有關(guān)英語語法中《平行結(jié)構(gòu)》問題 附有習(xí)題及答案(免費(fèi)

1、平行結(jié)構(gòu)平行結(jié)構(gòu) 一、連詞連接兩個對等的詞和對等的結(jié)構(gòu) 并列連詞and, but, as well as, or, or else, both and, neither nor, either or, not only but (also), rather than,asas等以及從屬連詞than可連接兩個對等的詞和對等的結(jié)構(gòu)。 1.所連接的謂語形式必須一致 例1：He went downtown, bought some books and visited his daughter. 例2：Gunpowder was discovered in the twelfth century, bu

2、t not used in warfare until two hundred years later. 2.所連接的詞或短語形式必須一致 例1：Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also on how you participate in class. 例2：We often go to the countryside as well as to factories. 例3：I would much rather go to the countryside than stay

3、here. 3.連接的非謂語動詞的形式必須一致 例1：Some find swimming more enjoyable than sitting at home reading. 例2：He was engaged in writing a letter rather than reading the newspaper. 4.所連接的句子結(jié)構(gòu)必須一致 例1：She is pleased with what you have given and all that you have told him. 例2：The purpose of the research had a more diff

4、erent meaning for them than it did for us. 二、某些特定的固定結(jié)構(gòu)。例如： (1)有些詞后要用平行結(jié)構(gòu)。例如： prefer sth to sth prefer doing sth to doing sth prefer to do sth rather than do sth 1) I prefer rice to noodles. 2)I prefer watching TV to listening to music. 3) He preferred to die rather than surrender. (2)有些結(jié)構(gòu)中要用平行結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：

5、 would / had rather / sooner do something than do something, would / had as soon do something as do something (寧可也不) 1) Liu Hulan said she had rather die than give up. 2) I would as soon stay at home as go. III 部分強(qiáng)調(diào)句 要強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的某一部分，可以把句子的結(jié)構(gòu)改變一下，通常有兩種表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的句式：It is / was that 結(jié)構(gòu)和What is / was結(jié)構(gòu)。 一、It is /

6、 was that 結(jié)構(gòu) 1.It is / was that 結(jié)構(gòu)可以用來強(qiáng)調(diào)句子中幾乎任何部分 例1：It was my mother that threw an egg at Mr. Li yesterday. 例2：It was Mr. Li that my mother threw an egg at yesterday. 2.被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分指人時，可用who 或whom 強(qiáng)調(diào)主語時，如果指的是人， 可以不用that而用who來代替。強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語時，如果指點(diǎn)的是人，可用whom。例如： 1）It was the dean who walked by. 2）It was Mary whom

7、the old lady missed most. 3被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指物時，要用that 例如：It was an egg that my mother threw at Mr. Li yesterday. 4.被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是狀語時，也只能用that，不能用when或where. 例1：It is during his spare time that John has been studying a course in French. 例2：It was in the hall that the mayor held the press conference. 5.不能用It is / was th

8、at 結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)動詞 強(qiáng)調(diào)動詞常用do,過去式用did。例如： 1) They did study very hard yesterday. 2) He does look forward to making the acquaintance of her. What is / was 結(jié)構(gòu) 二、What is / was 結(jié)構(gòu)常用來強(qiáng)調(diào)主語或賓語，在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，is/ was后面是強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分。例如： 1）What hurts is my left leg. 2）What I like is her style.Parallel Structure平行結(jié)構(gòu) 糾錯相似的思想應(yīng)用相似的形式表達(dá)出來。

9、句子的成份相近，則也應(yīng)以相似的形式出現(xiàn)。請注意以下標(biāo)有"NO"的句子是不規(guī)范的。No:The school bus skidded, turned sideways, then comes to a stop.Yes:The school bus skidded, turned sideways, and came to a stop.(并列時態(tài))No:I don't know why I married someone who is miserly, sloppy and a bore.Yes:I don't know why I married some

10、one who is miserly, sloppy and boring. (形容詞平行結(jié)構(gòu))No:In the wreck the circus lost a panda and elephant.Yes:In the wreck the circus lost a panda and an elephant.(不定冠詞的平行結(jié)構(gòu))No:I debated whether I should give the beggar money or to offer him food.Yes:I debated whether to give the beggar money or to offer

11、 him food.(不定式的平行結(jié)構(gòu))No:They would lie on the battlefield for hours and sometimes days.Yes:They would lie on the battlefield for hours and sometimes for days.(介詞平行結(jié)構(gòu))No:Michael's vacuum cleaner squealed loudly, shook violently, and dust filled the air.Yes:Michael's vacuum cleaner squealed lou

12、dly, shook violently, and filled the air with dust.(并列謂語)No:The mechanic explained the problem, method, and the tools that he was going to use.Yes:The mechanic explained the problem, method, and tools that he was going to use.(并列帶有定冠詞"the"的名詞)No: He retired respected by his associates, adm

