對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)翻譯碩士考研管理類(lèi)英語(yǔ)詞匯考研參重點(diǎn)

1、 管理類(lèi)英語(yǔ)詞匯Accounting Assistant會(huì)計(jì)助理Accounting Clerk記帳員Accounting Manager會(huì)計(jì)部經(jīng)理Accounting Stall會(huì)計(jì)部職員Accounting Supervisor會(huì)計(jì)主管Administration Manager行政經(jīng)理Administration Staff行政人員Administrative Assistant行政助理Administrative Clerk行政辦事員Advertising Staff廣告工作人員Airlines Sales Representative航空公司定座員Airlines Staff航空公司

2、職員Application Engineer應(yīng)用工程師Assistant Manager副經(jīng)理Bond Analyst證券分析員Bond Trader證券交易員Business Controller業(yè)務(wù)主任Business Manager業(yè)務(wù)經(jīng)理Buyer采購(gòu)員Cashier出納員Chemical Engineer化學(xué)工程師Civil Engineer土木工程師 Clerk/Receptionist職員/接待員Clerk Typist&Secretary文書(shū)打字兼秘書(shū)Computer Data Input Operator計(jì)算機(jī)資料輸入員Computer Engineer計(jì)算機(jī)工程師C

3、omputer Processing Operator計(jì)算機(jī)處理操作員Computer System Manager計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)部經(jīng)理Copywriter廣告文字撰稿人Deputy General Manager副總經(jīng)理Economic Research Assistant經(jīng)濟(jì)研究助理Electrical Engineer電氣工程師Engineering Technician工程技術(shù)員English Instructor/Teacher英語(yǔ)教師Export Sales Manager外銷(xiāo)部經(jīng)理Export Sales Staff外銷(xiāo)部職員Financial Controller財(cái)務(wù)主任Finan

4、cial Reporter財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告人F.X.(Foreign ExchangeClerk外匯部職員F.X.Settlement Clerk外匯部核算員Fund Manager財(cái)務(wù)經(jīng)理General Auditor審計(jì)長(zhǎng)General Manager/President總經(jīng)理General Manager Assistant總經(jīng)理助理General Manager's Secretary總經(jīng)理秘書(shū) Hardware Engineer計(jì)算機(jī)硬件工程師Import Liaison Staff進(jìn)口聯(lián)絡(luò)員Import Manager進(jìn)口部經(jīng)理Insurance Actuary保險(xiǎn)公司理賠員Int

5、ernational Sales Staff國(guó)際銷(xiāo)售員Interpreter口語(yǔ)翻譯Legal Adviser法律顧問(wèn)Line Supervisor生產(chǎn)線主管Maintenance Engineer維修工程師Management Consultant管理顧問(wèn)Manager經(jīng)理Manager for Public Relations公關(guān)部經(jīng)理Manufacturing Engineer制造工程師Manufacturing Worker生產(chǎn)員工Market Analyst市場(chǎng)分析員Market Development Manager市場(chǎng)開(kāi)發(fā)部經(jīng)理Marketing Manager市場(chǎng)銷(xiāo)售部經(jīng)理Ma

6、rketing Staff市場(chǎng)銷(xiāo)售員Marketing Assistant銷(xiāo)售助理Marketing Executive銷(xiāo)售主管Marketing Representative銷(xiāo)售代表Marketing Representative Manager市場(chǎng)調(diào)研部經(jīng)理Mechanical Engineer機(jī)械工程師 Mining Engineer采礦工程師Music Teacher音樂(lè)教師Naval Architect造船工程師Office Assistant辦公室助理Office Clerk職員Operational Manager業(yè)務(wù)經(jīng)理Package Designer包裝設(shè)計(jì)師Passenge

