英語：高考長(zhǎng)難句解析

1、解析高考英語解析高考英語閱讀中的長(zhǎng)難句閱讀中的長(zhǎng)難句柴成瑜柴成瑜 在閱讀中，我們經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到一在閱讀中，我們經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到一些長(zhǎng)而難的句子。長(zhǎng)難句通常含有些長(zhǎng)而難的句子。長(zhǎng)難句通常含有較多、較長(zhǎng)的修飾成分、并列成分較多、較長(zhǎng)的修飾成分、并列成分或從句。長(zhǎng)難句的豐富內(nèi)容和復(fù)雜或從句。長(zhǎng)難句的豐富內(nèi)容和復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)往往會(huì)導(dǎo)致理解的困難。理解結(jié)構(gòu)往往會(huì)導(dǎo)致理解的困難。理解長(zhǎng)難句的關(guān)鍵是了解長(zhǎng)難句的類型，長(zhǎng)難句的關(guān)鍵是了解長(zhǎng)難句的類型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的關(guān)鍵理清句子成分，抓住句子中的關(guān)鍵部分。部分。1、帶有較多成分的簡(jiǎn)單句。、帶有較多成分的簡(jiǎn)單句。Having chosen family televis

2、ion programs and womens magazines，the toothpaste marketer，for instance，must select the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific womens magazines to be used. 一、長(zhǎng)難句的分類一、長(zhǎng)難句的分類2、含有多個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句的并列句。、含有多個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句的并列句。 In the 1970s, he was a surgeon at Yale，and had a wonderful wife and five beau

3、tiful children，but he was terribly unhappy. I cant live in fear of the possibility that as the earths population grows and we use more and more of our nonrenewable(不能再生的不能再生的) resources，our children may have to lead poorer lives.3、含有多個(gè)從句的復(fù)合句。、含有多個(gè)從句的復(fù)合句。4、含有多個(gè)插入成分的句子。、含有多個(gè)插入成分的句子。 His journey to the

4、 e-mail hell began innocently（無知地）（無知地） enough when, as chairman of Computer Associates International，a software company，he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system. 5、并列復(fù)合句。、并列復(fù)合句。 I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse，but I have ne

5、ver questioned the fact that whether I liked it or not，change was unavoidable. Before 1066, in the land we now call Great Britain lived peoples belonging to two major language groups. 6、 倒裝句。倒裝句。1、 復(fù)合從句復(fù)合從句 句子較長(zhǎng)，一個(gè)從句套著另一個(gè)從句，環(huán)環(huán)句子較長(zhǎng)，一個(gè)從句套著另一個(gè)從句，環(huán)環(huán)相扣。不管句子有多長(zhǎng)有多復(fù)雜，它只由兩部分相扣。不管句子有多長(zhǎng)有多復(fù)雜，它只由兩部分構(gòu)成，即主干和修飾成分。構(gòu)

6、成，即主干和修飾成分。主干主干是整個(gè)句子的骨是整個(gè)句子的骨架，主要指架，主要指主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)或主系表結(jié)構(gòu)主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)或主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。而修飾成。而修飾成分在句中只起修飾或補(bǔ)充主干的作用，它既可以分在句中只起修飾或補(bǔ)充主干的作用，它既可以是單詞，也可以是短語，更常見的則是從句，尤是單詞，也可以是短語，更常見的則是從句，尤其是定語從句和狀語從句。其是定語從句和狀語從句。 我們應(yīng)通過仔細(xì)分析，將每個(gè)修飾成分劃出我們應(yīng)通過仔細(xì)分析，將每個(gè)修飾成分劃出來，找出句子的主干，這樣整個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)就清晰來，找出句子的主干，這樣整個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)就清晰了。了。二、長(zhǎng)難句的歸納二、長(zhǎng)難句的歸納2、 分隔結(jié)構(gòu)分隔結(jié)構(gòu)為了調(diào)整語氣和增加

7、補(bǔ)充信息，更主為了調(diào)整語氣和增加補(bǔ)充信息，更主要的是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，避免頭重腳輕，要的是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，避免頭重腳輕，使語義嚴(yán)密，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，可將語法關(guān)系密使語義嚴(yán)密，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，可將語法關(guān)系密切的兩個(gè)句子成分用其他語法成分分隔開切的兩個(gè)句子成分用其他語法成分分隔開來，這就是所謂的分隔結(jié)構(gòu)?？荚囍谐霈F(xiàn)來，這就是所謂的分隔結(jié)構(gòu)?？荚囍谐霈F(xiàn)較多的是較多的是插入語插入語、用、用破折號(hào)破折號(hào)插入的新話題插入的新話題或補(bǔ)充信息。此外，還有一些句子成分或補(bǔ)充信息。此外，還有一些句子成分（一般是（一般是定語定語）過長(zhǎng)而出現(xiàn)）過長(zhǎng)而出現(xiàn)后置后置，也可以，也可以看作是插入現(xiàn)象。只不過它只是句子原有看作是插入現(xiàn)象

