英美文學(xué)期末整理

1、Shakespeare Hamlet哈姆雷特Conscience and over-considerations. He wants to revenge, but doesnt know how. He wants to kill his uncle, but finds it too risky. He lives in despair and wants to commit suicide. However, he knows if he dies, nobody will comfort his fathers ghost. He is in face of great dilemma

2、. They dont know the result after their taking the action. Such as Hamlet, he doesnt know what would happen if he kills his uncle or kills himself . So Hamlet was hesitated.Daniel DefoeRobinson Crusoe魯賓遜漂流記2. What do you think of Crusoes way of marking time? Why is it important for him to keep track

3、 of time?A good way. He doesnt want to forget time. For a civilized man, time is precious.3. From this excerpt, what do you find admirable in Robinson Crusoe?Strong-minded, careful, capable, persevering, optimistic, ambitious, self-reliant, clever, practical, adventurous, patient, rational, sympathe

4、tic, hardworking, imaginative, energetic, courageous, amiable (kind-hearted).First of all, he is adventurous. Unlike common people, Robinson is eager to take adventures. So he is brave under most circumstances and curious about new things. Even when he was left in a deserted island, he was not afrai

5、d of what he was confronted with. Whats more, during the time he lived in the island, Robinson was faced with lots of difficulties. However, he has overcome all of them with strong will and firm determination. And he tries his best to survive and takes an optimistic attitude towards life. Instead of

6、 despair, Robinson is full of passion in such a harsh situation. He never gets frustrated by failures and always perseveres in making efforts to create a new life. Besides, Robinson pays much attention to details. For example, when he wants to find a place for his settlement, he has taken many aspec

7、ts into consideration, such as security, convenience, and sunshine. Also, he makes a list of specific figures on which he can base his construction. In this sense, Robinson is careful and considerate. To sum up, Robinson is not only brave and adventurous but also wise and thoughtful. When he has dif

8、ficulties, he spares no efforts to overcome them and try his best solve the factual problems. What impressed me most is his optimism and perseverance. All the good qualities in Robinson Crusoe are admirable and he shows us a positive attitude towards life.Robert BurnsA Red, Red Rose詩的開頭用了一個鮮活的比喻紅紅的玫

9、瑰一下子就將戀人的美麗寫得活靈活現(xiàn)，同時也寫出了詩人心中的感情。在詩人的心中，戀人不僅有醉人的外表而且有著柔美靈動的心靈，像一段樂曲，婉轉(zhuǎn)動人地傾訴著美麗的心靈。詩人對戀人的愛是那樣的真切、深情和熱烈。那是種怎樣的愛呀!要一直愛到海桔石爛。這樣的愛情專注使人想到中國的古老民歌：”上邪l(fā)我欲與君相知長命無絕衰。山無陵江水為竭冬雷陣陣夏雨雪，天地合乃敢與君絕?！痹娙说陌窈腿崆橛挚捎迷娊?jīng)里的一句來說明：“執(zhí)子之手，與子偕老?！焙蔚鹊膱詻Q和悠長!愛的火焰在詩人的心中強烈地燃燒著，詩人渴望有著美好的結(jié)果。但是，此時的詩人已經(jīng)是囊中羞澀詩人知道這時的自己并不能給戀人帶來幸福，他已經(jīng)預(yù)感到自己要離去。但諍

10、人堅信：這樣的離別只是暫別，自己一定會回來的。這首詩是詩人的代表作它開了英國浪漫主義詩歌的先河對濟慈、拜倫等人有很大的影響。詩人用流暢悅耳的音調(diào)、質(zhì)樸無華的詞語和熱烈真摯的情感打動了千百萬戀人的心也使得這首詩在問世之后成為人們傳唱不衰的經(jīng)典。詩歌吸收了民歌的特點，采用口語使詩歌朗朗上口，極大地顯示了民歌的特色和魅力。讀來讓人感到詩中似乎有一種原始的沖動，一種原始的生命之流在流淌。另外，詩中使用了重復(fù)的句子，大大增強了詩歌的感情力度。在這首僅僅有16句的詩中。涉及“愛”的詞語竟有十幾處之多，然而并不使人感到重復(fù)和累贅。反而更加強化了詩人對戀人愛情的強烈和情感的濃郁程度。1. How does t

11、he narrator in the poem express his love?To use many figures of speeches: simile明喻, metaphor, repetition2. Why is this poem so touching to the readers?1) Original flavor風(fēng)味 in fiery 熱烈的and direct expression: directly passionate2) Artistic recreation消遣娛樂; imagery 意象presentation: newly sprung rose/ swe

