低；震型多為前震余震型；與蓄水相關；等。（2）成因：地質(zhì)構造成因?qū)W說、水庫荷載成因說、巖溶塌陷成因說。三、分析題1、分析結(jié)構面研究的主要內(nèi)容以及研究工程意義？答： （ 1）結(jié)構面研究的主要內(nèi)容：a 結(jié)構面的類型，b 結(jié)構面

31、的規(guī)模以及分級，c 結(jié)構面的空間分布以及自然特性，d 結(jié)構面的強度等（ 2）結(jié)構面研究的工程意義：a結(jié)構面的存在破壞了巖體的完整性和強度。b 裂隙巖體的強度主要取決結(jié)構面的強度。c結(jié)構面的強度選擇對與工程技術安全以及經(jīng)濟合理有重要意義?；?d 結(jié)構面對于邊坡、地下洞室、壩基抗滑穩(wěn)定有著重大影響。2、分析巖爆產(chǎn)生的原因和發(fā)生的部位。答： （ 1）原因：在地應力比較高的地區(qū)，或埋深很大的隧洞周圍巖體內(nèi)，貯存著大量的應變能，當這些潛在的能量具備突然釋放的條件時，就產(chǎn)生一種沖擊壓力。在隧洞施工工程中一旦受到這種沖擊壓力的作用，就可能發(fā)生巖塊橫飛和圍巖塌落的現(xiàn)象。一般稱之為巖爆或沖擊地壓。（ 2）部位：

32、a 由初始應力和洞室斷面形狀所決定的重分布應力最集中區(qū)；b 在圍巖靠近表面部分有高變異應力及殘余應力分布區(qū)；c 在斷層受風化破碎的巖脈（墻）附近形成的局部應力增高區(qū)。四、綜合論述地下洞室工程中圍巖壓力的形成機制和確定方法。答： （ 1）圍巖壓力的形成機制：a 邊坡變形破壞形式b分析影響邊坡穩(wěn)定因素c 對邊坡穩(wěn)定性進行定性和定量評價d為設計經(jīng)濟合理邊坡以及整治邊坡提供依據(jù)f 邊坡的檢測以及變形破壞預報工作。（ 2）邊坡穩(wěn)定性評價方法：a 地質(zhì)分析方法b 極限平衡法計算Wewillconti nuet o improvet he compa nys inter nalcontrol system,

33、and steady im provement i nabilityto manageand control, optimize busine ss proce sses,to e nsure smoot h pr ocesses,responsibi lities in pla ce;tof urtherstre ngthe n inter nal control s, playa controlposti nde pendent oversight r oleof evaluationcomplying witht hird-partyresponsi bility;toa ctively

34、make useof internala udittools detect potential management, streamline, standardize re latedtransacti ons, strengtheni ngoperations in a ccorda nce with law.Deepe ningt he informati onma nagement to e nsure full communicati on zero re sistance.oconstantly perfect ERP and BFS+, and PI,a nd MIS,a nd S

35、CM,informati on system base d constr uction,fulli ntegration information system,achieved information resources shared;t oexpa ndPortalsystem a pplication of brea dth a nd depth, playi nformationsy stem onenterprise of Assistantrole ;to perfectda ilyrunmaintena nce operation ofrecords,promote problem

36、 reasons analysi sand system handover; t ostrengt heni ng BFS+,and ERP , and S CM,te chnology application oftraini ng, impr oveempl oyees a pplication information systemofcapa cityand level.Humanisti ccare t o ensure zer o.Tostrengthe ningHumanitie scare, continues to foster companywi nd clear, a nd

37、 ga sare,and heartShun of culture atmosphere; strengthe ningl ovehelpe dtrapped, care difficultemployees; carried outstyle activities,ri chemployee s life; strengthe ning health a nd la bour pr otection, organizat ioncar eerhealt h medi cal,contr ol careeragai nst; continuesto im plementationpsy cho