8、。只不過它只是句子原有成分位置的調(diào)整，沒有新增信息。成分位置的調(diào)整，沒有新增信息。 3、 成分省略成分省略 在英語句子中，節(jié)約用詞是一條在英語句子中，節(jié)約用詞是一條重要的修辭原則。省略主要是為了重要的修辭原則。省略主要是為了避避免重復(fù)免重復(fù)，突出關(guān)鍵詞并使上下文緊密，突出關(guān)鍵詞并使上下文緊密連接。成分省略一般和從句相結(jié)合，連接。成分省略一般和從句相結(jié)合，一正一反，使句子富于變化，增強(qiáng)表一正一反，使句子富于變化，增強(qiáng)表現(xiàn)力?，F(xiàn)力。4、 改變語序改變語序改變語序主要指改變語序主要指倒裝句式倒裝句式。這種。這種打破相對(duì)固定的常規(guī)語序的做法，或打破相對(duì)固定的常規(guī)語序的做法，或是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的意義表達(dá)的

9、重心，是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的意義表達(dá)的重心，或是強(qiáng)調(diào)一種表達(dá)語氣，如虛擬語氣、或是強(qiáng)調(diào)一種表達(dá)語氣，如虛擬語氣、否定語氣等。這些句子往往和一些否定語氣等。這些句子往往和一些副副詞、連詞詞、連詞相關(guān)，有明顯的標(biāo)志。相關(guān)，有明顯的標(biāo)志。(1)(1) 結(jié)構(gòu)分析法結(jié)構(gòu)分析法 所謂結(jié)構(gòu)分析法，就是通過語法分所謂結(jié)構(gòu)分析法，就是通過語法分析，迅速弄清句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，把握住句子析，迅速弄清句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，把握住句子的基本框架。的基本框架。首先，判斷該句是簡(jiǎn)單句、首先，判斷該句是簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句；然后，找出句子的并列句還是復(fù)合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主語和謂語，再分清句核心成分，分清主語和謂語，再分清句子

10、附屬成分。子附屬成分。 三、分析長(zhǎng)難句的方法策略三、分析長(zhǎng)難句的方法策略句句 子子判判 斷斷簡(jiǎn)單句簡(jiǎn)單句并列句并列句復(fù)合句復(fù)合句主主 干干并列連并列連詞詞從屬連從屬連詞詞 However, who specialize in ageing the human body is just not designed to last past about 120 years.方法一：較復(fù)雜單句的處理方法方法一：較復(fù)雜單句的處理方法找主、找主、 謂語，即找主干成分謂語，即找主干成分many scientists are doubtful about it and say 方法二：并列句的處理方法方法二：

11、并列句的處理方法 找并列連詞找并列連詞 Miss Germaines mother looked anxious through the wedding Mr. Cordells parents are reported to be less than delighted.and方法三：主從復(fù)合句的處理方法方法三：主從復(fù)合句的處理方法 找從屬連詞找從屬連詞 a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasnt unusual to hear a man

12、 say he didnt know his friends marriage was in serious trouble he appeared one night asking he could sleep on the sofa.Whereasthatthatuntilif方法四：并列和主從復(fù)合句并存的處理方法方法四：并列和主從復(fù)合句并存的處理方法 先讀懂并列句，再看主從復(fù)合句先讀懂并列句，再看主從復(fù)合句 you ask people to name one person had the greatest effect on the English language, you will

13、 get answers like “Shakespeare”, “Samuel Johnson”, and “Webster”, none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man didnt even speak EnglishWilliam, the Conqueror.butIfwhowho (2)(2) 意群閱讀法意群閱讀法 意群閱讀法即把意義和語意群閱讀法即把意義和語法結(jié)構(gòu)上有關(guān)聯(lián)的幾個(gè)詞連接法結(jié)構(gòu)上有關(guān)聯(lián)的幾個(gè)詞連接成較完整的信息。此方法不僅成較完整的信息。此方法不僅有利于提高閱讀速度，而且有有利于提高閱讀速度，而且

14、有利于對(duì)句子的整體理解。利于對(duì)句子的整體理解。 分析：分析：是狀語從句，是狀語從句，是主句，是主句，是是withwith引導(dǎo)的介詞短語作狀語，修飾謂引導(dǎo)的介詞短語作狀語，修飾謂語。這樣，把整個(gè)句子劃為語。這樣，把整個(gè)句子劃為3 3個(gè)意群，可個(gè)意群，可以大大提高閱讀速度。以大大提高閱讀速度。 When two cars travelling at 30 mh hit each other， an unbelted driver would meet the windshieldwith a force equal to diving headfirst into the ground from

