直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)的區(qū)別

1、直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)的區(qū)別？引述或轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話稱為“引語(yǔ)”。直接引用別人的原話，兩邊用引號(hào)“”標(biāo)出，叫做直接引語(yǔ)；用自己的語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，不需要引號(hào)這叫做間接引語(yǔ)，實(shí)際上間接引語(yǔ)大都是賓語(yǔ)從句（其中由祈使句轉(zhuǎn)換的間接引語(yǔ)除外，其轉(zhuǎn)換后是不定式）。那么直接引語(yǔ)為陳述句、一般疑問(wèn)句、特殊疑問(wèn)句和祈使句，轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)等都要有變化，如何變化呢?1、人稱的轉(zhuǎn)變1）直接引語(yǔ)中的第一人稱，一般轉(zhuǎn)換為第三人稱，如：Hesaid，“Iamverysorry.”>Hesaidthathewasverysorry.2）直接引語(yǔ)中的第二人稱，如果原話是針對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)述人說(shuō)

2、的，轉(zhuǎn)換為第一人稱，如：“Youshouldbemorecarefulnexttime,”myfather>toldme.MyfathertoldmethatIshouldbemorecarefulthenexttime.3）直接引語(yǔ)中的第二人稱，如果原話是針對(duì)第三人稱說(shuō)的，轉(zhuǎn)換成第三人稱。如：Shesaidtoherson,“I'llcheckyourhomeworktonight>.”Shesaidtohersonthatshewouldcheckhishomeworkthatnight.4）人稱的轉(zhuǎn)換包括人稱代詞、物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞等，如：Heaskedme,“

3、Willyougotothestationwithmetomeetafriendofminethisafternoon?>HeaskedmewhetherIwouldgotothestationwithhimtomeetafriendofhisthatafternoon.總之，人稱的轉(zhuǎn)換不是固定的，具體情況，具體對(duì)待，要符合邏輯。2、時(shí)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換直接引語(yǔ)改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句（即間接引語(yǔ)部分）的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在時(shí)態(tài)方面要作相應(yīng)的變化，變成過(guò)去時(shí)范疇的各種時(shí)態(tài)（實(shí)際也是賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)要求），變化如下：直接引語(yǔ)間接引語(yǔ)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去

4、進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)例如：“Iamverygladtovisityourschool”>,shesaid.Shesaidshewasverygladtovisitourschool.Tomsaid,“Wearelisteningtothepopmusic.>”Tomsaidthattheywerelisteningtothepopmusic.Motherasked,“HaveyoufinishedyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchTV?>MotheraskedmewhetherIhadfini

5、shedmyhomeworkbeforeIwatchedTV.Heaskedtheconductor,“WhereshallIgetofftochangetoaNo.3bus?>HeaskedtheconductorwherehewouldgetofftochangetoaNo.3bus.“Whydidsherefusetogothere?”theteacher>asked.Theteacheraskedwhyshehadrefusedtogothere.Motheraskedme,“HadyoufinishedyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchedTV?>

6、MotheraskedmewhetherIhadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforeIwatchedTV.Tomsaid,“Wewerehavingafootballmatchthistimeyesterday.>”Tomsaidthattheywerehavingafootballmatchthattimethedaybefore.Hesaid，“Ihaven'theardfrommyparentsthesedays.”>Hesaidthathehadn'theardfromhisparentsthosedays.3、直接引語(yǔ)變成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句時(shí)態(tài)無(wú)

7、須改變的情況1）當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的時(shí)候，如：Healwayssays,“Iamtiredout.>Hea”lwayssaysthatheistiredout.2）當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)候，如：Hewillsay,“I'lltrymybesttohelpyou>.Hewillsayt”hathewilltryhisbesttohelpme.3）當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)部分帶有具體的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，如：Hesaid,“Iwenttocollegein1994.>Hetold”usthathewenttocollegein1994.4）當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)中有以when,whil

8、e引導(dǎo)的從句，表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間時(shí)，如：Hesaid，“WhenIwasachild,Iusuallyplayedfootballafterschool.”>Hesaidthatwhenhewasachild,heusuallyplayedfootballafterschool.5）當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)是客觀真理或自然現(xiàn)象時(shí)，如：Ourteachersaidtous,“Lighttravelsfasterthansou>nd.”O(jiān)urteachertoldusthatlighttravelsfasterthansound.6）當(dāng)引語(yǔ)是諺語(yǔ)、格言時(shí)，如：Hesaid，“Practicemakesp

9、erfect.”>Hesaidthatpracticemakesperfect.7）當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)中有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should,would,could,hadbetter,wouldrather,might,must,oughtto,usedto,need時(shí)，如：例如：Thedoctorsaid,“You'dbetterdrinkplentyofwater.>”ThedoctorsaidI'dbetterdrinkplentyofwater.Hesaid,“Shemustbeateacher.>Hes”aidthatshemustbeateacher.Hesaid,“