38、logi calwar ning pr evention system, traini ngem ployees health of chara cter,a nd stable ofmood andenter prising ofattitude, createdfrie ndlyfraternity ofHumanitiesenvironment.T o strengthen riskma nagement, ensurethatthebusiness ofzero risk.To strengt hene d busi ness plans manageme nt,will busine

39、ssbusi ness planscover to all level ,ensure thebusiness can controlin control;t o close concer nfinancial,a nd coale lectri c linkage,a nd energy-savingscheduling,national policytrends,stre ngtheningtrack,a ctiveshould; to implementation State -ow ned assetsmet hod,further specificati on busi nessfi

40、nancialmanag ement; to perfectrisk t ube controlsystem,a chi eved riskre cognition,and measure,and assessme I- . L .1 .1 - . I . - - LII- - . |_| _ _d L _. I _- -. L . I. _ . . _ L_ - _ I I. - - . I一 -I _一 .一 _ 一一 一 一一 一 .一 一一 一一. - 一一- 一 I. 一 .一. 一.一 .|._ . _ - IL ,.一一-一. I. 一.I一 . I. _ 一.一-一 I L.

41、. .IL. I.I . ,I一 .11.11.c 圖解方法d 有限單元法e 工程類比復習 2 及其參考答案、區(qū)別各組概念1、 工程地質(zhì)條件與工程地質(zhì)問題答： （ 1）工程地質(zhì)條件是指與工程建筑有關的各種地質(zhì)因素之綜合.（2） 工程地質(zhì)問題是指存在于工程建筑與工程地質(zhì)條件之間的矛盾.2、 液化指數(shù)與液性指數(shù)答： （ 1）液化指數(shù)是反映砂土或者粉土液化程度的一個指標。（ 2）液性指數(shù)是反映細顆粒土狀態(tài)的一個指標。3、 地質(zhì)工程與巖土工程答： （ 1 ）地質(zhì)工程可以這樣理解，它是研究工程建設過程中的地質(zhì)問題以及地質(zhì)災害防治。（ 2）巖土工程可以這樣理解，它是關于巖土體利用、整治和改造的一門技術學科

42、。涉及到巖土工程勘察、設計、施工以及監(jiān)測。4、固結(jié)灌漿與帷幕灌漿答： （ 1）固結(jié)灌漿目的是增強巖土體完整性，提高強度，改善巖土體物理力學性能。（ 2）帷幕灌漿目的是增強巖土體的抗?jié)B能力。5、震級與烈度答： （ 1）震級是衡量一次地震釋放能量大小的量度，一次地震對應一個震級。（ 2）烈度是反映地震對地面以及建筑物的破壞程度，一次地震對應許多烈度區(qū)。、簡答題1、巖體結(jié)構含義是什么？巖體結(jié)構類型是怎樣劃分？答：巖體結(jié)構是結(jié)構面和結(jié)構體統(tǒng)稱。其類型可以劃分為整體塊狀結(jié)構、層狀結(jié)構、碎裂結(jié)構、散體結(jié)構。2、風化殼的結(jié)構特征是什么？給出5 種以上反映巖體風化程度定量指標？答：風化殼通常劃分為：風化殘積土

43、、全風化帶、強風化帶、弱風化帶、微風化帶。下列一些指標能反映風化程度，波速試驗指標、點荷載試驗指標、抗壓強度指標、變形指標、物理性質(zhì)及鉆探技術指標。3、軟土的工程地質(zhì)特征是什么？答： （ 1）高含水量和高孔隙比；（ 2）低滲透性；（ 3）高壓縮性；（ 4）抗剪強度低；（ 5）觸變性。4、簡述巖爆發(fā)生的機理？答： （ 1）高地應力（ 2）脆性巖石（ 3）進行地下開挖5、簡述砂土液化機制？答： （ 1）震動荷載作用（ 2）飽和狀態(tài)砂土（ 3）附加孔隙水壓力積累（ 4）當砂土抗剪強度少于等于剪應力時就產(chǎn)生液化6、結(jié)構面的成因分類是什么？并舉例說明每種類型。stantrole ;to perfectd

