英語句法結(jié)構(gòu)

1、2021/3/91英語句子概論2021/3/92英語句子概論 基本成分 附屬成分 獨(dú)立成分 省略成分 連接成分 簡單句簡單句 并列句并列句 復(fù)合句復(fù)合句2021/3/93 主語主語 不及物動(dòng)詞不及物動(dòng)詞 （ S + Vi ） 主語主語 及物動(dòng)詞及物動(dòng)詞 賓語賓語 ( S + Vt + O) 主語主語 系動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞 表表 (S + LV + predicative) 主語雙賓動(dòng)詞主語雙賓動(dòng)詞+間賓間賓+直賓直賓(S +Vt +O.indir+O. dir) 主語主語 賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞 賓語賓語 賓語補(bǔ)語賓語補(bǔ)語 (S + Vt. + O + O. compl)There + be / stand

2、/ lie / live.簡單句的五種基本句型簡單句的五種基本句型主語、動(dòng)詞（不及物動(dòng)詞、及物動(dòng)詞、雙賓動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞、賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞)、賓語及補(bǔ)語可以稱為基本句子成分基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2個(gè)基本成分，至多4個(gè)基本成分。2021/3/94主語主語 不及物動(dòng)詞不及物動(dòng)詞She came/ My head aches.主語主語 及物動(dòng)詞及物動(dòng)詞 賓語賓語She likes English.主語主語 系動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞 主語補(bǔ)語主語補(bǔ)語She is happy主語主語 雙賓動(dòng)詞雙賓動(dòng)詞 間接賓語間接賓語 直接賓語直接賓語She gave John a bookShe bought a book f

3、or me.主語主語 賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞 賓語賓語 賓語補(bǔ)語賓語補(bǔ)語She makes her mother angryThe teacher asked me to read the passage.There +be/stand/lie/liveThere lies a book on the desk.簡單句基本句型實(shí)例簡單句基本句型實(shí)例2021/3/95附屬成分附屬成分基本成分的修飾語。可以是：基本成分的修飾語?？梢允牵?定語：即用來修飾名詞的單詞、短語或從句定語：即用來修飾名詞的單詞、短語或從句 狀語：即用來修飾名詞或代詞狀語：即用來修飾名詞或代詞以外以外的詞的單詞、的詞的單詞、短語或

4、從句。短語或從句。定定 語語Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearbyShe likes oranges imported from the USA.John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrationsHave you seen the book on the desk?The boy playing over there is my brother.People there like sports.2021/3/96John often came to chat with meJohn

5、likes oranges very muchWhenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angryHearing the news, he jumped with joy.As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday.She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework.My father worked in this school ten years ago.Youd better stay here.狀狀 語語2021/3/97Examples:Oh！Wh

6、at is that?。@嘆詞）?。@嘆詞）He has，alas，failed againCome here，John（呼語）（呼語）Roll on，Ocean，roll on句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影響句子的句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影響句子的完整性完整性。這種成分和句子的其他詞這種成分和句子的其他詞沒有語法的關(guān)系沒有語法的關(guān)系。獨(dú)立成分獨(dú)立成分2021/3/98（You） Come here（I wish you）Good luck！Some gave him praises，but others（gave him）rotten eggsHe runs as fast as, if

7、 ( he does ) not ( run ) faster, than you. ( I ) Hope you like it. John should clean the room today and Peter ( should clean it ) tomorrow.句中被省略的成分，雖然未說出來，卻在句中表示句中被省略的成分，雖然未說出來，卻在句中表示一定的意思：一定的意思：省略成分省略成分2021/3/99連接成分實(shí)際上是一個(gè)連詞，用來連接兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)平行的連接成分實(shí)際上是一個(gè)連詞，用來連接兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)平行的詞、短語和分句。這種連詞叫做詞、短語和分句。這種連詞叫做并列連詞并列連詞。另

8、一類連接成分是用來連接兩個(gè)句子、且一個(gè)句子從屬于另一類連接成分是用來連接兩個(gè)句子、且一個(gè)句子從屬于另一個(gè)句子（即從句）的連詞。這類連詞叫另一個(gè)句子（即從句）的連詞。這類連詞叫從屬連詞從屬連詞。從。從屬連詞主要用于引導(dǎo)各種從句。屬連詞主要用于引導(dǎo)各種從句。一個(gè)完整的句子（主句或從句）必須包含一個(gè)完整的句子（主句或從句）必須包含2個(gè)到個(gè)到4個(gè)基本成個(gè)基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，還可包含一個(gè)或更多其他分，此外，如果意思上有需要，還可包含一個(gè)或更多其他的句子成分。的句子成分。連接成分連接成分2021/3/910簡單句只有一個(gè)限定動(dòng)詞（簡單句只有一個(gè)限定動(dòng)詞（即只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)即只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)）

