定語(yǔ)從句where,when,what,which用法

1、主題：定語(yǔ)從句知識(shí)講解定語(yǔ)從句何時(shí)用that,何時(shí)用which,何時(shí)用where,when,what內(nèi)容：定語(yǔ)從句何時(shí)用 that,何時(shí)用 which,何時(shí)用 where,when,what主題：定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定語(yǔ)，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞，詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出。關(guān)系代詞有： who, whom, whose, that, which 等。關(guān)系副詞有： when, where, why 等。關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中

2、充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。1） who, whom, that這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you他就是你想見(jiàn)的人嗎（who/that在從句中作主語(yǔ)）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天見(jiàn)的那個(gè)人。（whom/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）2） Whose用來(lái)指人或物，（只用作定語(yǔ)，若指物，它還可以同of which互換），例如：They rushed over to h

3、elp the man whose car had broken down.那人車(chē)壞了, 大家者B跑過(guò)去幫，忙。內(nèi)容： Please pass me the book whose （of which） cover is green.請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠皮的書(shū)。3） which, that它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等，例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。（which / that 在句中作賓語(yǔ)）The packa

4、ge （which / that） you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。（which / that 在句中彳乍賓語(yǔ) ）二、關(guān)系代詞that, which的用法A.以下情況多用that.(1)如果先行詞是 all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none 等不定代詞，關(guān)系代詞一般只用that,不用which。例如：All the people that are present burst into tears.Is there anything

5、that I can do for you 如果先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last, the best等詞修飾，關(guān)系代詞常用that(指人時(shí)，可以用 who),例如：This is the very book that I want to find.That is the best film that we have seen.I was the only person in my office that/who was invited.(3)當(dāng)先行詞被 all, every, no, some, any, little, much 所修飾時(shí)；

6、You can take any seat that is free.(4)當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾時(shí)。It is the first foreign book that I have ever seen.This is the most beautiful flower that I have seen.(5)在there be句型中,常用 that.There is a man that lives in that village.(6)先行詞有兩個(gè)，一個(gè)指人，一個(gè)指物，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用thato例如：The boy and the dog that are in the pic

7、ture are very lovely.B.以下情況用which.(1)當(dāng)關(guān)系詞前面有介詞時(shí)，指物常用which.The prize for which he worked so hard was a new bike.He built a telescope through which he could study the skies. 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句指物時(shí)，多用 which.Bamboo is hollow, which makes it light.He wrote an article, which tells us about the computer.(3)如果先行詞本身是th

8、at時(shí)，只用which.This is that which he bought yesterday.(4) which還有一種特殊用法，它可以引導(dǎo)從句修飾前面的整個(gè)主句，代替主句所表示的整體概念或部分概念。在這種從句中，which可以作主語(yǔ)，也可以作賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，多數(shù)情況下意思是與and this相似，例如：He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.三、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。1) when, where, why關(guān)系副詞when, wher

9、e, why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用，例如：There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎2) that代替關(guān)系副詞that可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、

10、理由的名詞后取代 when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，在口語(yǔ)中 that 常被省略，例如：His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父親在他出生那年逝世了。He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過(guò)的地方。I don' like the way (that/ in which) he was t

11、reated.This is the reason he was absent.四、判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞方法一：用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面無(wú)賓語(yǔ)，就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞；而不及物動(dòng)詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.判斷改錯(cuò)（注：先顯示題，再顯示答案，橫線；用不同的顏色表示出。）（錯(cuò)） This is the mountain vill

12、age where I visited last year.（錯(cuò)）I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.（對(duì)） This is the mountain village （which） I visited last year.（對(duì)）I'll never forget the days （which） I spent in the countryside.習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯(cuò)在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。方法二：準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的成分（主、謂、賓、

13、定、狀），也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。例 1. Is this museum you visited a few days ageA. where B. that C. on which D. the one例 2. Is this the museum the exhibition was held.A. where B. that C. on which D. the one答案：例1 D,例2 A例 1 變?yōu)榭隙ň洌篢his museum is you visited a few days ago.例 2 變?yōu)榭隙ň洌篢his is the museum the exhibitio