12、etly played melody旋律 3) In repetition to stir an echoing呼應(yīng)，回響 effectAuld Lang Syne 友誼地久天長怎能忘記舊日朋友心中能不懷想 舊日朋友豈能相忘友誼地久天長 友誼萬歲 朋友 友誼萬歲 舉杯痛飲 同聲歌頌友誼地久天長 我們曾經(jīng)終日游蕩在故鄉(xiāng)的青山上 我們也曾歷盡苦辛 到處奔波流浪 友誼萬歲 朋友 友誼萬歲 舉杯痛飲 同聲歌頌友誼地久天長 我們也曾終日逍遙蕩槳在碧波上 但如今卻勞燕分飛 遠隔大海重洋 友誼萬歲 朋友 友誼萬歲 舉杯痛飲 同聲歌頌友誼地久天長 我們往日情意相投 讓我們緊握手 讓我們來舉杯暢飲 友誼地久天長

13、友誼萬歲 萬歲朋友 友誼萬歲1. What does “cup o' kindness” imply?Auld Lang Syne (old long since)by Robert Burns is a narrative poem praising for friendship. From the title and the first section we can easily get it, especially from the words “acquaintance”相識, “forgot”, “brought to min'”. After reading the

14、 whole poem, we will know “cup o' kindness” here should imply the friendship between Robert Burns and his friend that he is now together with. “Cup o' kindness” is showed in the second and the last section, which are both their reunion重聚 occasion. The people in the poem used to be friends an

15、d are old now; they are gathering to honor their friendship and memorize their happy childhood and adolescence.After the first “cup o' kindness”, the author starts to recall their joyful life: they has run in the brae斜坡, picked up the fine gowans春白菊, wandered a long and weary疲倦 journey, pad

16、dled 劃槳in the stream all the day. But all the nice memory has been the history “Sin' auld lang syne.” And they are best affection and friendship for them two.Then again comes to the present gathering, there is one more “cup o' kindness” to imply that how much the author really worships the f

17、riendship and wish for it forever. “And we'll take a cup o' kindness yet, For auld lang syne.” William WordsworthI Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 我獨游于天際，如一朵流云 在詩的開頭,詩人將自己比喻為一朵孤獨的流云,孤單地在高高的天空飄蕩。孤傲的詩人發(fā)現(xiàn)一大片金色的水仙,它們歡快地遍地開放。在詩人的心中,水仙已經(jīng)不是一種植物了,而是一種象征,代表了一種靈魂和一種精神。一簇簇水仙花在微風(fēng)中起舞,微微頷首,仿若群星璀璨,亮閃閃遍灑銀河。粼粼湖波也

18、在近旁歡跳,卻不如水仙花舞得如此輕俏,此等美景,如果不去田園山野,又怎能看得見、聞得到呢?在詩人的心中,水仙代表了自然的精華,是自然心靈的美妙表現(xiàn)。 在詩的末尾,詩人“多少次郁郁獨臥,寂寞難耐,感到百無聊賴心靈空漠”的時候,水仙花可愛的景象便在他腦海中閃現(xiàn),詩人為有這樣的旅伴而歡欣鼓舞、歡呼跳躍。這時詩人寫出了一種對社會的感受:在城市文明所帶來的丑惡的現(xiàn)實社會中,那高傲、純潔的靈魂只能是郁郁寡歡。這正好和以水仙花為代表的大自然的歡快、美好和淡泊形成了鮮明的對比。在詩人看來,只有在大自然中才能尋找理想,尋找安慰,尋找人性最后歸宿的情懷;只有大自然能夠啟迪人性中博愛和善良的感情,能夠撫慰

19、人的心理創(chuàng)傷,使人得到真正的幸福。這首詩雖然是在詠水仙,但同時也是詩人自己心靈的抒發(fā)和感情的自然流露1. What is the relation between the poet and nature as described in the poem?<Reference>Theme of Man and the Natural World: Wordsworth is the granddaddy of all nature poets, and hes in top form in "I wandered lonely as a Cloud." In he

20、r journal entry about the day in question, Wordsworth's sister Dorothy wrote about their surprise at finding so many daffodils in such a strange place, next to a lake and under some trees. Wordsworths nature is full of life and vitality活力. He appreciates its wildness and unpredictability, but he