9、，它是最小的句子單位。主要起下列四種），它是最小的句子單位。主要起下列四種作用中的一種。作用中的一種。 作一種陳述作一種陳述 提出一個(gè)問題提出一個(gè)問題 發(fā)出一種命令或請求發(fā)出一種命令或請求 表示一種感嘆表示一種感嘆Examples:The boy hit the dog. / The dog bit the boy.The girl read the books. / The books pleased the girl.Stephen apologized at once.Does the shop close at 7 tonight?Shut the door.What a slow t

10、rain this is!2021/3/911簡單句的基本詞序簡單句的基本詞序2021/3/912簡單句的擴(kuò)展成份簡單句的擴(kuò)展成份簡單句的主語、賓語可以加上一個(gè)短語（如定語）來擴(kuò)展，簡單句的主語、賓語可以加上一個(gè)短語（如定語）來擴(kuò)展，及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞也可以與其它短語（如狀語）連用及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞也可以與其它短語（如狀語）連用進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展。進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展。I bought a rain coat with a warm lining.The dog jumped through the window.He is saving up to buy a mobile phone.A bright li

11、ttle boy with rosy cheeks put three bottles of milk quietly on my doorstep before seven oclock.He worked like a madman in the garden on Saturday.The young girl with long black hair seems to be very happy.2021/3/913兩個(gè)簡單句的主語可以連詞兩個(gè)簡單句的主語可以連詞and、but、both.and、eitheror、neithernor、not onlybut also等連詞連接等連詞連

12、接組成一個(gè)簡單句，但應(yīng)注意主語和謂語動(dòng)詞的一致性。組成一個(gè)簡單句，但應(yīng)注意主語和謂語動(dòng)詞的一致性。The boss is flying to Paris. His secretary is flying to Paris. The boss and his secretary are flying to Paris. Both the boss and his secretary are flying to Paris.The boss is flying to Rome. His secretary is not flying to Rome. The boss but not his se

13、cretary is flying to Rome.The boss may be flying to Berlin. His secretary may be flying to Berlin. Either the boss or his secretary is flying to Berlin.The boss is not flying to York. His secretary isnt flying to York. Neither the boss nor his secretary is flying to York.主主語、語、謂謂語、語、賓賓語語的的合合并并2021/3

14、/914兩個(gè)簡單句的賓語可由兩個(gè)簡單句的賓語可由and、bothand等連詞連接組成等連詞連接組成一個(gè)簡單句。一個(gè)簡單句。I met Jane. I met her husband.I met Jane and her husband.I met both Jane and her husband.It was cold. It was wet.It was cold and wet.I didnt meet Jane. I didnt meet her husband.I didnt meet either Jane or her husband. I met neither Jane no

15、r her husband.兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上限定動(dòng)詞也可合并為一個(gè)簡單句。兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上限定動(dòng)詞也可合并為一個(gè)簡單句。We sang all night. We danced all night.We sang and danced all night.主主語、語、謂謂語、語、賓賓語語的的合合并并2021/3/915并并列列句句需把幾個(gè)意思連接在一起時(shí)，可用分號需把幾個(gè)意思連接在一起時(shí)，可用分號或把兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)簡單句用或把兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)簡單句用并列連詞并列連詞連接連接起來，這種結(jié)構(gòu)即構(gòu)成一個(gè)并列句。起來，這種結(jié)構(gòu)即構(gòu)成一個(gè)并列句。用分號：用分號：We fished all day; we didnt

16、catch a thing.用分號，后跟一個(gè)連接副詞：用分號，后跟一個(gè)連接副詞：We fished all day; however, we didnt catch a thing.用并列連詞（如用并列連詞（如and、but、so、yet等）等）We fished all day, but (we) didnt catch a thing.2021/3/916并并列列句句常用并列連詞常用并列連詞 平行并列連詞平行并列連詞: 轉(zhuǎn)折并列連詞：轉(zhuǎn)折并列連詞： 因果并列連詞因果并列連詞: 選擇并列連詞選擇并列連詞:and, bothand, not onlybut also, neithernor,

17、and thenbut, however, while, yetfor, soor, eitheror, neither nor2021/3/917并并列列句句并列句的詞序：并列句的詞序：并列句基本上保留了簡單句并列句基本上保留了簡單句的詞序。的詞序。主語主語 謂語謂語 賓語賓語 連詞連詞 主語主語 動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞 表語表語Jimmy fell off his bike but (he) wasnt hurt.五種簡單句型可用五種簡單句型可用并列連詞并列連詞連接起來組成并列句。連接起來組成并列句。 主主 謂謂 狀（方式）狀（方式） 連連 主主 謂謂 表表Frank worked hard and (

18、he ) became an architect.主主 謂謂 賓賓 連連 主主 謂謂 地點(diǎn)地點(diǎn)I ve got a cold, so I m going to bed. 主主 謂謂 賓賓 賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ) 連連 主主 謂謂 賓賓They made him chairman, but (they) didnt increase his salary.2021/3/918Exercise:請用合適的并列連詞把每組句子合并為一個(gè)并列句請用合適的并列連詞把每組句子合并為一個(gè)并列句。He was tired, so he went to bed.1. He was tired. He went to bed.

