輕型木結構輕木構件

1、加拿大木業(yè)協會設計師培訓班第一階段加拿大木業(yè)協會設計師培訓班第一階段 輕型木結構輕型木結構Canada Wood Level 1 - Wood-Frame Construction構件設計Framing ComponentsHerbert Otto B. Arch., MRAIC 鋸材 Sawn Timber 膠合材 Plywood輕型木結構房屋使用不同的木產品輕型木結構房屋使用不同的木產品A Variety of Wood Products are Used to Frame a House木基結構材木基結構材 Wood Based Building Materials規(guī)格材 Dimensi

2、oned framing lumber 輕型木結構使用標準的規(guī)格材（軟木） Standard dimension softwood lumber used in wood-frame construction 名義尺寸 Nominal dimensions 2x2, 2x3, 2x4, 2x6, 2x8,2x10,2x12 實際尺寸 Actual dimensions 1 ”x 1 ” (38mm x 38mm) 1 ”x 2 ” (38mm x 64mm) 1 ”x 3 ” (38mm x 89mm) 1 ”x 5 ” (38mm x 140mm) 1 ”x 7 ” (38mm x 184m

3、m) 1 ”x 9 ” (38mm x 235mm) 1 ”x 11 ” (38mm x 235mm)長度 Lengths 從2.4m到7.3m，每級增加600mm Increments of 2 feet (600mm) from 8 ft (2.4 m) to 24 ft (7.3 m)木基結構材木基結構材 Wood Based Building Materials板材 Boards 標準尺寸的軟木板材 Standard sizes of softwood lumber boards 名義尺寸 Nominal dimensions 1x2 1x3 1x4 1x6 1x8 實際尺寸 Actu

4、al dimensions ” x 1 ” (19mm x 38mm) ” x 2 ” (19mm x 64mm) ” x 3 ” (19mm x 89mm) ” x 5 ” (19mm x 140mm) ” x 7 ” (19mm x 184mm)框架用木材框架用木材 Framing Lumber用于輕型木結構的軟木樹種 Species of softwood lumber used in wood frame construction花旗松 Douglas Fir西部落葉松 Western Larch西部鐵杉 Western Hemlock云杉 Spruce松 Pine冷衫 Fir材性接近

5、的樹種放在一起使用 Species with similar characteristics given commercial group designations云杉-松-冷杉 SprucePineFir S-P-F花旗松-落葉松 Douglas Fir-Larch D. Fir-L鐵杉-冷杉 Hemlock-Fir Hem-Fir指接材 Finger Jointed Lumber較短的材料，如38x89 和 38x140指接在一起形成較長的材料 Short lengths of 38x89 and 38x140 (2x4 and 2x6) joined to form longer pie

6、ces.用于墻骨柱 Used for studs沒有翹曲 Does not warp材料利用率高 Efficient use of materials規(guī)格材分等規(guī)格材分等 Grading Lumber加拿大的規(guī)格材有目測分等和機械分等(MSR) Lumber in Canada visually graded or machine stress rated (MSR)分等依據 Select structural 高強度 Highest strength 良好的外觀 Best appearance一等 Number 1 和上述分等依據相似，但允許出現更大的結疤 Similar to select

7、 structural but larger knots二等 Number 2 和一等的強度分等相似，但外觀稍差 Similar strength to number 1 but not as good visual appearance三等 Number 3 大量用于施工，外觀沒有要求 Widely used in construction where appearance is not a factor 規(guī)格材分等規(guī)格材分等 Grading Lumber 墻骨柱等級 Stud Grade 2x4和2x6的墻骨柱用于承受豎向荷載 2x4 and 2x6 rated for vertical

8、loading 施工級材和標準級材用于結構構件 Construction grade and standard grade used for structural applications 實用級和經濟級材用于非結構構件 Utility grade and economy grade for non-structural applications分等機構 Grading Agency生產廠代碼 Mill designation樹種 Species Group含水率 Moisture Content指定的等級 Assigned Grade分等認證章分等認證章 Grading Stamps 規(guī)格材

9、每600mm有一個分等認證章 Grading stamps are placed on lumber every 600mm (2 ft.) 只有經認證的機構才能敲章 Only issued by accredited associations or agencies根據樹種，木材被鋸成標準尺寸，并按照指定的產品強度和性能進行分等Lumber is sorted by species, sawn into standard sizes and is graded which results in a predictable product with known strength and per

10、formance characteristics加拿大輕型木結構 Canadian Wood Frame Housing木基覆面板材木基覆面板材 Wood Based Sheathings在輕型木結構中廣泛使用，也可以和輕型鋼結構一起使用 Widely used in wood-frame construction and in combination with steel framing墻骨柱、擱柵和椽條之間的跨度 Spans between studs, joists and rafters可以提高墻體、樓蓋和屋頂抵抗振動、靜荷以及地震作用的能力 Contributes to rackin