14、n was held.在句1中，所缺部分為賓語(yǔ)，而 where, that, on which都不能起到賓語(yǔ)的作用，只有 the one既做了主句的表語(yǔ)，又可做從句的賓語(yǔ)，可以省略關(guān)系代詞，所以應(yīng)選Do而句2中，主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語(yǔ)表地點(diǎn)，既可用副詞where,又因in the museum詞組，可用介詞in + which引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。而此題中，介詞on用的不對(duì)，所以選 Ao關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，選擇關(guān)系代詞（who, whom, that, which, whose）；先行詞在從句中做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞（where地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，

15、when時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，why原因狀語(yǔ)）。五、限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句1）定語(yǔ)從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞的附加說(shuō)明，去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)，例如：This is the house which we bought last month.這是我們上個(gè)月買(mǎi)的那幢房子。（限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個(gè)月買(mǎi)的。（非限制性）2）當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時(shí)，其后的定

16、語(yǔ)從句通常是非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年買(mǎi)的的那幢房子帶著個(gè)漂亮的花園。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.這本小說(shuō)很動(dòng)人，我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。3）非限制性定語(yǔ)從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞，對(duì)其進(jìn)彳f修飾，這時(shí)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)，例如

17、：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎沒(méi)抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?，這就叫做蒸發(fā)。說(shuō)明：關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。六、介詞+關(guān)系詞(1)介詞十關(guān)系代詞可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。介詞十關(guān)系代詞 結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, with

18、out 等，關(guān)系代詞只可用 whom或which,不可用 that。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club(2) from where為介詞十關(guān)系副詞 結(jié)構(gòu)，但也可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。例如：We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.(3)像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take car

19、e of 等固定短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞， 在定語(yǔ)從句中一般不宜將介詞與動(dòng)詞分開(kāi)。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.(4)某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)或原因狀語(yǔ)的"介詞+關(guān)系詞"結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞 when和where互換。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our clubDo you reme

20、mber the day when you joined our club(2) Some, any, none等或數(shù)詞+of+which/whom 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。例如I have four books, two of which are interesting.It 'a family of three children, all of whom I have ever taught.七、as, which非限定性定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞as也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，其從句的謂語(yǔ)常是表示感知的動(dòng)詞，如： know, see, hear, expect等。從句可放在主句 之前、之中、或之后。

21、As可以指主句中的某個(gè)成分，也可以指整個(gè)主句，as在從句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。例如：1) Tom, as you know, is a writer.2) As we have seen, oceans cover more than 70% of the earth.3) Tom doesn ' find his homework, as often happens.4) Charlie looks strong, as in fact he is.由as, which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，as和which可代整個(gè)主句，相當(dāng)于 and this或and that。As 一般放在

22、句首，which在句1As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.典型例題1) Alice received an invitation from her boss,came as a surprise.A. it B. that C. which D. he答案C.此為非限定性從句，不能用 that修飾，而用which, it和he都使后句成為句子，兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子不能單以逗號(hào)連接。況且選he句意不通。2) The weathe

23、r turned out to be very good,was more than we could expect.A. what B. which C. that D. it答案Bo which可代替句子，用于非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，而 what不可。That不能用于非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，it不為連詞，使由逗號(hào) 連接的兩個(gè)句子并在一起在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法上行不通。3) It rained hard yesterday,prevented me from going to the park.A. that B. which C. as D. it答案B.as和which在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，這兩個(gè)關(guān)系代詞都

24、指主句所表達(dá)的整個(gè)意思，且在定語(yǔ)從句中都可以作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。但不同之處主要有兩點(diǎn)：（1） as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可置于句首，而 which不可。（2） as代表前面的整個(gè)主句并在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句中的謂語(yǔ)必須是系動(dòng)詞；若為行為動(dòng)詞，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which。在本題中，prevent由于是行為動(dòng)詞，所以正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)為B。As的用法例1. the sameas； such-a中的as是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu)，和一樣o-I have got into the same trouble as he （has）.例2. as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常帶有正如。As we know, smoking is harm

