2013高考英語復(fù)習(xí)【專題2】冠詞和代詞 (2)

1、【專題二】冠詞和代詞【考情分析】(1)冠詞在高考中的考查重點：冠詞是歷年高考的必考知識點,主要出現(xiàn)在單項選擇和短文改錯題中. 雖說只有兩類,共三個（不定冠詞a, an和定冠詞the),但其使用規(guī)則很復(fù)雜,考生對此語法束手無策?？v觀歷年高考試題,冠詞考點主要集中在以下幾點:1.考查不定冠詞a/an表示個別或泛指的用法2.考查定冠詞the特指某一個人或事物的用法3.考查不定冠詞和定冠詞在固定搭配中的用法4.考查零冠詞（即省略冠詞)表示泛指及其習(xí)慣搭配用法5.考查冠詞在表示類別名詞前的用法6.考查不定冠詞在具體化抽象名詞前的用法7.考查冠詞在比較級前的用法8.考查冠詞在其他特殊結(jié)構(gòu)中的用法9.考查有

2、無冠詞而迥異短語(2)數(shù)詞在高考中的考查重點：1.數(shù)詞表示確切數(shù)目和不確切數(shù)目的區(qū)別；2.數(shù)詞復(fù)數(shù)的特殊用法；3.基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞的用法4.dozen和score 的特殊用法5.倍數(shù)表達(dá)法【知識歸納】冠詞考點一：不定冠詞的基本用法1泛指一個。如：There is a book on the table.2指人或事物的某一種類。如：His father is a driver. Longjing is a wonderful tea.3指某一個人或事物，但不具體說明。如：My sister was saved by a PLA man in the fire.4用于某一些表示重量、長度、時間等單位

3、前，表示“每一”。如：We have meals three times a day.5表示同樣的。如：They are of an age.(他們是同歲。)6表數(shù)量，相當(dāng)于one，但語意較弱。如：There is a pen and two books on the desk. 7使抽象名詞具體化。如：The little girl is a help to her mother. (a hand譯為“幫手”)8固定搭配。如：as a matter of fact , in a hurry, in a word 考點二：定冠詞的基本用法1表示上文提到過的人或事物。如：I have bough

4、t a book. The book is very useful.2用于說話人與聽話人心中都有數(shù)的人或事物。如：Close the window, please.3用于表示世界上獨一無二的事物前。如：the sun, the moon, the earth, the world等。4用于表示方位的名詞之前。如：the east, the right。5用于序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級之前。如：the first, the tallest。6用于形容詞之前，使其名詞化。如：the sick, the wounded。7用于由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞之前。如：the United States, the

5、 United Nation。8用于江河、海洋、海峽、山脈、群島、建筑物等的名詞之前。如：the Changjiang River, the East Lake。9用于復(fù)數(shù)姓氏之前，表示“夫婦”或“全家”。如：The Smiths。10用于樂器的名詞前。如：play the piano; play the violin。 11發(fā)明物。如：The compass was invented in China. 12年代名詞前。如：He lived in the countryside in the 1970s. 13固定詞組中。如：in the morning(afternoon, evening

6、), on the other hand , at the same time考點三：零冠詞的基本用法1表示總稱的復(fù)數(shù)名詞之前。如：Children love cartoons.(兒童喜歡卡通影片。)2不含普通名詞的專有名詞前。如：We are studying English.3名詞前有指示代詞、物主代詞、不定代詞或名詞所有格修飾時。如：I like this picture; I do not have any money; As time went on, Einsteins theory proved to be correct.4官職、季節(jié)、月份、星期等名詞前，一般不用冠詞。如：Sh

7、e likes spring most.5呼語前不用冠詞。如：What shall I do next, Mother?6三餐飯前不用冠詞。如：What did you have for lunch?7節(jié)假日前不用冠詞。如：People give gifts to each other on Christmas Day.8球類和棋類運動的名稱前不用冠詞。如：She is fond of playing basketball.9在一些成對出現(xiàn)的短語中不用冠詞。如：arm in arm(手挽手); hand in hand(手牽手); side by side(肩并肩); day and day(

8、日日夜夜); young and old(老老少少); from door to door(挨門挨戶); from beginning to end(從頭到尾); from morning till night(從早到晚)等。10.與by連用表示交通方式的名詞前；以and連接的兩個相對的名詞連用時；數(shù)詞考點一： hundred, thousand和million的用法若hundred, thousand, million, billion等詞的前面有基數(shù)詞或several修飾時，hundred, thousand, million, billion等只能用單數(shù)形式；注意hundred, tho