11、g, load bearing and earthquake resistance of wall, floor and roof assemblies用于樓蓋、墻體和屋面的膠合板用于樓蓋、墻體和屋面的膠合板Plywood Floor , Wall and Roof Sheathing覆面板材料由薄木片膠合成 Panel material made of thin wood veneers 良好的雙向強度和剛度，抵抗沖擊破壞和受潮時的尺寸變形 Excellent two way strength and stiffness, resistance to impact damage and di

12、mensional stability when wet采用企口板以保證樓面的平整和連續(xù)性，并考慮是否需要使用填塊 T&G used to a ensure continuous flat floor and eliminate need for blocking. 保證平滑的表面，可以鋪地毯或者其他的地面做法Provides smooth surface for carpeting and resilient flooring. 根據結構需要，為了支承陶瓦，需要增加覆面板厚度Thicker floor sheathing for increased structural suppor

13、t required for ceramic tileCourtesy of the Canadian Wood Council定向刨花板定向刨花板Oriented Strand Board (OSB) Sheathing定向刨花板采用速生材鋸末、碎屑等細料膠合而成，其速生材可以用楊樹和白楊 Panel material made from adhesive and strands, flakes or wafers produced from small diameter logs of fast growing species such as Poplar and Aspen.墻體、樓蓋和

14、屋頂也可以使用相近厚度的膠合板 Wall, floor and roof sheathing with similar thicknesses a plywood.可以參考結構板材協會的網站獲得技術資料和正確的安裝步驟 Refer to Structural Board Association for web site for technical information and correct installation proceduresCourtesy of the Structural Board Association其它覆面板產品其它覆面板產品 Other Sheathing Pro

15、ducts瀝青基防火板 Asphalt impregnated fibre board瀝青處理過的石膏板 Asphalt treated gypsum board (gyplap)內墻用石膏板 Interior gypsum board剛性保溫覆面板 Rigid insulation sheathings 聚苯乙烯擠塑板 Extruded polystyrene 發(fā)泡聚苯乙烯板 Expanded polystyrene 多異氰脲酸酯 板 Polyisocyanurate水泥板 Cement board工程木產品工程木產品 Engineered Wood Products擱柵、梁和框架構件可以用

16、規(guī)格材、木纖維或刨花合成材 Joists, beams and framing made from dimension lumber, wood fibres or strands held together with a binder. 保護森林資源 Conserves forest resources 降低建筑浪費 Reduces construction waste 實現更大的建筑凈跨 Allows longer clear spans類型 Types 木工字型擱柵 Wood I joists 平行木片膠合木 Parallel strand beams and posts 層疊木片膠合木

17、 Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) 腹板開洞擱柵 Open web joists工字型擱柵工字型擱柵 Wood I joists弦桿由規(guī)格材或層疊木片膠合木構成，腹板由定向刨花板或膠合板構成Dimension lumber or LVL cords and OSB or plywood web相同跨度時，比規(guī)格材輕 Lighter weight for same span as dimensioned lumber實現的跨度比規(guī)格材更大 Capable of longer spans than dimensioned lumber風道和電線在擱柵中穿越的空間更大 De

18、eper joists can allow for ductwork as well as electrical and plumbing當用于屋頂椽條時，可以建造較大層高的天花板 When used as rafters can allow for high levels of insulation above cathedral ceilings深度可以從241mm到508mm Depths range from 241mm (9-1/2) to 508mm (20)長度最大可達到18.3m Lengths up to 18.3m (60 ft)平行木片膠合木平行木片膠合木 Paralle

19、l Strand Lumber (PSL)花旗松的小木片膠合成梁，過梁和柱 Strips of Douglas Fir glued to form beams, lintels and posts材性穩(wěn)定，不會出現收縮、翹曲、扭轉、開裂和隆起 Stable predictable performance, will not shrink, warp, twist, split or crown 平行木片膠合木 的厚度從45mm到178mm PSL beams are sold in thicknesses ranging from 45mm (1-3/4), to 178mm (7). 長度最

20、大可以達到20m Up to 20m (66 feet) in length層疊木片膠合木層疊木片膠合木 Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)軟木薄片木紋方向交錯膠合而成的梁 Plies of softwood veneer with the grain running in the long direction, glued together to form a beam.結構性能可靠 Reliable structural characteristics也適用于建筑上暴露的構件 Also available in architectural grade for use