25、ful to one's health.As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.As是關(guān)系代詞。例1中的as作know的賓語(yǔ)；例2中，它充當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞know要用被動(dòng)式。八、定語(yǔ)從句與名詞性從句的互換定語(yǔ)從句和名詞性從句由于表達(dá)意思的需要，有時(shí)可以互相轉(zhuǎn)換。大致有下面三種情況：（1）定語(yǔ)從句與表語(yǔ)從句的互換That's the thing that we're worrying about.（定語(yǔ)從句）That's what we're worrying about. （表語(yǔ)從句）那

26、就是我們正在擔(dān)心的事。This is the way she did it.（定語(yǔ)從句）This is how she did it.（表語(yǔ)從句）這就是她做這件事的方法。This is the reason why we must go now.（定語(yǔ)從句）This is why we must go now.（表語(yǔ)從句）這就是我們現(xiàn)在該走的理由。That is the place where Xiao Lin was born.（定語(yǔ)從句）That is where Xiao Lin was born.（表語(yǔ)從句）那就是小林出生的地方。（2）定語(yǔ)從句與賓語(yǔ)從句的互換I don't k

27、now the reason why she is so happy.（定語(yǔ)從句）I don't know why she is so happy.（賓語(yǔ)從句）我不知道她為什么這樣高興。He showed me the place where he used to live.（定語(yǔ)從句）He showed me where he used to live.（賓語(yǔ)從句）他帶我看了他曾經(jīng)住過(guò)的地方。Do you know the date when Wuhan was liberated （定語(yǔ)從句）Do you know when Wuhan was liberated（ 賓語(yǔ)從句）你知

28、道武漢是什么時(shí)候解放的嗎（3）定語(yǔ)從句與主語(yǔ)從句的互換The thing that we need is more time.（定語(yǔ)從句）What we need is more time.（主語(yǔ)從句）我們所需要的是更多的時(shí)間。The time when they will start out has not been decided yet.（定語(yǔ)從句）When they will start out has not been decided yet. （主語(yǔ)從句）他們什么時(shí)候動(dòng)身還沒(méi)有決定下來(lái)。The reason why he did it wasn't quite clear.

29、（定語(yǔ)從句）Why he did it wasn't quite clear.（主語(yǔ)從句）他為什么做那件事還不很清楚。The place where she lives is not known yet.（定語(yǔ)從句）Where she lives is not known yet.（主語(yǔ)從句）她住在什么地方，大家還不知道。九、學(xué)習(xí)定語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題（1）定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞與先行詞的一致性定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞一般應(yīng)與它所指代的先行詞的單復(fù)數(shù)保持主謂一致。例如：The students who were here just now are from No,2 Senior Middle

30、 School.但注意下列一組句子：He is the only one of the students who was here just now.He is one of the students who were here just now.如果"one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞"后跟有定語(yǔ)從句，一般情況下 "one of"后的復(fù)數(shù)名詞為先行詞，但當(dāng)one前有the only,the very,just the修飾時(shí)，先行詞則為 one。（2）定語(yǔ)從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)It is the place where they lived before.It is in

31、 the place that they lived before.第一個(gè)句子為定語(yǔ)從句，where指代the place,在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)，第二個(gè)句子為強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，強(qiáng)調(diào) in the place,that沒(méi)有意義,把in the place放回后面句子，句子意思完整。Where is it that he found the lost watch（強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，強(qiáng)調(diào)疑問(wèn)副詞where）。Where is the watch that he found yesterday.（ 定語(yǔ)從句,that 指代 the watch）（3）定語(yǔ)從句與并列結(jié)構(gòu)He has two sons,neither of

32、 whom looks like him.He has two sons,and neither of them looks like him.I've got two of them are in Shanghai.第一個(gè)句子為定語(yǔ)從句，關(guān)系代詞 whom指代two sons,在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞 of的賓語(yǔ)。第二個(gè)句子為并列結(jié)構(gòu)，由并列連詞and連接，人稱代詞them指代two sons。第三個(gè)為兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子，兩個(gè)句子中間用句號(hào)，兩句開(kāi)頭的處一個(gè)字母都大寫(xiě)。（4）定語(yǔ)從句與狀語(yǔ)從句He found the books where he had put.He found the bo