21、 humanizes賦予人性 the landscape and fits it to his own mind.Theme of Happiness"I wandered lonely as a Cloud" is a poem that just makes you feel good about life. It says that even when you are by yourself and lonely and missing your friends, you can use your imagination to fine new friends in

22、the world around you. His happiness does not last forever hes not that unrealistic but the daffodils give him a little boost of joy whenever he needs it, like recharging his batteries.Theme of SpiritualityThis poem illustrates the principle of natural supernaturalism. The daffodils are like angels a

23、nd twinkling stars, and the "bliss" 極樂of heaven occurs in speakers imagination. He uses Christian ideas and images to make an ode to nature without any reference to God.Theme of Memory and the PastIn both poems, the memory of beautiful things serves as a comfort to the speaker even after t

24、he experience of viewing them has ended. He can always draw on his imagination to reproduce the joy of the event and to remember the spiritual wisdom that it provided. In the case of "I wandered lonely as a Cloud," we do not realize just how far in the future the speakers perspective is lo

25、cated until the fourth stanza, when he describes just how often the daffodils have comforted him.2. Do you think nature can have healing effect on mind?I think nature can have healing effect on mind, but the precondition 前提is that the nature should be peaceful and earthly. Lets imagine a scene. At t

26、he very beginning, we felt a little sad. Then, we place ourselves at a peaceful and clean lake. We sit on the comfortable and green grass. There are several wild flowers on the grass. Some little birds are walking near us with chirp. We can breathe the smell of the earth. When we are watching it gli

27、stening閃亮的 in the sunshine, there may be a smile on our face again. Nobody will be not touched in this condition unless there is something wrong with his mind. It is just like a picture. Or it is just like a clean bracing and ethereal melody. We can close our eyes to listen to it without any distrac

28、ting thoughts. It always can comfort our hearts, and we will not feel that desperate. Every time I feel not happy I will listen to a piece of piano music. That makes me good, all my fidgeting will go away from me. Sometimes I will reflect where the problem is. Peaceful music is just like the nature.

29、 Both they can give me a kind of feeling like mother. Do not be scared at all. Sometimes I suppose if the criminal can live in the nature and experience it, they will not do that evil. In another hand, those artists maybe can not create the works. As the author said, a host of golden daffodils besid

30、e the lake, beneath the trees, fluttering and dancing in the breeze. The memory made him excited and brought his lonely heart happiness. If a writer does not watch any beautiful scenery, I believe he or she cant be a good writer. Peaceful nature is a place people can release themselves and remove th

31、e unhappiness. In this circumstance, the writer digs their inspiration. Yes, I think so. Some people may think that our nature has been highly polluted by our human beings. And it wont have any effects on us. The others may think the nature has bad influence on our bodies because of the contaminatio

32、n污染. But I think nature must have a lot of healing effect on mind. As the development of the society, people may meet more and more difficulties, and it may lead to more stress. For example, when a person has worked for a long time, it is hard for him to do more. He would like to spend sometime trav

33、elling to somewhere. The place is best to be beautiful, clean, comfortable, with clear sky and green grass. People can breathe the fresh air there. When he lies on the grass and watches the sky, he may forget all the stress on work. The only thing he can do is to enjoy the charming scenery and great

34、 nature. Nature also can affect people when they are ill especially serious disease. The patient may feel their life meaningless. At that time, their families will take them to a remote place. They may also let the patient have a pet. During the feeding period, the patient may feel that a life is so

35、 difficult to bring up. He will heal the spirit to live. Different people have different ideas. I cant say that nature doesnt have mischief, but in my opinion, its good effects are more. George Gordon ByronShe Walks in Beauty她在美中行這是一首歌頌女性美的抒情詩，詩中的女性是詩人的表妹威爾莫特夫人（Mrs. Wilmot）。詩人在這一次的舞會上遇到這位穿著孝服的表妹時為其的

36、美貌所傾倒，遂成此詩。詩人在詩中極盡贊美之能事，仰慕之情躍然筆端，尤其是詩中的一句“One shade the more, one ray the less/Had half impair'd the nameless garace”，頗有“增一分則太長，減一分則太短，著粉則太白，施朱則太赤”的神韻。在詩篇的末尾，詩人筆鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，由渲染外表的美麗轉(zhuǎn)向頌揚心靈美，由表及里，深化了主題。1. What is the colour of the ladys dress? How do you know?Black. The poet compared the lady to the night

37、(.like the night Of cloudless climes and starry skies).2. What does “their dwelling place” refer to in the last line of the second stanza?Their dwelling place refers to the lady's mind or soul. This lady had not only physical beauty but also inner beauty.3. Where are the ladys winning smiles? Ho