21、 where exposed厚度從19mm到89mm Thicknesses from l9mm (3/4) to 89mm (3-1/2).長度最大可以達到24.4m Lengths up to 24.4m (80 ft.)Courtesy of the Canadian Wood Council腹板開洞平行弦桁架腹板開洞平行弦桁架Open Web Parallel Cord Trusses 上下弦桿采用規(guī)格材，腹板采用金屬桿或規(guī)格材 Dimensioned lumber top and bottom cord with web made of metal straps of dimensi

22、oned lumber 跨度更大 Can span large distances 自重輕 Light weight 材料利用率高 Efficient use of materials 管道和電線的排布穿越方便 Can allow for easy installation of ductwork, plumbing and wiring 現場不易調整長度 Limited ability to adjust length on site釘釘 Nails 木結構 Framing 大多數輕型木結構用的釘都是低碳鋼制作的 Most nails used in wood frame construct

23、ion are made from mild steel 當用于室外或易腐蝕環(huán)境中時，要使用熱浸鍍鋅釘，不銹鋼釘或表面處理過的釘 For exterior use and where corrosion is a concern galvanized, stainless steel or coated nails are used 頂的尺寸從12mm到150mm，最常用的釘為83mm Nail sizes range in size form 12mm (1/2”) to 150mm (6”) with the most common framing nails being 83mm (3

24、”)釘的類型 Nail Types普通釘 Common 帶頭的低碳鋼釘 Mild steel nail with head雙頭釘 Double headed 用于臨時固定 Used for temporary fastening光圓釘 Finishing 用于需要隱蔽的連接 Used where nail is to be concealed螺紋釘 Spiral 可以增加握釘力 Provides extra holding power環(huán)紋釘 Ringed 握釘力最大，永久性固定 Highest holding power, permanent fastening屋面釘 Roofing 大而平的

25、釘頭防止撕裂 Large flat head for tear resistance掛板釘 Cladding and Decking 圓頭可以保證搭接時必要的間隙 Rounded head provides gaps between lapped sidingCourtesy Canadian Wood Council釘釘 Nails金屬連接件金屬連接件 Metal Framing Connectors用于木框架的連接All purpose framing anchor抗拔連接件Tie down framing anchor用于抵抗地震荷載和風的上拔力For resisting earthqu

26、ake and wind upliftCourtesy Canadian Wood Council金屬連接件金屬連接件 Metal Framing Connectors三向連接件Triple grip framing anchor直角連接件 Framing angleCourtesy Canadian Wood Council金屬連接件金屬連接件 Metal Framing Connectors擱柵和檁條掛鉤Joist and purlin hangers桁架齒板Truss platesCourtesy Canadian Wood Council金屬連接件金屬連接件 Metal Framing

27、 Connectors抗震錨固件Seismic anchors輕型木結構建造方法輕型木結構建造方法 Framing Methods 規(guī)格材的建造有三種基本的方法 Construction using lumber can be broken into three basic methods 一體通柱建造法 Balloon frame construction 多用于過去，現在很少使用 Used more in the past, limited use today 梁柱建造法 Post and beam construction 利基市場建造方法 Niche market constructi

28、on method 平臺式建造法 Platform frame construction 加拿大最常用的建造方法 The most common method used in Canada一體通柱建造法一體通柱建造法 Balloon Framing一體通柱建造法 Balloon framing 外墻墻骨柱從基礎到屋頂椽條是連續(xù)的 The exterior walls made from continuous studs that run from the foundation roof rafters. 樓蓋擱柵支承在板條上 Floor joists are supported on ribb

29、on boards 較長的墻骨柱不容易施工 Long stud lengths more difficult to handle 收縮小于平臺式建造法 Less shrinkage than platform frame construction 墻體內的保溫層可以從基礎到屋頂連續(xù)布置 Allows full depth wall insulation from the foundation to the roof. 墻體空腔內要設置防火擋塊 Fire blocking maybe required in wall cavity梁柱式或重型木結構梁柱式或重型木結構 Post and Beam

30、or Heavy Timber Framing 主要的結構構件采用大尺寸的規(guī)格材做梁和柱 Major structural members are large dimension lumber posts and beams 可以使用膠合木或平行木片膠合木 May use glue laminated or parallel strand components 通常結構在室內是暴露的 Structure typically exposed inside 非承重墻體由墻骨柱和預制面板構成 Wall infill panels consist of stud framed walls or pre

31、fabricated panels平臺式建造法平臺式建造法 Platform Framing平臺式建造法 Platform framing 一種簡便的建造方式，可以使用小斷面的規(guī)格材 A simple construction method that allows the use of standard small dimension lumber 每一層樓蓋都能提供一個施工平臺用以布置和搭建內外墻體 Each floor provides a working platform for the layout and framing of the interior and exterior wa