7、r Reservation Staff乘客票位預(yù)訂員Personnel Clerk人事部職員Personnel Manager人事部經(jīng)理Plant/Factory Manager廠長(zhǎng)Postal Clerk郵政人員Private Secretary私人秘書(shū)Product Manager生產(chǎn)部經(jīng)理Production Engineer產(chǎn)品工程師Professional Staff專(zhuān)業(yè)人員Programmer電腦程序設(shè)計(jì)師Project Staff項(xiàng)目策劃人員Promotional Manager推售部經(jīng)理Proof-reader校對(duì)員Purchasing Agent采購(gòu)進(jìn)貨員Quality Co

8、ntrol Engineer質(zhì)量管理工程師Real Estate Staff房地產(chǎn)職員 Recruitment Co-ordinator招聘協(xié)調(diào)人Regional Manger地區(qū)經(jīng)理Research&.Development Engineer研究開(kāi)發(fā)工程師Restaurant Manager飯店經(jīng)理Sales and Planning Staff銷(xiāo)售計(jì)劃員Sales Assistant銷(xiāo)售助理Sales Clerk店員、售貨員Sales Coordinator銷(xiāo)售協(xié)調(diào)人Sales Engineer銷(xiāo)售工程師Sales Executive銷(xiāo)售主管Sales Manager銷(xiāo)售部經(jīng)理Sa

9、lesperson銷(xiāo)售員Seller Representative銷(xiāo)售代表Sales Supervisor銷(xiāo)售監(jiān)管School Registrar學(xué)校注冊(cè)主任Secretarial Assistant秘書(shū)助理Secretary秘書(shū)Securities Custody Clerk保安人員Security Officer安全人員Senior Accountant高級(jí)會(huì)計(jì)Senior Consultant/Adviser高級(jí)顧問(wèn)Senior Employee高級(jí)雇員Senior Secretary高級(jí)秘書(shū) Service Manager服務(wù)部經(jīng)理Simultaneous Interpreter同聲傳

10、譯員Software Engineer計(jì)算機(jī)軟件工程師Supervisor監(jiān)管員Systems Adviser系統(tǒng)顧問(wèn)Systems Engineer系統(tǒng)工程師Systems Operator系統(tǒng)操作員Technical Editor技術(shù)編輯Technical Translator技術(shù)翻譯Technical Worker技術(shù)工人Telecommunication Executive電訊(電信員Telephonist/Operator電話接線員、話務(wù)員Tourist Guide導(dǎo)游Trade Finance Executive貿(mào)易財(cái)務(wù)主管Trainee Manager培訓(xùn)部經(jīng)理Translati

11、on Checker翻譯核對(duì)員Translator翻譯員Trust Banking Executive銀行高級(jí)職員Typist打字員Wordprocessor Operator文字處理操作員2015年對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)翻譯碩士英語(yǔ)翻譯基礎(chǔ)考研真題育明狀元學(xué)員回憶一.詞匯翻譯(30分 英譯漢:從10個(gè)terms里面挑5個(gè)translate and define them briefly in Chinese(共15分,一個(gè)3分1added value tax增值稅增值稅是以商品(含應(yīng)稅勞務(wù)在流轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的增值額作為計(jì)稅依據(jù)而征收的一種流轉(zhuǎn)稅。從計(jì)稅原理上說(shuō),增值稅是對(duì)商品生產(chǎn)、流通、勞務(wù)服務(wù)中多

12、個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的新增價(jià)值或商品的附加值征收的一種流轉(zhuǎn)稅。實(shí)行價(jià)外稅,也就是由消費(fèi)者負(fù)擔(dān),有增值才征稅沒(méi)增值不征稅。2annual financial report年度財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告年度財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告是指年度終了對(duì)外提供的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告。通常將半年度,季度和月度財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告統(tǒng)稱(chēng)為中期財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)告。年度財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告作為綜合反映企業(yè)單位年末財(cái)務(wù)狀況、全年經(jīng)營(yíng)成果和現(xiàn)金流量的報(bào)告,在溝通企業(yè)單位管理層與財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)告使用者之間起著十分重要的橋梁作用。3bull market牛市,旺市;多頭市場(chǎng)。牛市,旺市指交易旺盛的市場(chǎng)形勢(shì),和"淡市'相對(duì)。多頭市場(chǎng)又稱(chēng)買(mǎi)空市場(chǎng),是指股價(jià)的基本趨勢(shì)持續(xù)上升時(shí)形成的投機(jī)者不斷買(mǎi)進(jìn)證券,需