38、w do they appear to the poet?They are in the poet's imagination. They appear serene, sweet, pure, and perfect.Percy Bysshe ShelleyOde to the West Wind P78詩共分5節(jié)，每節(jié)的韻腳安排是：aba，bcb，cdc，ded，ee,前3節(jié)寫“西風(fēng)”。那狂烈的西風(fēng)，它的威力可以將一切腐朽的生命扯碎，天空在它的呼嘯中戰(zhàn)栗著?？窗?！那狂暴猶如狂女的頭發(fā)，在天地間搖曳，布滿整個宇宙；那黑夜中濃濃的無邊際的神秘，是西風(fēng)力量的凝結(jié)；那黑色的雨、冰雹和火焰是

39、它的幫手。這力量足以打破一切。在秋天，西風(fēng)狂暴地將陳腐的生命吹去，以橫掃千軍之勢除去沒有生機的枯葉，吹去那癆病似的生命。然而，它沒有殘殺一粒生命。它要將種子放進冬天深深的心中，在那里生根發(fā)芽，埋下春的信息。然后，西風(fēng)吹響春的號角，讓碧綠、香氣布滿大地，讓它們隨著西風(fēng)運行的足跡四處傳播。經(jīng)過西風(fēng)的破壞和培育，生命在旺盛地生長；那景象、那迷人的芳香在迅速地蔓延著，那污濁的、殘破的東西已奄奄一息，在海底戰(zhàn)栗著。詩人用優(yōu)美而蓬勃的想象寫出了西風(fēng)的形象。那氣勢恢宏的詩句，強烈撼人的激情把西風(fēng)的狂烈、急于掃除舊世界創(chuàng)造新世界的形象展現(xiàn)在人們面前。詩中比喻奇特，形象鮮明，枯葉的腐朽、狂女的頭發(fā)、黑色的雨、夜

40、的世界無不深深地震撼著人們的心靈。詩歌的后兩段寫詩人與西風(fēng)的應(yīng)和?！拔业谏畹那G棘上，我流血了！”這令人心碎的詩句道出了詩人不羈心靈的創(chuàng)傷。盡管如此，詩人愿意被西風(fēng)吹拂，愿意自己即將逝去的生命在被撕碎的瞬間感受到西風(fēng)的精神，西風(fēng)的氣息；詩人愿奉獻自己的一切，為即將到來的春天奉獻。在詩的結(jié)尾，詩人以預(yù)言家的口吻高喊：“要是冬天已經(jīng)來了，西風(fēng)呵，春日怎能遙遠？”這里，西風(fēng)已經(jīng)成了一種象征，它是一種無處不在的宇宙精神，一種打破舊世界，追求新世界的西風(fēng)精神。詩人以西風(fēng)自喻，表達了自己對生活的信念和向舊世界宣戰(zhàn)的決心。1. In what way is the West Wind both a des

41、troyer and a preserver?West wind is the destroyer as it is turbulent騷亂的 and strong and destroys the wide spread vegetation植物. It is a destroyer of the old, decaying 衰減and valueless things (such as dead leaves), blowing over the land, drives away the dead leaves. Shelly shows the irony 諷刺of the wind

42、that acts in a contradictory manner.It is the preserver as it brings life to the dead atmosphere, it spreads the seeds and they lie two inches beneath the ground and eventually sprout萌芽 into seedlings. 2. What is the relation between the West Wind and the poet?In "Ode to the West Wind," Na

43、ture is grander and more powerful than man can hope to be. The natural world is especially powerful because it contains elements like the West Wind and the Spring Wind, which can travel invisibly看不見地 across the globe, affecting every cloud, leaf, and wave as they go. Man may be able to increase his

44、status by allowing Nature to channel itself through him. The speaker of the poem appeals to the West Wind to infuse（灌輸，影響） him with a new spirit and a new power to spread his ideas.3. As “the trumpet喇叭 of prophecy預(yù)言”, what does the west wind predict in physical reality? How do you understand it symb

45、olically?As the speaker of "Ode to the West Wind" feels himself waning and decaying, he begs the wind to use him as an instrument, inhabit him, distribute his ideas, or prophesy through his mouth. He hopes to transform himself by uniting his own spirit with the larger "Spirit" of

46、 the West Wind and of Nature itself. The speaker wishes that the wind could affect him the way it does leaves and clouds and waves. Because it cant, he asks the wind to play him like an instrument, bringing out his sadness in its own musical lament挽歌. Maybe the wind can even help him to send his ide