44、a ilyrunmaintena nce operation ofrecords,promote problem reasons analysi sand system handover; t ostrengt heni ng BFS+,and ERP , and S CM,te chnology application oftraini ng, impr oveempl oyees a pplication information systemof,national policytrends,stre ngtheningtrack,a ctiveshould; to implementati

45、on State -ow ned assetsmet hod,further specificati on busi nessfinancialmanag ement; to perfectrisk t ube controlsystem,a chi eved riskre cognition,and measure,and assessmeWewillconti nuet o improvet he compa nys inter nalcontrol system,and steady improvement inabilityto manageand control, optimize

46、busine ss processes,to e nsure smoot h pr ocesses,responsibi lities in pla ce;tof urtherstre ngthe n internal controls, playa controlposti nde pendent oversight r oleof evaluationcomplying witht hird-partyresponsi bility;toactivelymake useof internala udittools detect potential management, streamlin

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54、于原生結(jié)構面、斷層面屬于構造結(jié)構面、卸荷裂隙屬于次生結(jié)構面。7、卓越周期含義是什么？如何利用波速試驗資料確定卓越周期？答： （ 1）巖土體對地震波有選擇放大的作用，對于一些周期的地震波在記錄 頻譜圖上出現(xiàn)的多，顯得卓越，這個周期稱為卓越周期。 （2）根據(jù)T=4H/v 進行計算。8、巖溶發(fā)育基本條件是什么？巖溶區(qū)工程建設遇到主要工程地質(zhì)問題有哪些？答：（1）可溶性巖石、具有融蝕性水、良好水循環(huán)條件。（2）滲漏問題、巖溶地基穩(wěn)定問題等。9、野外如何識別滑坡？答：根據(jù)地形地貌和滑坡的形態(tài)特征。（ 1）滑坡后緣形狀；（ 2）滑坡前緣形態(tài)；（ 3）雙溝同源；（4）階地變位；（ 5）馬刀樹等。10、壩基滲

55、透變形破壞類型有哪些？如何防治之。答： （1） 管涌,流土,接觸沖刷,接觸流失（2） 帷幕灌漿、鋪蓋、排水減壓等三、分析題1、分析軟弱巖石研究的工程意義？答：（1）軟弱巖石包括軟質(zhì)巖石、風化巖石、構造巖石。（2）軟弱巖石具有強度低、水理性之差、變性模量低、流變效應明顯。（3）對軟弱巖石研究具有重要意義a 對于水利水電工程壩基基礎面選擇以及風化巖石利用至關重要b 對于邊坡穩(wěn)定分析以及邊坡治理也具有重要意義c 對于地下洞室圍巖穩(wěn)定也具有重要意義d 對于其他巖石地基利用與選擇也具有重要意義2、分析壩基深層滑動的邊界條件，簡要說明剩余推力法、等穩(wěn)定法的原理？答： （ 1）邊界條件包括切割面、臨空面、滑

56、動面以及滑動面上的抗剪指標。（2）剩余推力法原理：首先計算滑移體的安全系數(shù)，但計算時不考慮抗力體的作用。如果滑移體的安全系數(shù)1 就需要計算剩余推力。剩余推力求法是假定給予滑移體一作用力 R使得滑移體的安全系數(shù)為 1,求得R ,求得R后分析抗力體穩(wěn)定安全系數(shù)。（ 3）等穩(wěn)定法原理：假定滑移體與抗力體之間作用力為R，假定滑移體與抗力體的穩(wěn)定系數(shù)是相等，根據(jù)受力狀況分別列出穩(wěn)定系數(shù)表達式解方程組求得 R與穩(wěn)定系數(shù)。nt,and根據(jù)平衡方程四、綜合論述分析邊坡工程研究的內(nèi)容和穩(wěn)定評價方法？fback boneba ckbone r ole;tofull strengthe ningmem bersyouthw ork,fullplayyouth employee s incompany devel opmenti n the offorcerole;t o improvei nde pende nt Commission against corruptionworklevel ,strengtheni ngon enterpri s