13、求大于供給的市場(chǎng)現(xiàn)象。4law of diminishing marginal returns邊際收益遞減規(guī)律又稱(chēng)邊際效益遞減規(guī)律,或邊際產(chǎn)量遞減規(guī)律,指在短期生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中,在其他條件不變(如技術(shù)水平不變的前提下,增加某種生產(chǎn)要素的投入,當(dāng)該生產(chǎn)要素投入數(shù)量增加到一定程度以后,增加一單位該要素所帶來(lái)的效益增加量是遞減的,邊際收益遞減規(guī)律是以技術(shù)水平和其他生產(chǎn)要素的投入數(shù)量保持不變?yōu)闂l件的條件下進(jìn)行討論的一種規(guī)律。5angel investment天使投資是權(quán)益資本投資的一種形式,是指富有的個(gè)人出資協(xié)助具有專(zhuān)門(mén)技術(shù)或獨(dú)特概念的原創(chuàng)項(xiàng)目或小型初創(chuàng)企業(yè),進(jìn)行一次性的前期投資。它是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資的一種形式,在

14、根據(jù)天使投資人的投資數(shù)量以及對(duì)被投資企業(yè)可能提供的綜合 資源進(jìn)行投資。6capital turnover資本周轉(zhuǎn)資本周轉(zhuǎn)指不斷重復(fù)、周而復(fù)始的資本循環(huán)過(guò)程。資本必須在運(yùn)動(dòng)中才能實(shí)現(xiàn)其價(jià)值增殖,這種運(yùn)動(dòng)不能孤立地循環(huán)一次便停下來(lái),而必須持續(xù)不斷地周期性地進(jìn)行。產(chǎn)業(yè)資本連續(xù)不斷、周而復(fù)始的循環(huán)。資本必須在運(yùn)動(dòng)中才能實(shí)現(xiàn)其價(jià)值增值,這種運(yùn)動(dòng)不能孤立地循環(huán)一次便停下來(lái),而必須持續(xù)不斷地周期性地進(jìn)行。這樣的資本循環(huán),叫做資本周轉(zhuǎn)。7butterfly effect蝴蝶效應(yīng)蝴蝶效應(yīng)是指在一個(gè)動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)中,初始條件下微小的變化能帶動(dòng)整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的長(zhǎng)期的巨大的連鎖反應(yīng)。這是一種混沌現(xiàn)象。任何事物發(fā)展均存在定數(shù)與變數(shù)

15、,事物在發(fā)展過(guò)程中其發(fā)展軌跡有規(guī)律可循,同時(shí)也存在不可測(cè)的“變數(shù)”,一個(gè)微小的變化能影響事物的發(fā)展,說(shuō)明事物的發(fā)展具有復(fù)雜性。8calling center呼叫中心呼叫中心是充分利用現(xiàn)代通訊與計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù),如IVR(交互式語(yǔ)音800呼叫中心流程圖應(yīng)答系統(tǒng)、ACD(自動(dòng)呼叫分配系統(tǒng)等等,可以自動(dòng)靈活地處理大量各種不同的電話呼入和呼出業(yè)務(wù)和服務(wù)的運(yùn)營(yíng)操作場(chǎng)所。呼叫中心在企業(yè)應(yīng)用中已經(jīng)逐漸從電話營(yíng)銷(xiāo)中心向著CTI(計(jì)算機(jī)通信集成綜合呼叫中心轉(zhuǎn)變,已經(jīng)將電話、計(jì)算機(jī)、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)等多種媒介綜合應(yīng)用于營(yíng)銷(xiāo)、服務(wù)等等多項(xiàng)工作當(dāng)中。呼叫中心就是在一個(gè)相對(duì)集中的場(chǎng)所,由一批服務(wù)人員組成的服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu),通常利用計(jì)算機(jī)通訊技