9、usand, million, billion等詞前不能用many，若表示不確定數(shù)目的數(shù)百、數(shù)千、數(shù)百萬等時，要用它們的復(fù)數(shù)形式，還要加上of。考點二：dozen與score的用法(1)dozen （一打，十二），score （二十）與具體數(shù)詞或與many, several 等連用時，后不加s，所修飾的名詞前常省去of。如:two dozen eggs 兩打雞蛋，many dozen pencils好多打鉛筆；dozen, score的復(fù)數(shù)形式后接of時，表示"許多"，是概數(shù)。如:dozens of eggs幾十個雞蛋，scores of pencils幾十支鉛筆。(2)當(dāng)

10、所修飾的名詞之前有限定詞these, those, my, your等或是修飾人稱代詞賓格them, us, you時，這時需要加of。如：two dozen of these pens, three score of them?？键c三： 分?jǐn)?shù)的表達(dá)法：分子用基數(shù)詞，分母用序數(shù)詞，若分子大于1，則分母用復(fù)數(shù)。如：one-fourth (a quarter) 1/4 two-fifths 2/5考點四：年齡表達(dá)法表示某人的確切年齡，用"基數(shù)詞years old"或"基數(shù)詞of age"或者"at the age of基數(shù)詞"，也可直接用

11、基數(shù)詞；表示某人幾十多歲時，用"in ones + 逢十的基數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)(如tens, twenties, thirties等)"來表達(dá)。He is in his late twenties. 他快30了。The old lady died in her early seventies beside a church in New York. 那位老太太70來歲就死在了紐約的一個教堂附近。考點五：年代表達(dá)法表示"幾十年代"時，在阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字后加s或s。in the 1990s考點六：倍數(shù)的表達(dá)方式(1)倍數(shù)形容詞(或副詞)的比較級than。如：This ro

12、pe is twice longer than that one.這根繩的長度是那根繩的三倍。(比那根繩長二倍)This hall is five times bigger than our classroom.這個大廳比我們的教室大五倍。(是我們教室的六倍)(2)倍數(shù)as形容詞(或 much)或副詞as。如：This big stone is three times as heavy as that one.這塊大石頭的重量是那一塊的三倍。(這塊石頭比那塊重二倍)The plane flew ten times as high as the kite.那架飛機(jī)飛行高度是那個風(fēng)箏的十倍。(高出

13、九倍)(3)倍數(shù)the size(length，height.)of。如：This street is four times the length of that street.這條街是那條街的四倍長。This hill is four times the height of that small one.這座山的高度是那座小山的四倍。(比那座小山高三倍)也可用：The height of this hill is four times that of that small one.【考點例析】【高考真題】1The Smiths dont usually stay at_ hotels, bu

14、t last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by _ sea. 【2012江西卷】A/; aBthe; theC/; theDthe; a1C考查冠詞。hotel為復(fù)數(shù)，前不會用定冠詞the來修飾；江，河，湖，海前要加定冠詞2.The development of industry has been_ gradual process throughout _ human existence, from stone tools to modern technology. 【2012浙江卷】A. 不填, theB. the; a

15、C. a; 不填D. a; a2. C 考查冠詞。第一空process是可數(shù)名詞，第一次出現(xiàn)一般用不定冠詞，且此次表示“一個”的概念；第二空existence是不可數(shù)名詞，其此處表示抽象概念，故用零冠詞。3. Carl is studying _food science at college and hopes to open up _meat processing factory of his own one day. 【2012安徽卷】A. / ； a B. / ；the C. the ; a D. the ; the 3.A 本題考查冠詞。science是不可數(shù)名詞，用零冠詞，后面的fa

16、ctory是一個可數(shù)名詞，用a 表示泛指。4. Sam has been appointed _ manager of the engineering department to take _ place of George. 【2012重慶卷】 A. /,/ B. the,/ C the the D./, the4. D 考查冠詞用法。句意：Sam被任命為工程部經(jīng)理取代了George。表示官銜職務(wù)的名詞作補語和同位語時，前不加冠詞。在題干中，“manager”表示職務(wù)，作主語補足語，不需要加冠詞，而第二個空白處為固定短語“take the place of”，是“代替，取代”之意。因此，正確

17、答案為D選項。5.I woke up with _bad headache, yet by _evening the pain had gone. 【2012遼寧卷】A. the; the B. the; an C. a; the D. a; an5.C 考查冠詞。第一空表示泛指；第二空為固定用法，用定冠詞the，故選C項6. Sarah looked at _finished painting with _satisfaction. 【2012全國卷】A.不填；a B. a; the C. the; 不填 D. the; a6.C考查冠詞用法。句意：Sarah滿意地看著那幅已畫完的畫。第一空