10、Sheoughttohavearrivedherofficebynow.>”Hesaidthatsheoughttohavearrivedherofficebythen.Theteachersaid,“Youneedn'thandinyourcompositionstoday>.”Theteachersaidweneedn't/didn'tneedto/didn'thavetohandinourcompositions.Sheasked,“MutaskteIthemedicine?”>Sheaskedifshehadtotakethemedic

11、ine.注：此處用hadto代替must更好8）此外轉(zhuǎn)述中的變化要因?qū)嶋H情況而定，不能機(jī)械照搬，如果當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述，here不必改為there,動(dòng)詞come不必改為go,如果當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述yesterday,tomorrow,thisafternoon等均不必改變。如：Teacher:Youmayhavetheballgamethisafternoon.Student:Whatdidtheteachersay,Monitor?Monitor:Hesaidwemighthavetheballgamethisafternoon.4、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)及某些對(duì)比性的指示代詞和動(dòng)詞變化1）時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：直接引語(yǔ)間接引

12、語(yǔ)直接引語(yǔ)間接引語(yǔ)now（then）；tomorrow（thenext/followingday）today（thatday）；nextweek（thenext/followingweek/month/year）yesterday（thedaybefore）twodaysago（twodaysbefore）lastweek/month/year（theweek/month/yearbefore）thisweek/month/year（thatweek/month/year）2）指示代詞：these變成those3）地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)：here變成thereShesaid,“Iwon'tcomeh

13、ereanymore.>Shes”aidthatshewouldn'tgothereanymore.4）動(dòng)詞：come變成go，bring變成take5、直接引語(yǔ)變成間接引語(yǔ)，句子結(jié)構(gòu)的變化1）陳述句。用連詞that引導(dǎo)，that在口語(yǔ)中常省略。主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可直用接引語(yǔ)中的said,也可用told來(lái)代替，注意，可以說(shuō)saidthat,saidtosb.that,toldsb.that，不可直接說(shuō)toldthat,如：Hesaid,“IhavebeentotheGreatWall.>Hesaid”tousthathehadbeentotheGreatWall.Hesaid,

14、“I'llgiveyouanexaminationnextMonday.>”HetoldusthathewouldgiveusanexaminationthenextMonday.（不可說(shuō)toldthat）此外主句中的謂語(yǔ)還常有：repeat,whisper,answer,reply,explain,announce,declare,think等，又如：Hesaid，“I'mlatebecauseoftheheavytraffic.”>Heexplainedtousthathewaslatebecauseoftheheavytraffic.如果間接引語(yǔ)是由that引

15、導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列從句，第一個(gè)連詞可以省略，以后的連詞一般不省略，以免混亂。Thedoctorsaid,“Youarenotseriouslyill,Youwillbebettersoon.>”Thedoctorsaid（that）IwasnotseriouslyillandthatIwouldbebettersoon.2）直接引語(yǔ)為一般疑問(wèn)句，（也稱是否疑問(wèn)句，）間接引語(yǔ)用連詞whether或if引導(dǎo)，原主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞said要改為asked（me/him/us等），語(yǔ)序是陳述句的語(yǔ)序，這一點(diǎn)非常重要。Hesaid,“Doyouhaveanydifficultywithpronu

16、nciation?>”Heasked（me）whether/ifIhadanydifficultywithmypronunciation.Hesaid,“YouareinterestedinEnglish,aren'tyou?>”HeaskedwhetherIwasinterestedinEnglish.3）直接引語(yǔ)為選擇疑問(wèn)句，間接引語(yǔ)用whetheror表達(dá)，而不用ifor，也不用eitheror.女口：Heasked,“DoyouspeakEnglishorFrench?>”HeaskedmewhetherIspokeEnglishorFrench.Iasked

17、,“Willyoutakebusortaketrain?>”Iaskedhimwhetherhewouldtakebusortaketrain.4）直接引語(yǔ)為特殊疑問(wèn)句，改成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，原來(lái)的疑問(wèn)詞作為間接引語(yǔ)的連詞，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用ask（sb.）來(lái)表達(dá)，語(yǔ)序改為陳述句語(yǔ)序。如：Heasked，“What'syourname?”>Heasked（me）whatmynamewas.Heaskedus,“Howmanycarfactorieshavebeenbuiltinyourcountry?>”Heaskedushowmanycarfactorieshadbeenb

18、uiltinourcountry.5）直接引語(yǔ)為祈使句時(shí)，改為間接引語(yǔ)，用帶to的不定式表達(dá)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常是ask,advise,tell,warn,order,request等。女口asksb.todo,（由肯定祈使句變成）asksb.nottodo（由否定祈使句轉(zhuǎn)變），并且在不定式短語(yǔ)中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)、人稱及時(shí)態(tài)都作相應(yīng)的變化。如：Hesaid,“Beseated,please.”>Heaskedustobeseated.“Dobecarefulwithyourhandwriting.aid.”>HesHetoldmetobecarefulwithmyhandwriting