16、術(shù),處理來(lái)自企業(yè)、顧客的垂詢與咨詢需求。以電話咨詢?yōu)槔?具備同時(shí)處理大量來(lái)話的能力,還具備主叫號(hào)碼顯示,可將來(lái)電自動(dòng)分配給具備相應(yīng)技能的人員處理,并能記錄和儲(chǔ)存所有來(lái)話信息。一個(gè)典型的以客戶服務(wù)為主的呼叫中心可以兼具呼入與呼出功能,當(dāng)處理顧客的信息查詢、咨詢、投訴等業(yè)務(wù)的同時(shí),可以進(jìn)行顧客回訪、滿意度調(diào)查等呼出業(yè)務(wù)。9SWOT analysis四點(diǎn)(優(yōu)勢(shì)、劣勢(shì)、機(jī)會(huì)、威脅分析SWOT分析方法是一種企業(yè)內(nèi)部分析方法,即根據(jù)企業(yè)自身的既定內(nèi)在條件進(jìn)行分析,找出企 業(yè)的優(yōu)勢(shì)、劣勢(shì)及核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力之所在,從而將公司的戰(zhàn)略與公司內(nèi)部資源、外部環(huán)境有機(jī)結(jié)合。其中,S代表strength(優(yōu)勢(shì),W代表weakn

17、ess(弱勢(shì),O代表opportunity(機(jī)會(huì),T代表threat(威脅,其中,S、W是內(nèi)部因素,O、T是外部因素。按照企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)戰(zhàn)略的完整概念,戰(zhàn)略應(yīng)是一個(gè)企業(yè)“能夠做的”(即組織的強(qiáng)項(xiàng)和弱項(xiàng)和“可能做的”(即環(huán)境的機(jī)會(huì)和威脅之間的有機(jī)組合。意義:幫您清晰地把握全局,分析自己在資源方面的優(yōu)勢(shì)與劣勢(shì),把握環(huán)境提供的機(jī)會(huì),防范可能存在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與威脅,對(duì)我們的成功有非常重要的意義。10business model商業(yè)模式商業(yè)模式,是管理學(xué)的重要研究對(duì)象之一,MBA、EMBA等主流商業(yè)管理課程均對(duì)“商業(yè)模式”給予了不同程度的關(guān)注。在分析商業(yè)模式過(guò)程中,主要關(guān)注一類(lèi)企業(yè)在市場(chǎng)中與用戶、供應(yīng)商、其他合作伙

18、伴的關(guān)系,尤其是彼此間的物流、信息流和資金流。漢譯英:從10個(gè)terms里面挑5個(gè)translate and define them briefly in English(共15分,一個(gè)3分1聯(lián)合國(guó)貿(mào)發(fā)會(huì)議United Nations Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTADEstablished in1964,the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTADpromotes the development-friendly integration of developing

19、 countries into the world economy.UNCTAD has progressively evolved into an authoritative knowledge-based institution whose work aims to help shape current policy debates and thinking on development,with a particular focus on ensuring that domestic policies and international action are mutually suppo

20、rtive in bringing about sustainable development.或者The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTADwas established in 1964as a permanent intergovernmental body.UNCTAD is the principal organ of the United Nations General Assembly dealing with trade,investment,and development issues.The or

21、ganization's goals are to:"maximize the trade,investment and development opportunities of developing countries and assist them in their efforts to integrate into the world economy on an equitable basis."The primary objective of UNCTAD is to formulate policies relating to all aspects of

22、 development including trade,aid, transport,finance and technology.The conference ordinarily meets once in four years; the permanent secretariat is in Geneva.2普惠制Generalised System of Preferences(GSPThe Generalized System of Preferences,or GSP,is a preferential tariff system which provides for a for

23、mal system of exemption from the more general rules of the World Trade Organization(WTO,(formerly,the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade or GATT.Specifically,it's a system of exemption from the most favored nation principle(MFNthat obliges WTO member countries to treat the imports of all oth