33、oks in the place where he had put.第一個(gè)句子為狀語(yǔ)從句，where he had put作主句He found the books的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。第二個(gè)句子為定語(yǔ)從句，where引導(dǎo)從句修飾 the place。This is such an interesting book that I'd like to read it.This is such an interesting book as I'd like to read.第一個(gè)句子為結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，在結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句中，it指代book,作read的賓語(yǔ)。第二個(gè)句子為定語(yǔ)從句，關(guān)系代詞as指代先

34、行詞book的定語(yǔ)從句中read的賓語(yǔ)。（5）定語(yǔ)從句中的先行詞Is this book the one that you bought yesterdayIs this the book that you bought yesterday第一個(gè)句子中，this book是主句的主語(yǔ)，the one是先行詞。在第二個(gè)句子中this是主句的主語(yǔ)，the book是先行詞。一定要避免出現(xiàn)：Is this book that you bought yesterday（6）定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句相當(dāng)于形容詞，它對(duì)先行詞起修飾、描述或限制作用，而同位語(yǔ)從句則相當(dāng)于名詞，它對(duì)其前面的詞給予說(shuō)明或作進(jìn)

35、 一步解釋，即說(shuō)明該詞所表示的具體內(nèi)容。例如：The news that we heard is not true.（定語(yǔ)從句）The news that he won the prize is not true.（ 同位語(yǔ)從句）另：在"have no idea+從句"結(jié)構(gòu)中，其從句都作idea的同位語(yǔ)。例如：I have no idea when she will be back.十、把握定語(yǔ)從句中的時(shí)空概念在定語(yǔ)從句的運(yùn)用中，當(dāng)其先行詞表示時(shí)間或空間概念時(shí)，有些學(xué)生很容易想當(dāng)然地用關(guān)系副詞when或where引導(dǎo)，而沒(méi)有具體情況具體處理。所以，應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)。（1）從邏

36、輯意義上講，只有從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與該先行詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)狀（時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)）關(guān)系時(shí)，才能用when或where引導(dǎo)從句;或視不同情況以prep.+which代之。例如：1、This is the country where/in which Edison was born 。 （動(dòng)狀關(guān)系）2、I'll never forget the year when/in which the terrible earthquake happened.（動(dòng)狀關(guān)系）3、England was one of the places from which the settlers moved to America.（

37、動(dòng)狀關(guān)系）（2）從邏輯意義上看，當(dāng)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與該類(lèi)先行詞有主謂關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，則以which/that或prep.+which引導(dǎo)從句。4、Please follow the custom of the country which/that you are going to visit.（ 動(dòng)賓關(guān)系）5、For ever I'll remember the year that/which brought me happy memory.（ 主謂關(guān)系）6、 He is going to work in Tibet which/that is far away from Hebei

38、 Province.（ 主謂關(guān)系）（3）從邏輯意義上講，當(dāng)從句中作主語(yǔ)的名詞與先行詞存在所屬關(guān)系時(shí)，則用詞whoseo7、 is going to the country whose name is Sweden.（所屬關(guān)系）8、 Generally,we refer to（指的是）the time whose speed is unchanged.（所屬關(guān)系）十一、淺述主動(dòng)式定語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化英語(yǔ)表達(dá)方式是相當(dāng)靈活的，為了表達(dá)言簡(jiǎn)意賅，使敘述簡(jiǎn)潔明快，常用一定的語(yǔ)法手段把句子加以簡(jiǎn)化，定語(yǔ)從句被簡(jiǎn)化成 簡(jiǎn)單句就是常見(jiàn)的一種。下面簡(jiǎn)單談?wù)勚鲃?dòng)式定語(yǔ)從句簡(jiǎn)化的幾種情況。（1）定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞為從

