學(xué)術(shù)英語(社科)8單元A翻譯

1、UNIT8 Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power 硬實(shí)力，軟實(shí)力，巧實(shí)力 People often associate power of a nation with military might or economic strenght. Is these something more to the

2、60;concept of power? The answer is in the affirmative, at least to some who study political science。 This unit explores the complex nature of power and how it impacts

3、0;international relations。 人們常把權(quán)力一個(gè)國家軍事實(shí)力和經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力.這些東西更是對(duì)權(quán)力的概念嗎？答案是肯定的，至少對(duì)一些學(xué)習(xí)政治科學(xué)的人來說是肯定的.本單位探討了權(quán)力的復(fù)雜性及其對(duì)國際關(guān)系的影響.The complex nature of power權(quán)力的復(fù)雜性1.“Until human nature change, power and force will remain at the heart&

4、#160;of international relations," according to a top U。S. official。 Not everyone will agree with such a gloomy realpolitik assessment, but it underlines the crucial role 

5、that power plays in diplomacy。 When the goals and interest of states conflict， which side will prevail is often decided by who has the most power. 一位美國高級(jí)官員表示：“直到人類的本質(zhì)變化，力

6、量和力量將留在國際關(guān)系的核心。不是每個(gè)人都會(huì)同意這樣一個(gè)令人沮喪的現(xiàn)實(shí)的評(píng)估,但它強(qiáng)調(diào),在外交上起著關(guān)鍵作用的力量。當(dāng)國家的目標(biāo)和利益發(fā)生沖突的時(shí)候,哪一方會(huì)獲勝，往往取決于誰擁有最多的權(quán)力。2.Power is the term we will use here to represent the sum of a countrys capabilities。 Because power in common usage carries the connotation of “hit-over-thehead” or “make you” capabilities， it is very imp

7、ortant to stress that power as used here is more than that. As we will explore in the following pages， power can be based on positive persuasion as well as negative coercion。 Indeed, power has many forms。 Military muscle, wealth， and some others are fairly obvious and tangible。 Others such as nation

8、al willpower and diplomatic skills are much less obvious and intangible.我們將用這一術(shù)語來表示一個(gè)國家能力的總和。因?yàn)槠胀ǖ牧α坑小皳糁蓄^部”或“使你的能力”的內(nèi)涵,所以強(qiáng)調(diào)使用這里的力量是非常重要的。正如我們將探討在以下頁面中，權(quán)力可以基于積極的說服和消極的強(qiáng)制.事實(shí)上，權(quán)力有很多形式.軍事力量，財(cái)富，和其他一些是相當(dāng)明顯的和有形的。其他如國家意志和外交技巧是不太明顯的和無形的。Power as an asset and a goal作為資產(chǎn)和目標(biāo)的力量3.One source of confusion in discu

9、ssion about power is that it is both an asset and a goal。 Our discussion of power so far has generally treated it as an asset that can be applied to help countries achieve goals. In this sense， power is akin to money as a sort of political currency that can be used to acquire things. Money buys thin

10、gs； power causes things to happen。 There are, of course， differences between money and power. One is that political power is less liquid than money； it is harder to convert into things that you want。 Another difference is that power, unlike money， has no standard measurement. Therefore it is much ha

11、rder to be precise about how much power any country has.關(guān)于權(quán)力的討論是一個(gè)混亂的問題，它既是一種資產(chǎn),也是一個(gè)目標(biāo)。我們對(duì)權(quán)力的討論一般都把它當(dāng)作一種可以用來幫助國家實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的資產(chǎn)。從這個(gè)意義上說，權(quán)力與金錢是一種政治貨幣，可以用來獲取事物。錢買東西，權(quán)力導(dǎo)致事情發(fā)生。當(dāng)然，金錢與權(quán)力之間的差異.一種是政治權(quán)力比金錢的流動(dòng)性要小，它更難把你想要的東西轉(zhuǎn)換成你想要的東西。另一個(gè)區(qū)別是，不同于金錢的權(quán)力，沒有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的測(cè)量。因此，更難以精確地了解到國家的權(quán)力有多大。4.Power is also a go

12、al because in a world of often conflicting goals among countries it is only prudent to seek， acquire, or preserve sufficient power to pursue your national goals。 Here again， the analogy between power and money has merit。 We all expend money as an asset, yet we also seek

13、 to acquire money and to build up a reserve against both anticipated needs and contingencies。權(quán)力也是一個(gè)目標(biāo)，因?yàn)樵谝粋€(gè)世界上經(jīng)常相互沖突的國家，它只是謹(jǐn)慎地尋求，獲得或保持足夠的權(quán)力來追求你的國家目標(biāo).再次，權(quán)力和金錢之間的類比是值得的。我們都把錢作為一種資產(chǎn),但我們也尋求獲得資金，并建立一個(gè)儲(chǔ)備,針對(duì)預(yù)期的需求和突發(fā)事件。5.The duality of power as an asset and a goal creates a debate over whether more is alway

14、s better。 Some people believe that countries can become fixated on acquiring power， especially military power， beyond what is prudently needed to meet possible exigencies。 This, critics say, is unwise because power is expensive， it creates a temptation to use it， and it spawns insecurity in others.