24、er WTO member countries no worse than they treat the imports of their"most favored" trading partner.In essence,MFN requires WTO member countries to treat imports coming from all other WTO member countries equally,that is,by imposing equal tariffs on them,etc.GSP exempts WTO member countrie

25、s from MFN for the purpose of lowering tariffs for the least developed countries,without also lowering tariffs for rich countries 3北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTAThe North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTAis an agreement signed by Canada,Mexico,and the United States,creating a tr

26、ilateral rules-based trade bloc in North America.The agreement came into force on January1,1994.It superseded the CanadaUnited States Free Trade Agreement between the U.S.and Canada.NAFTA has two supplements:the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation(NAAECand the North American Agreem

27、ent on Labor Cooperation(NAALC.In terms of combined purchasing power parity GDP of its members,as of2013the trade bloc is the largest in the world as well as by nominal GDP comparison. 4口碑word of mouth,public praise Word of mouth is the passing of information from person to person by oral communicat

28、ion,which could be as simple as telling someone the time of day. Storytelling is a common form of word-of-mouth communication where one person tells others a story about a real event or something made up.Oral tradition is cultural material and traditions transmitted by word of mouth through successi

29、ve generations. Storytelling and oral tradition are forms of word of mouth that play important roles in folklore and mythology.Another example of oral communication is oral history the recording,preservation and interpretation of historical information,based on the personal experiences and opinions

30、of the speaker.Oral history preservation is the field that deals with the care and upkeep of oral history materials collected by word of mouth,whatever format they may be in.5匯票bill of exchange A bill of exchange or"draft"is a written order by the drawer to the drawee to pay money to the p

31、ayee.A common type of bill of exchange is the cheque (check in American English,defined as a bill of exchange drawn on a banker and payable on demand.Bills of exchange are used primarily in international trade,and are written orders by one person to his bank to pay the bearer a specific sum on a spe

32、cific date. Prior to the advent of paper currency,bills of exchange were a common means of exchange. They are not used as often today.66傾銷(xiāo)dumping In economics,"dumping"is a kind of predatory pricing,especially in the context of international trade.It occurs when manufacturers export a prod

33、uct to another country at a price either below the price charged in its home market or below its cost of production.77利基營(yíng)銷(xiāo)niche marketing Niche marketing is marketing a product or service in a small portion of a market that is not being readily served by the main stream product or service providers.

34、Nearly everything we take for grantedfrom the fast food chains, convenience stores,even Wal-Martbegan as a business to fill perceived voids in the market place.These“niches”can be geographic areas,a specialty industry,a demographic or ethnic group,a specific gender group,or other special group of pe

35、ople.8特許經(jīng)營(yíng)Franchising Franchising is the practice of the right to use a firm's successful business model and brand for a prescribed period of time.The word"franchise"is of Anglo-French derivationfrom franc,meaning freeand is used both as a noun and as a(transitiveverb.For the franchise

36、r,the franchise is an alternative to building "chain stores"to distribute goods that avoids the investments and liability of a chain. The franchisor's success depends on the success of the franchisees.The franchisee is said to have a greater incentive than a direct employee because he

37、or she has a direct stake in the business.Essentially,and in terms of distribution,the franchisor is a supplier who allows an operator,or a franchisee,to use the supplier's trademark and distribute the supplier's goods.In return,the operator pays the supplier a fee. Thirty three countriesinc

38、luding the United States and Australiahave laws that explicitly regulate franchising,with the majority of all other countries having laws which have a direct or indirectimpact on franchising.9市場(chǎng)細(xì)分market segmentation Market segmentation is a marketing strategy that involves dividing a broad target ma

39、rket into subsets of consumers,businesses,or countries who have common needs and priorities,and then designing and implementing strategies to target them.Market segmentation strategies may be used to identify the target customers,and provide supporting data for positioning to achieve a marketing pla

40、n objective.Businesses may develop product differentiation strategies,or an undifferentiated approach,involving specific products or product lines depending on the specific demand and attributes of the target segment.10對(duì)等貿(mào)易counter trade Counter trade means exchanging goods or services which are paid