19、.“Nevercomehereagain!”saidtheofficernearb>y.Theofficerorderedthevillagersnevertogothereagain.“Don'ttouchanythinginthelabwithoutpermission,”th>eteachersaid.Theteacherwarnedthestudentsnottotouchanythinginthelabwithoutpermission.6) 有些含有“建議”>、“勸告”>的祈使句，可用suggest,insist,offer等動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)述，如：Hesai

20、d,“Let'shavearest.>Hes”uggestedourhavingarest.Hesaid,“Letmehelpyou.>H”eofferedtohelpme.7) 當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)形式上是疑問(wèn)句，有表示請(qǐng)求，建議意義時(shí)，可用asksb.todosth./suggestdoing/advisesb.todosth.等形式轉(zhuǎn)述。如：“Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?”hea>skHeed.askedmetoopenthedoor.“Whynotgoingoutforawalk?”heask>edus.Headvisedustogoou

21、tforawalk.或Hesuggestedwegooutforawalk.8) 直接引語(yǔ)是感嘆句時(shí)，變間接引語(yǔ)可用what或how引導(dǎo)，也可用that引導(dǎo)，如：Shesaid,“Whatalovelydayitis!”>Shesaidwhatalovelydayitwas.或Shesaidthatitwasalovelyday.“一隨主”是指在直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果從句中的主語(yǔ)是第一人稱或被第一人稱所修飾。從句中的人稱要按照主句中主語(yǔ)的人稱變化如：Shesaid."Mybrotherwantstogowithme."Shesaidherbrotherwanted

22、togowithher.“二隨賓”是指直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，若從句中的主語(yǔ)及賓語(yǔ)是第二人稱。或被第二人你所修飾。從句中的人稱要跟引號(hào)外的主句的賓語(yǔ)一致。如果引號(hào)外的主句沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)。也可以用第一人稱，如：HesaidtoKate."Howisyoursisternow?"HeaskedKatehowhersisterwasthen。“第三人稱不更新”是指直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)。如果從句中的主語(yǔ)及賓語(yǔ)是第三人稱或被第三人稱所修飾從句中的人稱一般不需要變化如：MrSmithsaid。"Jackisagoodworker。"MrSmithsaidJackwasago

23、odworker。變時(shí)態(tài)：直接引語(yǔ)在改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)、時(shí)態(tài)需要做相應(yīng)的調(diào)整?，F(xiàn)在時(shí)它需改為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)；過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)改為完成時(shí)；過(guò)去完成時(shí)則保留原來(lái)的時(shí)態(tài)。如：1) Shesaid."Ihavelostapen."Shesaidshehadlostapen2) Shesaid."Wehopeso."Shesaidtheyhopedso.3) Shesaid."Hewillgotoseehisfriend。"Shesaidhewouldgotoseehisfriend。但要注意在以下幾種情況下。在直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)一般不變化。直接引語(yǔ)是

24、客觀真理。"Theearthmovesaroundthesunandthemoonmovesaroundtheearth,theteachertoldme.Theteachertoldmetheearthmovesaroundthesunandthemoonmovesaroundtheearth。 直接引語(yǔ)是過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：Jacksaid."John,wherewereyougoingwhenImetyouinthestreet?"JackaskedJohnwherehewasgoingwhenhemethiminthestreet。 直接引語(yǔ)中有具體

25、的過(guò)去某年、某月、某日作狀語(yǔ)，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：XiaoWangsaid."IwasbornonApril21,1980。"XiaoWangsaidhewasbornonApril20,1980。 直接引語(yǔ)如果是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。表示一種反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，變間接引語(yǔ)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：Hesaid,"Igetupatsixeverymorning。"Hesaidhegetsupatsixeverymorning。 如果直接引語(yǔ)中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有過(guò)去時(shí)的形式（例：oughtto,hadbetter,usedto）和已經(jīng)是過(guò)去時(shí)的形式時(shí)，（例：coul

26、d,should,would,might）不再變。如：Petersaid."Youhadbettercomehavetoday。"PetersaidIhadbettergotherethatday。三、如何變狀語(yǔ)：直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)變化有其內(nèi)在規(guī)津，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)由“現(xiàn)在”改為“原來(lái)”（例：now變?yōu)閠hen,yesterday。變?yōu)閠hedaybefore）地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代詞修飾的狀語(yǔ)，由"此”改為"彼”（例：this改為that）,如：Hesaid,"Thesebooksaremine."Hesaidthos

27、ebookswerehis.編輯本段如何變句型 直接引語(yǔ)如果是陳述句，間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)改為由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。女如:Shesaid,"Ourbuswillarriveinfiveminutes."Shesaidthattheirbuswouldarriveinfiveminutes. 直接引語(yǔ)如果是反意疑問(wèn)句，選擇疑問(wèn)句或一般疑問(wèn)句，間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)改為由whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句.如：Hesaid,"Canyouswim,John?"HeaskedJohnifhecouldswim."Youhavefinishedthehomework,haventyou?"m