32、lls 理論上說靈活的施工方法可以建造各種形狀和風格的建筑 Flexibility allows virtually any shape or style of building to be constructed 修改方便 Can be easily modified. 平臺式建造法平臺式建造法 Platform Framing屋頂桁架Roof trusses38 x 89 or 38 x 140mm 墻骨柱38 x 89 or 38 x 140mm ( 2x4 or 2x6) stud walls樓蓋覆面板Floor sheathing樓蓋擱柵Floor joists基礎Foundatio

33、n結構概念和構件結構概念和構件Structural Concepts and Components 可以指定一或兩個構件來解釋和抵抗下述任何一種結構概念和受力 For each of the following structural concepts and forces, identify one or 2 wood frame building components that are used to resist these受壓 Compression受拉 Tension水平支撐 Lateral bracing受剪 Shear樓蓋 /墻體 Diaphragms懸挑 Cantilevers結

34、構概念和構件結構概念和構件Structural Concepts and Components受壓 Compression 墻骨柱 Studs 柱 Posts 地梁板 Sill plates 過梁 Lintels 梁 Beams 支撐 Blocking 擱柵 Joists結構概念和構件結構概念和構件Structural Concepts and Components受拉 Tension 擱柵 Joists 梁 Beams 桁架 Trusses 木板條 Straps 錨固件 Anchors結構概念和構件結構概念和構件Structural Concepts and Components水平支撐 L

35、ateral Bracing 橫撐 Struts 覆面板（膠合板、定向刨花板和石膏板） Sheet goods (plywood, OSB, gypsum board) 金屬拉條 Metal straps結構概念和構件結構概念和構件Structural Concepts and Components受剪 Shear 膠合板 Plywood 釘 Nails 連接板 Gusset plates 節(jié)點 Joists 梁 Beams結構概念和構件結構概念和構件Structural Concepts and Components樓蓋或墻體 Diaphragms 膠合板和定向刨花板 Plywood and

36、 OSB 石膏板 Gypsum board 椽條和擱柵 Rafters and joists 剪刀撐 Cross bracing結構概念和構件結構概念和構件Structural Concepts and Components懸挑 Cantilevers擱柵 Joists梁 Beams椽條 Rafters桁架 Trusses規(guī)格材含水率規(guī)格材含水率 Framing Lumber Moisture Content木材含水率 Moisture content in wood 濕材含水率為30%到300% Green lumber moisture content 30% to 300% 木材干燥時收

37、縮 As wood dries shrinkage occurs 順紋方向出現最大的收縮 Largest shrinkage parallel to grain 規(guī)格材含水率為19%或更低 Framing lumber considered dry when 19% or less干燥材 Dried lumber is 尺寸更穩(wěn)定 More dimensionally stable 更輕 Lighter 運輸更經濟 More economical to shipTypically 8% shrinkageTypically4% shrinkageTypically 0.1% shrinkage

38、規(guī)格材的干燥規(guī)格材的干燥 Framing Lumber Drying氣干 Air Drying 防止雨水的侵蝕 Protected from rain 需要數月時間 Process takes months 不需要使用能源 No energy required窯干 Kiln Drying熱量和相對濕度可以控制，空氣可以循環(huán)流通 Heat and relative humidity are controlled, air is circulated through lumber高溫可以殺死昆蟲和其它大部分有機物質，和干燥材一樣 Temperatures kill insects and most

39、 other organisms as well as dry lumber需要幾天時間 Process takes days需要使用能源，會間接影響規(guī)格材成本 Energy required to heat kilns potentially affecting cost of lumber窯干的規(guī)格材需要敲章S-DRY 或 S-GDN Kiln dried lumber stamped S-DRY or S-GDNPhoto Nick MorleyCourtesy Canadian Wood Council規(guī)格材規(guī)格材 Framing Lumber 堆放和防潮 Storage and Pr

40、otection From Moisture 當干燥到19%的含水率后必須保持干燥 Once dried to 19% must be kept dry 需要遮蓋 Under cover 用防水材料包裹 Wrapped in water resistant wrapping (house wrap)現場含水率測試現場含水率測試 Field Moisture Measurement 測試規(guī)格材含水率 Measuring moisture content of framing lumber 插入式含水率測量儀是最常用的 Pin type DC resistance moisture meter m

41、ost commonly used 必須插入木材8mm才能精確測量 Must penetrate wood 8mm (5/16”) for accurate reading 不同的樹種需要進行調整 Must be adjusted for each species現場含水率測試現場含水率測試 Field Moisture Measurement所有的木材在完工前含水率必須控制在19%或以下 All framing must 19% moisture content or less before closing in檢測含水率的關鍵 Key areas to check for moisture 外墻 Exterior Walls 木材大面積集中的地方 Area