19、2. The child hid behind his mothers skirt. He was afraid of the dog.3. He made a promise. He didnt keep it.He made a promise, but He didnt keep it. The child hid behind his mothers skirt, for he was afraid of the dog.2021/3/919由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或者一個(gè)以上從句所由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或者一個(gè)以上從句所構(gòu)成的句子。在英語書面語中應(yīng)用廣泛。構(gòu)成的句子。在英語書面語中應(yīng)用廣泛。主句是

20、一個(gè)完整的句子主句是一個(gè)完整的句子,它可以獨(dú)立存在。它可以獨(dú)立存在。從句是一個(gè)不完整的句子從句是一個(gè)不完整的句子,它必須和一個(gè)它必須和一個(gè)主句連用，不能獨(dú)立存在。主句連用，不能獨(dú)立存在。復(fù)合句可以通過把兩個(gè)以上簡單句連接復(fù)合句可以通過把兩個(gè)以上簡單句連接在一起構(gòu)成在一起構(gòu)成,但復(fù)合句的各組成部份并非但復(fù)合句的各組成部份并非同等重要，其中一個(gè)句子由同等重要，其中一個(gè)句子由從屬連詞從屬連詞引引導(dǎo)（從句），用以修飾另一句子（主句）。導(dǎo)（從句），用以修飾另一句子（主句）。 復(fù)合句復(fù)合句 = 主句主句 + 從句從句復(fù)復(fù)合合句句2021/3/920復(fù)合句是在簡單句的基礎(chǔ)上，通過從屬連詞將兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)復(fù)合句是

21、在簡單句的基礎(chǔ)上，通過從屬連詞將兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上簡單句連接在一起而構(gòu)成。從屬連詞所引導(dǎo)的從句起以上簡單句連接在一起而構(gòu)成。從屬連詞所引導(dǎo)的從句起形容詞、名詞、副詞的作用。復(fù)合句主要包含以下類型從形容詞、名詞、副詞的作用。復(fù)合句主要包含以下類型從句：句： 1. 主語從句主語從句 2. 賓語從句賓語從句3. 表語從句表語從句 4. 定語從句定語從句5. 狀語從句狀語從句 6. 同位語從句同位語從句 英文寫作中最常使用的從句英文寫作中最常使用的從句 賓語從句賓語從句 狀語從句狀語從句 1. 定語從句定語從句2021/3/921復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡單句簡單句 + 從屬連詞

22、從屬連詞 +簡單句簡單句He told me the news.that the match had been cancelled.賓語賓語how much he was prepared to pay for my car.that I could have the money without delay.how much he was prepared topay for my car and that I couldhave the money without delay. when he was leaving for Paris.that his fathered was worki

23、ng in that school.賓語從句賓語從句2021/3/922復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡單句簡單句 + 從屬連詞從屬連詞 +簡單句簡單句I dont know him.He has finished his work that he has finished his work.whether he has finished his work.賓語從句賓語從句He is leaving for Washington.that he is leaving for Washington.when he is leaving for Washington.why h

24、e is leaving for Washington.how he is leaving for Washington.whether he is leaving for Washington.2021/3/923復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡單句簡單句 + 從屬連詞從屬連詞 +簡單句簡單句the people surprised That What he saidwhat he did主語主語That he didnt know the answerin the room.定語定語who were sitting in the room.who were presen

25、t.whose sons were at war.who had signed the contract.2021/3/924復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡單句簡單句 + 從屬連詞從屬連詞 +簡單句簡單句That is the fact.表表 語語what he needs.what he gave me.why he was late.because he was ill.what has happened.2021/3/925復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡單句簡單句 + 從屬連詞從屬連詞 +簡單句簡單句He worked in that fact

26、orythree years ago.地點(diǎn)狀語地點(diǎn)狀語時(shí)間狀語時(shí)間狀語where his father workedin that factorywhere I livedwhen he lived thereHis father worked there.I lived there.He lived there three years ago.2021/3/926復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡單句簡單句 + 從屬連詞從屬連詞 +簡單句簡單句Put the book on the desk.where you took it.where it was.地點(diǎn)狀語地點(diǎn)狀語wh

27、ere you found it.You cant camp here.where there are a lot of trees.wherever you like.2021/3/927指出下列各從句的類型指出下列各從句的類型vI believe that everything is going on well.vShe was reading a novel when I came in.vShe is the girl who sings best in my class.賓語從句賓語從句狀語從句狀語從句定語從定語從句句Practice2021/3/928用所給連詞連接句子。用所給連詞連接句子。He has found out. She was lat