18、特指“已經(jīng)畫完的畫”；第二空考查介詞短語with satisfaction意為：滿意地，作狀語。此處satisfaction為抽象名詞，在此短語中不用冠詞。7. Being able to afford _ drink would be _ comfort in those tough times. 【2012山東卷】A. the; the B. a; a C. a; 不填 D. 不填；a 7.B考查冠詞的用法。句意：在那些艱難的歲月里，能買得起一杯飲料是一種莫大的安慰。第一空中的a drink意為：一杯飲料；第二空中的a comfort意為：一件令人安慰的事。8. The new stadi

19、um being built for the next Asian Games will be_ the present one. (2011·陜西)卷Aas three times big as Bthree times as big as Cas big as three times Das big three times as8. B 考查倍數(shù)表達(dá)法。倍數(shù)asadj.as表示“一物是另一物的幾倍”。9. It took us quite a long time to get to the amusement park.It was _ journey. (2010·上

20、海)Athree hourBa three hours Ca three hour Dthree hours9. C考查數(shù)詞。句意：去游樂園花了我們很長一段時間，是3個小時的路程。一段3個小時的路程有兩種表達(dá)方式：a three hour journey；three hours journey。10. One-third of the country_covered with trees and the majority of the citizens _ black people. (2011 湖南卷)A. is; are B. is; is C. are; are D. are; is10

21、 A 考查數(shù)詞與主謂一致。因為one-third 后面的中心詞為country這個不可數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞應(yīng)使用單數(shù)；第二空中的citizens為復(fù)數(shù),謂語動詞使用復(fù)數(shù)形式?！久Ｔ囶}】1. I heard you have vacant position for a secretary. Ive come to apply for job. Athe; aBa; theC/; aDa; /【答案】B一個職位崗位，可數(shù)名詞；特指上文說的空缺的那個工作，所以用定冠詞2. People think that _ opening ceremony of the 29th Olympic Games is

22、 _ great success. A. an; a B. the ; a C. the ;the D. the ; /【答案】D專指奧運會開幕式；成功，抽象名詞不可數(shù)。3.Shenzhou VII，          countrys third manned spaceship, was launched successfully on September 25, 2008 in         northwestern Gansu Province，

23、ChinaA. a；不填         B. the；the        C. the；不填         D. a；the【答案】B序數(shù)詞表順序用定冠詞；指具體地點，特指，所以用定冠詞。5.John is _ European but doesnt know or speak _English language at all. A. an，aB. a，theC. the

24、 ，anD. a，不填【答案】D一個歐洲人，可數(shù)名詞；語言的前面是零冠詞。6. General speaking, _ graduate from _ wellknown university is more likely to find a good job. Aa, the Ba, a Cthe, a Dthe, the 【答案】B類指或說泛指，表明一個來自一所著名大學(xué)的畢業(yè)生。7.For each individual, sport is _ possible source for inner improvement. Olympism seeks to create a way of

25、life based on _ joy found in effort. Aa; aBthe; the Ca; theDthe; a【答案】C一種可能的資源，用不定冠詞；特指通過努力而尋找到的快樂。8. Sit on the edge of _ bed _ minute before putting your feet on the floor. A. /; aB. the; aC. the; the D. /; the【答案】B具體指哪一張床；一分鐘可數(shù)名詞。9.The Spring Festival is _unique day for families. It is also _ day

26、 for special foods like niangao. A. an, a B. an, the C. a, a D. the, a【答案】C獨一無二的一天，unique開頭讀音為輔音，用a;泛指一天，也用a. 10.Mary couldnt remember the exact date of the hurricane, but she knew it was _ Saturday because everybody was at _ church. A. /; the B. a; / C. /; a D. the; /【答案】B a表示某一，at church 表示“在做禮拜”，

27、故church前不加the;【易錯典例】1. “Do you know_English for 帥哥？” “Im afraid I dont. Im not interested in_English language.”A. the；theB. the；不填 C. 不填；theD. 不填；不填【易誤分析】容易誤選D，因為表示語言的名詞前通常不用冠詞?！久麕熤附颉孔罴汛鸢笧锳。在英語中，表示語言的名詞前通常不用冠詞，但在某些特殊情況下可用冠詞。如：(1) 當(dāng)語言名詞表特指意義，其前可用定冠詞。如：The English spoken in America and Canada is a lit

28、tle different from that spoken in England. 美國和加拿大講的英語與英國講的英語有點不同。(2) 當(dāng)語言名詞表示某一語言中的對應(yīng)詞時，其前要用定冠詞。如：Whats the English for this? 這個東西用英語怎么說？ (3) 當(dāng)在語言名詞后加上 language一詞時，也要用冠詞。如：There have been many changes in the history of the English language. 英語發(fā)展過程中有很多變革。2. I couldnt remember the exact date of the sto