41、 for, in whole or part,with other goods or services,rather than with money.A monetary valuation can however be used in counter trade for accounting purposes.In dealings between sovereign states,the term bilateral trade is used.OR"Any transaction involving exchange of goods or service for someth

42、ing of equal value."二.篇章翻譯(120分英譯漢(60分英譯漢原文When You Move,I Move:Increasing Synchronization Among Asias Economies In recent decades,trade integration within Asia has increased more than in other regions.In valued-added terms,intraregional trade grew on average by over10percent a year from1990to2

43、012,twice the pace seen outside of Asia.Likewise, financial integration within the region has started to catch up,although it still lags behind trade integration.Concomitantly,business cycles in Asia have become steadily more synchronized over the past two decades,with the correlation between ASEAN

44、economiesgrowth rates almost reaching the very high levels seen within the Euro Area.As outlined in the IMF Asia and Pacific Departments latest Regional Economic Outlook,these facts are related.Namely,increases in trade and financial integration have strengthened the propagation of growth shocks bet

45、ween regional partners,leading Asian economies to move more in lockstep.One driver of this synchronization of business cycles has been the increase in size and connectedness of Chinas economy.Looking ahead,we expect regional integration agenda and a bigger China to further increase spillovers and gr

46、owth co-movement across the region.Greater international cooperation,particularly regional and global financial safety nets,can help countries respond to the associated risk of more synchronized,sharper downturns,and thereby help Asia make the most of greater regional integration. Trade integration

47、has been an important synchronizing force for Asian business cycles On the trade side,our study brings a novel finding:what makes two economies co-move by propagating shocks across bordersis the intensity of their bilateral trade in value-added terms,not in gross terms. The iPhone supply chain examp

48、le illustrates why this makes sense:although China exports the product to the US,its domestic firms add only a small fraction of the overall value added,so that gross exports vastly over-estimate the dependence of the Chinese economy on final demand from American consumers.The reverse holds for Kore

49、a or Taiwan POC,which reap sizeable value added through exports of components to China even though they dont export any iPhones to the US.Overall,the trend increase in the value-added traded between Asian economies over the past two decades has accounted for around one-quarter of the concomitant inc

50、rease in business cycle synchronization across the region.Financial integration has been a more ambivalent force.Across the world,it has magnified the impact on business cycle synchronization of large global shocks like the global financial crisis,as global banks pulledfunds back across the board.Bu

51、t in normal times,it has lowered synchronization somewhat,possibly by facilitating international reallocation of capital when a shock hits one country.However,this has been less of a factor in Asia,where cross-border financial claims and flows have so far been comparatively small.英譯漢的譯文亦步亦趨:亞洲經(jīng)濟(jì)體的同步

52、性不斷增強(qiáng)近幾十年來(lái),亞洲貿(mào)易一體化的步伐大于其他地區(qū)。以增加值計(jì)算,1990年至2012年,亞洲區(qū)域內(nèi)貿(mào)易平均每年增長(zhǎng)10%以上,增速是亞洲之外地區(qū)的兩倍。同樣,該地區(qū)的金融一體化也開(kāi)始趕超,但仍落后于貿(mào)易一體化。伴隨而來(lái)的是,過(guò)去二十年里,亞洲地區(qū)的商業(yè)周期的同步性穩(wěn)步上升,東盟各經(jīng)濟(jì)體增長(zhǎng)率的關(guān)聯(lián)度幾乎達(dá)到了歐元區(qū)內(nèi)的極高水平。 正如基金組織亞太部最新一期地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)展望所述,上述情況是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的,即,貿(mào)易與金融一體化的發(fā)展推動(dòng)了區(qū)域伙伴之間增長(zhǎng)沖擊的傳播,導(dǎo)致亞洲經(jīng)濟(jì)體的步伐愈發(fā)一致。中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的規(guī)模擴(kuò)大和對(duì)外關(guān)聯(lián)度增強(qiáng)是商業(yè)周期同步化的一個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)因素。展望未來(lái),我們預(yù)計(jì)區(qū)域一體化行動(dòng)和中國(guó)的