39、句主語(yǔ)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，可以用現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)來(lái)簡(jiǎn)化。例如：The man who is teaching us English now graduated from Hubei University three years ago.- ->The man teaching us.現(xiàn)在教我們英語(yǔ)的老師三年前畢業(yè)于湖北大學(xué)。但是，如果定語(yǔ)從句動(dòng)詞之后沒(méi)有介詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞常置于中心詞之前。例如：The countries which are developing should get united.- ->The developing countries should.發(fā)展中

40、的國(guó)家應(yīng)該團(tuán)結(jié)起來(lái)。(2 )把定語(yǔ)從句簡(jiǎn)化為現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)有以下幾個(gè)條件。1、從句的動(dòng)詞和主句的動(dòng)作的時(shí)態(tài)的一致。例如：My father used to work for the neighbours that lived here.- -> .the neighbours living here.我父親過(guò)去常給住在這兒的鄰居干活兒。2、從句謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作可以發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前。例如：Can you catch the early bus which will leave at 6:00 this morning- -> Can you catch the early bus le

41、aving at.你能趕上今天早晨六點(diǎn)鐘離開(kāi)的早班汽車(chē)嗎3、從句和主句的動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)作都是泛指的。例如：China is a developing country which belongs to the third world.- -> .country belonging to the third world.中國(guó)是一個(gè)屬于第三世界的發(fā)展中國(guó)家。4、從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作一發(fā)生，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生。例如：The man who stole into the bank was caught immediately on the spot.- ->The man stealing in

42、to.溜進(jìn)銀行偷竊的那個(gè)人被立即當(dāng)場(chǎng)逮住。(3)如果定語(yǔ)從句中是連系動(dòng)詞be的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)，且表語(yǔ)是介詞短語(yǔ)，形容詞短語(yǔ)或名詞短語(yǔ)，可以把它們簡(jiǎn)化作中心詞的后置定語(yǔ)。例如：The farmers had to fetch water from a river which was a mile away from the village.- ->.a river a mile away from the village.家民們得從離村子一里路遠(yuǎn)的河里取來(lái)水。The students who were from the Middle School have gathered.- -

43、> The students from the Middle school.來(lái)自十四中的學(xué)生集合好了。(4)定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)是表示程度、時(shí)間和方式等的副詞或副詞短語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)，可用副詞和現(xiàn)在分詞(兩者之間用連字號(hào))作中 心詞的前置修飾語(yǔ)。例如：This is a man who works hard.- ->This is a hard-working man.這是一位勤奮工作的人。(5)如果定語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)普通名詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可用名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞(二者之間須用連字號(hào))作定語(yǔ)來(lái)簡(jiǎn)化。例如：The south of Hubei is an area which grows rice.The

44、 Sorth of Hubei is a rice-growing area.(6)定語(yǔ)從句中有一系列并列形容詞作表語(yǔ)，可簡(jiǎn)化成簡(jiǎn)單句，形容詞變成中心詞的前置定語(yǔ)。例如：A person who is gentle,lovable and familiar is always easy to get along with.- ->A gentle,lovable and familiar person is always.一位溫和，可愛(ài)和熟悉的人總是容易相處。(7)如果定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與中心詞有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，動(dòng)狀關(guān)系和主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，可以簡(jiǎn)化成不定式短語(yǔ)作中心詞的后置定語(yǔ)。例如：He

45、is a good student with whom you can study.- ->.student to study with.他是一位能一起學(xué)習(xí)的好學(xué)生。(8)如果定語(yǔ)從句中有have加賓語(yǔ)被形容詞修飾時(shí)，可以簡(jiǎn)化成with短語(yǔ)中心詞的后置定語(yǔ)，也可以簡(jiǎn)化成名詞加-ed作前置定語(yǔ)。例如：a girl who has blue eyes->a girl with blue >a blue-eyed girl十二、定語(yǔ)從句典型錯(cuò)誤例析1 .【誤】 The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put it int

46、o my mouth.【正】 The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put into my mouth.【析】上句應(yīng)由關(guān)系代詞that或which在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)，已省去。因此，從句中的賓語(yǔ) it多余。又如：【誤】 Chaplin lived the last years of his life in Switzerland,where he was buried there in 1977【正】 Chaplin lived the last years of his life in Switzerland,where he w