15、Critics of recent U.S. foreign policy see its massive arms spending and its misadventure in Iraq as a case in point。作為一種資產(chǎn)和的權(quán)力的雙重性產(chǎn)生了一場(chǎng)辯論，權(quán)力是否越是越好。有些人認(rèn)為，國家可以成為專注于獲得權(quán)力，特別是軍事力量，要超出謹(jǐn)慎的需要，滿足可能發(fā)生的緊急情況.批評(píng)者說,這是不明智的，因?yàn)闄?quán)力是昂貴的，它產(chǎn)生了一種去使用它的誘惑,并且它對(duì)其他人產(chǎn)生了不安全感。最近的美國外交政策的批評(píng)者認(rèn)為其龐大的軍費(fèi)開支和在伊拉克不幸就是一個(gè)例子。6.To such charges

16、, realists warn that not being willing to pay the price today to guard against future and unknown dangers leaves states vulnerable。 Realists also dismiss the concern about having too much power and say that the real danger is unwise use of the power you have by wasting it on marginal goals。 And real

17、ists caution against a country being too reluctant to expend its power to advance its national interests. Former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, for one ,portrays Americans as sometimes too-reluctant warriors and believes that “American leadership needs to articulate for their public a concept o

18、f the national interest and explain how that interest is served by the maintenance of the balance of power” through a forceful U.S。 presence on the world stage。這樣的收費(fèi),現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者警告說，今天我們不愿意付出代價(jià)去防范未來和來自脆弱的國家的未知的危險(xiǎn)?，F(xiàn)實(shí)主義者也同樣不考慮有太多的權(quán)力，并且認(rèn)為浪費(fèi)在邊際的目標(biāo)的權(quán)力不能夠明智的使用在真正的危險(xiǎn)上.現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者告誡一個(gè)國家太不愿意花費(fèi)的力量來推進(jìn)其國家利益。一個(gè)國家的國務(wù)卿基辛格,前國務(wù)卿

19、,描繪了美國人作為太不情愿的戰(zhàn)士認(rèn)為“美國的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力需要來表達(dá)他們國家利益和表達(dá)利益服務(wù)的的權(quán)力的“平衡的維持,世界舞臺(tái)上一個(gè)強(qiáng)有力的美國的存在。Hard and soft power 軟硬實(shí)力7.As noted earlier， the most common image of power involves the ability to make someone else do something or suffer the consequences. Often called hard power, this type of power rests

20、 on negative incentives （threats, “sticks”） and on positive incentives （inducements, “carrots”). There is also soft power, the ability to persuade others to follow your lead by being an attractive example. As one scholar puts it， “A country may obtain the outcome it wants in world politics because o

21、ther countries-admiring its values， emulating its example， aspiring to its level of prosperity and openness want to follow it?！比缜八?最常見的權(quán)力形象包括使別人做某事或讓他遭受的后果的能力。通常被稱為硬權(quán)力,這種權(quán)力取決于負(fù)激勵(lì)(威脅，“棍棒”)和正激勵(lì)（獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)，“胡蘿卜”）。也有軟實(shí)力,有能力說服別人跟隨你的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)是一個(gè)有吸引力的例子。正如一位學(xué)者所說，“一個(gè)國家可以世界政治舞臺(tái)上得到它想要的是因?yàn)槠渌麌倚蕾p它的價(jià)值的，仿效它的實(shí)例，渴求于它的繁榮和開放水平從而要遵

22、循它。"8.The value of these two forms of power is the source of much debate。 Hard power is easier to appreciate because it is easier to see that certain coercive measures or positive incentives have been used and to observe the result。 Realists also are apt to dismiss the concept of soft power， ar

23、guing that countries follow other countries lead because they share the same interests, not because of altruistic sentiments such as admiration。這2種權(quán)力的價(jià)值是許多爭論的根源。硬權(quán)力是更容易理解，因?yàn)樗菀卓吹侥承?qiáng)制性措施或積極的激勵(lì)措施已被使用,并觀察其結(jié)果?，F(xiàn)實(shí)主義者也傾向于解除軟實(shí)力的概念,認(rèn)為一些國家跟隨其他國家的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)是因?yàn)樗麄冇邢嗤睦?而不是因?yàn)槔楦斜热缯f欽佩。9. Rebutting this, those who

24、believe that soft power can be potent point， as an example, to the negative impact they say the Iraq War has had on U.S. soft power by greatly diminishing the U.S。 image abroad. Citing poll results showing that favorable opinion about the United States has plummeted almost everywhere in the past sev

25、eral years, one analyst worries that “the United States” soft power its ability to attract others by the legitimacy of U.S. policies and the values that underlie them is in decline as a result".那些相信軟實(shí)力可以有效的人反駁這一點(diǎn)的例子是伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭對(duì)美國軟實(shí)力的負(fù)面影響。伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭已經(jīng)大大削弱了美國的海外形象。引用民意調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，美國在過去幾年中幾乎無處不在,一位分析師擔(dān)心“美國的軟實(shí)力” 正在下降。在美國政策的合法性以及其背后的價(jià)值觀的基礎(chǔ)上吸引其他人的能力。 One reason this is a concern， according to this view， is because the United States needs the cooperation of other countries to combat terrorism and many other problems， but “When the United States becomes so unpopular that being proAmerican is