15、a height of 10 meters.1. 1. 句子信息量大，結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，附加成句子信息量大，結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，附加成 分多（幾種從句同時(shí)出現(xiàn)）分多（幾種從句同時(shí)出現(xiàn)）2. 2. 分隔現(xiàn)象普遍（主謂分隔、同位語分隔現(xiàn)象普遍（主謂分隔、同位語 分隔、定語分隔等）分隔、定語分隔等）3. 3. 省略現(xiàn)象省略現(xiàn)象 四、長(zhǎng)難句的幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)四、長(zhǎng)難句的幾個(gè)特點(diǎn) 這些都增加了閱讀的難度。因此在這些都增加了閱讀的難度。因此在回歸語篇復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)，要運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)去回歸語篇復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)，要運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)去突破英語閱讀中的長(zhǎng)難句。突破英語閱讀中的長(zhǎng)難句。五、分析長(zhǎng)難句的注意事項(xiàng)五、分析長(zhǎng)難句的注意事項(xiàng)1 1、是否有同位語和插入語。、

16、是否有同位語和插入語。2 2、是否有省略、倒裝和分隔等現(xiàn)象。、是否有省略、倒裝和分隔等現(xiàn)象。3 3、替代詞的所指對(duì)象。、替代詞的所指對(duì)象。4 4、判斷并列成分的層次。、判斷并列成分的層次。5 5、句首的并列連詞、句首的并列連詞andand、oror、butbut、forfor通常起承上啟下的通常起承上啟下的 作用，不要將他們歸入后文的句法分析。作用，不要將他們歸入后文的句法分析。6 6、在從句多的句子中，從句中又包含從句的現(xiàn)象。、在從句多的句子中，從句中又包含從句的現(xiàn)象。7 7、非限定動(dòng)詞短語在句中作次要成分（定語和狀語）時(shí)、非限定動(dòng)詞短語在句中作次要成分（定語和狀語）時(shí) 又帶著自己較長(zhǎng)的從屬

17、成分，尤其是狀語從句或賓語又帶著自己較長(zhǎng)的從屬成分，尤其是狀語從句或賓語 從句時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)分析。從句時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)分析。8 8、在有多個(gè)從句的復(fù)合句和并列句中，狀語（單個(gè)詞、在有多個(gè)從句的復(fù)合句和并列句中，狀語（單個(gè)詞、 短語或從句）究竟是全句的修飾語還是某個(gè)從句或詞短語或從句）究竟是全句的修飾語還是某個(gè)從句或詞 語的修飾語。語的修飾語。六、長(zhǎng)難句的分析實(shí)例六、長(zhǎng)難句的分析實(shí)例 經(jīng)典高考真題（經(jīng)典高考真題（NMET2003.ANMET2003.A篇）篇）實(shí)例分析，分析下面這篇文章共有實(shí)例分析，分析下面這篇文章共有194194個(gè)單詞，卻只有個(gè)單詞，卻只有9 9個(gè)句子，平均個(gè)句子，平均每個(gè)句子大約有每個(gè)句子

18、大約有2222個(gè)單詞，是近幾個(gè)單詞，是近幾年高考英語閱讀理解中一篇比較典年高考英語閱讀理解中一篇比較典型的集中含有長(zhǎng)難句的文章。型的集中含有長(zhǎng)難句的文章。 Tristan da Cunha, a 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510 miles southwest of its nearest neighbor St. Helena, and 1,950 miles west of A

19、frica. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral(葡萄牙海軍上將葡萄牙海軍上將) of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred. Coming in a close secondand often wrongly mentioned as the most distant islandis Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles

20、 east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America. The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty

21、 of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures, called moai, for which the island is most famous. On Easter Sunday, 1722, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name. Today, 2,000 people live on the Chilean territory(智利領(lǐng)土智利領(lǐng)土). They share one street, a small airport an

22、d a few hours of television per day. 1. Whats the name of the Portuguese admiral?2. Whats the Easter Island well-known for?A. Easter B. St. HelenaC. Tristan da Cunha D. PitcairnA. the most distant island B. MoaiC. one street D. Easter Sunday a 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island

23、in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510 miles southwest of its nearest neighbor St. Helena, and 1,950 miles west of Africa. and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred. Coming in a close secondand often wrongly mentioned

24、 as the most distant islandis Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America. The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with t

25、he outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time On Easter Sunday, 1722, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name. Today, 2,000 people live on the Chilean territory(智利領(lǐng)土智利領(lǐng)土). They share one street, a small airport and a few hours of television

26、per day. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral(葡萄牙海軍上將葡萄牙海軍上將) of the same name in 1506, Tristan da Cunha, to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures, called Moai, for which the island is most famous. Tristan da Cunha, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, a 38-square-mile island, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510 miles southwest of its nearest neighbor St. Helena, 1,950 miles west of Africa.and Discovered by the Portuguese admiral(葡