29、rm, but I knew it was_Sunday because everybody was at_church A. a；theB. a；不填 C. 不填；aD. 不填；不填【易誤分析】容易誤選D，因為星期名詞前不加冠詞；而 at church 表示在教堂里做禮拜，其中也不用冠詞?！久麕熤附颉孔罴汛鸢笧锽。確實，在通常情況下星期名詞前不用冠詞，但在某些特殊情況下還是可以用冠詞的，如表示特指，其前可用定冠詞；表示“某一個”或受描繪性定語修飾表示“某種”這樣的意義等，其前可用不定冠詞。如： He came on the Sunday and went away on the Monday

30、. 他星期日來，星期一就走了。My birthday happened to be on a Saturday. 我的生日碰巧是星期六。3. Which person do you refer to, the one with_long hair or the one with_long beard?A. a；aB. 不填；不填 C. a；不填D. 不填；a【易誤分析】誤選A或B，認(rèn)為hair(頭發(fā))和beard(胡須)性質(zhì)和用法應(yīng)該差不多，要么都可數(shù)，要么都不可數(shù)，或者說要么都用不定冠詞，要么都不用?！久麕熤附颉孔罴汛鸢高xD。hair 和 beard 在用法上并不完全相同：hair 可用作可

31、數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，用作可數(shù)名詞時，指一根一根的毛發(fā)或頭發(fā)，如說 Theres a hair in my soup .(我的湯里有根頭發(fā))；用作不可數(shù)名詞(集合名詞)時，則是整體地指一個人的頭發(fā)。比較：He has gray hairs. 他有幾根白發(fā)了。He has gray hair. 他滿頭白發(fā)了。而beard 則通常只用作可數(shù)名詞，且指的是一個人所有的胡須，而不是指一根胡須，它的復(fù)數(shù)形式，通常是指多個人的胡須，而不是指多根胡須，如：He no longer wears a beard. 他不再留胡須。Not all men grow beards. 并不是所有的男人都留胡須。4. “May

32、 I take your order now？”“ Wed like three black_and two green_.”A. coffee, cups of teas B. coffees, teas C. cups of coffee, tea D. cup of coffees, teas【易誤分析】誤選C，認(rèn)為coffee和tea均為不可數(shù)名詞，不能后加復(fù)數(shù)詞尾s，從而排除選項A、B、D?！久麕熤附颉窟xB。有的同學(xué)認(rèn)為 coffee 和tea是物質(zhì)名詞，不可數(shù)，不能用 three coffees, two teas 這樣的表達(dá)。其實，coffee既可用作不可數(shù)名詞，表示“咖啡”這種

33、物質(zhì)，也可用作可數(shù)名詞，表示“一杯咖啡”，即在口語中 three coffees 就等于 three cups of coffee。同樣，“三杯茶”既可說成 three cups of tea，也可說成 three teas；“三杯啤酒”既可說成 three glasses of beer，也可說成 three beers?！痉椒记伞抗谠~1. 平時熟記定冠詞、不定冠詞和零冠詞的用法，做題時仔細(xì)分析所表達(dá)的意義。2. 熟悉一些名詞的用法，和冠詞結(jié)合。有很多不可數(shù)名詞，有時候被具體化的情況，也是考查的重點。3. 多做練習(xí)，能夠提高熟悉語境的能力，很多考題是要和語境相聯(lián)系起來考查的，這方面一定要重

34、視4. 特別注意形容詞比較級、最高級前的冠詞問題，以及序數(shù)詞前加不定冠詞或定冠詞的區(qū)別。數(shù)詞1掌握基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞、分?jǐn)?shù)詞、倍數(shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)、年月日、鐘點、年齡、序號的基本用法。2掌握不定數(shù)量詞、約數(shù)詞的表達(dá)方法。3. 掌握倍數(shù)表達(dá)法【專題訓(xùn)練】1. Having received training of_ MS. Company，he was offered_ important position in management.A. the；an B. 不填；an C. the；不填 D. ara2For many Beijingers, dreams of living in _green are

35、a are becoming _reality.A. a；aB. the；the C. 不填；不填D. a；the3Did you enjoy yourself yesterday?Yes. As you saw, _party went on in _most pleasant atmosphere.A. the；aB. the；the C. a；theD. a；a4I often have conversations with John over _telephone，while I keep in touch with Tom by _letter.A. 不填； theB. 不填；a C. the；不填 D. the；a5. Many _scientist wants to be _second Newton.A a；theB. a；a C不填；aD. 不填； the6. Ive t