47、as buried in 1977.2 .【誤】I,who is a Chinese,will do my best for our country.【正】I,who am a Chinese,will do my best for our country.【析】定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式應(yīng)依據(jù)先行詞的人稱和數(shù)來(lái)確定，保持主謂一致。如：Mike is one of the students who know the truth.( 先行詞為students) Mikeis the only one of the students who knows the truth.( 先行詞為 the on

48、ly one)3 .【誤】 All what you have done is not necessary.【誤】 All which you have done is not necessary.【正】 All that you have done is not necessary.【析】what不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞( all,something,anything,nothing,everything 等)，或先行詞受形容詞最高 級(jí)，序數(shù)詞或last,very等詞修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞常用that而不用which。如：This is the most interesting fil

49、m that I have ever seen.They asked him to tell them everything that he saw in the factory.4 .【誤】I don't know the man with who my brother is talking.【正】I don't know the man with whom my brother is talking.【析】定語(yǔ)從句中，如介詞提前，指人時(shí)只用whom,指物時(shí)只用 which:如：The two things about which Marx was not sure were

50、 grammar and some of the idioms.5 .【誤】 He is the very person for whom I am looking.【正】 He is the very person who (whom) I am looking for.【析】有些定語(yǔ)從句中的介詞不能提前，如提前，從句動(dòng)詞的意義會(huì)改變。take care of,look up,look forward to,ask for,make up等短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞均屬此列。6 .【誤】 China Daily has plenty of advertisements,that help to cut the

51、 costs of making the newspaper.【正】 China Daily has plenty of advertisements,which help to cut the costs of making the newspaper.【析】在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，指物時(shí)用 which,不用that.7 .【誤】I can't remember the things and persons who I met at that time.【正】I can't remember the things and persons that I met at that t

52、ime.【析】先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句用 that引導(dǎo)。定語(yǔ)從句誤用辨析1. This is the factory where we visited last week.2. This is the watch for which Li Feng is looking.3. The person to who you spoke is a student of Grade Two.4. The house in that we live is very small.5. Everything which we saw was of great interest.6. I've

53、read all the books which I borrowed from the library.7. This is the best film which I have ever seen.8. My father and Mr Crosset talked of things and persons who they remembered in the school.9. This is the same bag like I lost yesterday.10. His dog,that was now very old,became ill and died.11. This

54、 is one of the reasons,why you may like to eat it.12. Those who wants to go with me put up your hands.13. The boy,his mother died,studies very hard.14. I have two sisters,both of them are doctors.15. We're going to visit the school where your brother works there.16. The captain's head soon a

55、ppeared out of the second storey windows,from which he could see nothing but trees.17. That is the way which they work.18. Those have questions can ask the teachers for advice.19. The news which a new English teacher will come makes us excited.20. As we all know it,he is American.辨析：1、將where改為that或w

56、hich。定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代 副詞的選擇，一看先行詞，二看其在從句中的成分。本句中 visit是及物動(dòng)詞, which做其賓語(yǔ)。2、把for放在looking之后，當(dāng)which做短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(即動(dòng)詞和其介詞不能分開(kāi))的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，介詞不前置。3、who改為whom ,盡管在口語(yǔ)中 who、whom都能做賓語(yǔ)，但在介詞后只用whom。4、that應(yīng)為which。 that不做介賓。5、which改成that。當(dāng)先行詞有不定代詞something,someone,all等時(shí)，由that充當(dāng)關(guān)系代t不用 which。6、which 改為 that。當(dāng)先行詞被 all,every,no,some,any,little 等修飾時(shí)，用 that,不用 which。7、which換成that。當(dāng)先行詞中有形容詞的最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞， the only、the very等時(shí)，只用that弓I導(dǎo)。8、who改為that。如果先行詞既是人又有物時(shí)，則用 that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。9、like改為as。當(dāng)先行詞里有the same,such時(shí)，用as引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句。10、which代tha