47、as all over the world; even if theyre not powerful in their own right, his ideas might inspire others. The sad music that the wind will play on him will become a prophecy. The West Wind of autumn brings on a cold, barren貧瘠的 period of winter, but isnt winter always followed by a spring? John KeatsOde

48、 on a Grecian Urn希臘古翁頌詩人曾看到過數(shù)種不同的希臘古甕。他凝視著古甕上那些栩栩如生的畫面曾長長地陷入沉思，在冥冥的想象中，他看到古希臘的古老傳說敦陂和阿卡狄谷地人神共處的那種奇瑰的生活，即古希臘人田園詩般的生活。這是一個何等純潔，何等美麗，何等自由，何等歡樂的世界??！那里樹木長青，鮮花盛開，人們歡樂地歌唱，跳舞，姣美的少男少女無拘無束地戀愛，到處充滿狂熱、幸福的氣氛！詩人被深深地激動了，他情不自禁地為這種生活唱起贊歌。詩人濟慈從古希臘藝術(shù)獲取靈感，經(jīng)過想象力的再創(chuàng)造，在讀者眼前展現(xiàn)出一幅意象鮮明、色彩斑斕的風(fēng)景畫；同時，詩人又以激情奔放的詩句歌頌這甕上的畫。真正做到了詩中有

49、畫，畫中有詩，不愧為傳世佳作。3. Comment on the epigram “beauty is truth, truth beauty”.The poet point out the relation between art and reality: Beauty is truth, truth beauty.The conclusion of this stanza is praising the greatness and eternity of art. That is to say people consider truth is beautiful because it is

50、 true. Just owing to the affective bias, in peoples mind true things are really beautiful, while false things are just seemingly beautiful. Therefore, only truth is real beauty.Charlotte BronteJane Eyre P881. What is Jane Eyres view of love as reflected in the excerpt?When we connect death with life

51、, well find our life requiring more cherishment-love your life and love the people (be kind to others). Jane listened to the call of her inner world. Once caught it, she pursued it- she fell in love with her master bravely. She cherished everything around her: the people, the plant, the animal and t

52、he whole nature. Besides Mr. Rochester, she was kind to her friends, her cousins, her students and the servants, even to the dog and the moorland. To her hostile enemy, Jane gave the same mercy: Mrs. Reed, her daughters and son, the evil mad woman of Mr. Rochester. Jane was totally a speaker of the

53、author Charlotte: what can we do before the hardness of life, including death? Charlotte learned to have (and maybe decided to love). The love consisted of two passions: the deep feeling to the human and the thankful cherishment of being. With constant sufferings in life, which were believed to be u

54、nbearable for most of us, Charlotte struggled to live her noble life, taking her responsibility in family and society, starving friendship and pursuing her career. 2. Why does Jane Eyre decide to stay with Mr. Rochester?Jane Eyre decides to stay with Mr. Rochester because she deeply loves him. In fa

55、ct, during the time when Jane Eyre lives in Thorn field a year ago, she falls in love with Mr. Rochester. She is attracted by Mr. Rochesters charms. Later she leaves him because she loves him; she could not be Rochesters mistress. She wants a sense of complete love. However when Jane hears that her

56、lover Rochester becomes disabled, she desperately comes back to accompany Mr. Rochester. She decides to stay with Mr. Rochester because she always loves Rochester, the love never changes. Just as in this excerpt Jane says “But if you wish me to love you, could you but see how much I do love you, you

57、 would be proud and content. All my heart is yours, sir: it belongs to you; and with you it would remain, were fate to exile the rest of me from your presence for ever”. For one thing, now Jane wants to accompany Rochester because she wants to soothe him. She wants to use her love to soothe Rocheste

58、r; she wants to live with Rochester till the end of her life no matter how Rochester looks, how much he possesses. She loves Rochester deeply in her heart. As we all can see that Rochester loses his eyesight and strength as Rochester says in this excerpt, he is no better than the old lightning-struc

59、k tree. She knows the Mr. Rochesters sufferings, and she knows Rochesters love to her always never disappears. Now she wants to comfort Rochester. She says Rochester is no ruin, he is green and vigorous. She can not let her lover live alone in his rest time of life. For another, under this circumstance (Rochesters wife is dead and he is also suffers a lot.), Jane thinks the love between Rochester and her is liberty and equal. As indicates in the whole book, we can find that Jane always pursues th