13、ired by his friends, and his employees loved him.Yes:He retired respected by his associates, admired by his friends, and loved by his employees.(并列被動語態(tài))No:As a young man he had been to Shanghai, fighting in the Anti-Japanese War, and following the Nationalist Party to Chongking.Yes:As a young man he

14、 had been to Shanghai, had fought in the Anti-Japanese War and had followed the Nationalist Party to Chongking.(并列過去完成時)No:Jane is pretty, with brown hair, and has a graceful manner.Yes:Jane is pretty, brown-haired, and graceful.(形容詞平行結(jié)構(gòu))No:He left the city because of his lack of success in business

15、, the departure of his friends and because his health deteriorated rapidly.Yes:He left the city because of his lack of success in business, the departure of his friends and his rapidly failing health.(作賓語的名詞平行結(jié)構(gòu))No:They bought the house for location and affordability.Yes:They bought the house becaus

16、e of its location and its affordability.(并列名詞；注意代詞的所有格)No:Why did you make Xiao Zhang feel useless and as if he was unimportant?Yes:Why did you make Xiao Zhang feel useless and unimportant?(形容詞的平行結(jié)構(gòu))No:This could be a problem for both the winners and for those who lose.Yes:This could be a problem fo

17、r both the winners and losers.(名詞平行結(jié)構(gòu))No:The prisoner was not only found guilty of bribery but also adultery.Yes:The prisoner was found guilty not only of bribery but also of adultery.(并列介詞短語)為使平行結(jié)構(gòu)清楚明了，隨時都可以重復(fù)介詞、冠詞、助動詞、不定詞標(biāo)志，或者長的短語或句子的介紹詞。Awkward:I admire Tennyson for the ideals in his poems but no

18、t his style.Improved:I admire Tennyson for the ideals in his poems but not for his style.Awkward:The sentences are difficult to understand, not because they are long but they are obscure.Improved:The sentences are difficult to understand, not because they are long but because they are obscure.Awkwar

19、d:He explained that the advertising campaign had been successful, business had increased more than forty per cent, and additional capital was sorely needed.Improved:He explained that the advertising campaign had been successful, that business had increased more than forty per cent, and that addition

20、al capital was sorely needed.在商業(yè)和正式文件寫作中，越來越多的用到圓點(diǎn)散句。除了更易讀之外，它們更能從視覺上引起人們注意。作者需要決定在圓點(diǎn)之后用什么形式來寫，是用名詞，動詞，形容詞，副詞，還是介詞短語，定語從句甚至完整的句子。應(yīng)該記住的是它們相互間應(yīng)該保持一致。平行結(jié)構(gòu)較多用。Examples: Our recommendations for improving computer-user comfort are as follows:Anti-radiation screens should be available for computer monitors

21、.Wrist supports should be used to help maintain proper wrist position during computer use and possibly reduce the risk of carpal tunnel syndrome.Employees need adjustable chairs with a stronger back support.·(主謂一致結(jié)構(gòu))What makes me different from other job applicants?Ability to converse in Englis

22、h, Japanese in addition to my native MandarinCompletion of two-month customer satisfaction trainingImpeccable medical report cardOutgoing personality and eager desire to help·(名詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)) Awkward:At Yi Xin Associates, we have 15 years of combined legal experience in all types of injury cases one ca

23、n think of. Other areas we handle are wrongful death, automobile accidents and medical malpractice. If you slip and fall in a public building, we can represent you in filing a law suit against the owner. Also, our clients come to seek our help in handicap discrimination and denial of insurance claim

24、 cases.Better:At Yi Xin Associates, we have 15 years of combined legal experience in:All injury casesWrongful deathAutomobile accidentsMedical malpracticeSlip and fallHandicap discriminationDenial of insurance claims·Incorrect:The duties of the Executive Secretary of the Administrative Committe

25、e are:To take minutes of all meetings （不定式短語）The Executive Secretary answers all the correspondence; and （句子）Writing of month reports. （話題）·Correct:The duties of the Executive Secretary of the Administrative Committee are:To take minutes of all meetings; To answer all the correspondence; andTo

26、write monthly reports. ·精典范例:Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe1 alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans, born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, and unwilling to

27、witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and that sincerity is always subject to p

28、roof. Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.Now the trumpet summons us again - not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need2; not as a call to battle, though embattled we are3; but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, a year in and year out "

29、;rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation," a struggle4 against the common enemies of man: 5 tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself.And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you6; ask what you can do for your country.-美國前總統(tǒng)John F. Kennedy注意：(1)劃線部分為平行結(jié)構(gòu)(2)例 1.頭韻；例2&3. "We need arms"和 "We are embattled"為倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)；例4.同位語；例5.見冒號的用法。在句中使用 "and" 或"on"時, 須連接結(jié)構(gòu)相同的部分?？偟脑瓌t是：詞與詞相配, 短語和短語相配,從句和從句相配 ,句子則