53、發(fā)展將進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)該地區(qū)的溢出效應(yīng)和增長(zhǎng)聯(lián)動(dòng)性。加強(qiáng)國(guó)際合作,尤其是區(qū)域和全球金融安全網(wǎng)方面的合作,有助于各國(guó)應(yīng)對(duì)更同步的、更急劇的經(jīng)濟(jì)下滑風(fēng)險(xiǎn),進(jìn)而使亞洲能從深化區(qū)域一體化中獲得最大的收益。貿(mào)易一體化是亞洲商業(yè)周期同步化增強(qiáng)的重要驅(qū)動(dòng)因素在貿(mào)易方面,我們的研究得出了一個(gè)新穎的觀點(diǎn),即,導(dǎo)致兩個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體(通過(guò)跨境傳播沖擊進(jìn)行聯(lián)動(dòng)的因素是以增加值衡量的雙邊貿(mào)易規(guī)模,而非總值衡量的規(guī)模。蘋(píng)果手機(jī)供應(yīng)鏈的例子可以很好地解釋這個(gè)道理。雖然中國(guó)向美國(guó)出口產(chǎn)品,但國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)獲得的增加值僅為總體增加值的一小部分,因此按總出口來(lái)衡量的話會(huì)大大高估中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)美國(guó)消費(fèi)者最終需求的依賴(lài)性。韓國(guó)或中國(guó)臺(tái)灣的情況則正相反:即

54、便他們不向美國(guó)出口任何蘋(píng)果手機(jī),但可通過(guò)向中國(guó)出口配件來(lái)獲取豐厚的增加值?？傮w上來(lái)看,亞洲商業(yè)周期同步性的增幅中,約有四分之一是因?yàn)檫^(guò)去二十年里亞洲經(jīng)濟(jì)體之間貿(mào)易增加值的趨勢(shì)增長(zhǎng)。金融一體化則是一股更具矛盾的力量。在全球范圍內(nèi),由于危機(jī)期間全球性銀行全面收回資金,金融一體化加劇了諸如國(guó)際金融危機(jī)這種大規(guī)模全球沖擊對(duì)商業(yè)周期同步性的影響。但在正常時(shí)期,金融一體化導(dǎo)致同步性有所下降,其途徑可能是:在沖擊影響某一國(guó)時(shí),金融一體化會(huì)促進(jìn)資本在全球的再分配。然而,金融一體化對(duì)亞洲的影響不大,因?yàn)樵摰貐^(qū)跨境金融債權(quán)和流動(dòng)的規(guī)模至今相對(duì)較小。漢譯英(60分漢譯英的原文我國(guó)人口老齡化對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的潛在影響理論研

55、究認(rèn)為,老齡化會(huì)減少勞動(dòng)力供給,降低社會(huì)儲(chǔ)蓄率,導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)出和資本形成能力下降,最終影響經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。同時(shí),發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的實(shí)際表明,隨著人口老齡化,養(yǎng)老費(fèi)用及人均醫(yī)療費(fèi)用均會(huì)大幅上升,加重政府財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān)。與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家“富老同步冶或者“先富后老冶相比,我國(guó)人均收入水平仍然較低,屬于明顯的“未富先老冶,對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的影響日益明顯。一是未來(lái)勞動(dòng)力供給減少和成本上升,將不利于企業(yè)尤其是勞動(dòng)密集型企業(yè)發(fā)展。二是老年撫養(yǎng)比淤上升將影響居民儲(chǔ)蓄數(shù)量和儲(chǔ)蓄傾向,并通過(guò)降低企業(yè)利潤(rùn)間接影響企業(yè)儲(chǔ)蓄行為。儲(chǔ)蓄下降將減少投資資金來(lái)源, 并影響資金價(jià)格。三是加重財(cái)政支 出負(fù)擔(dān)。與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家相比, 我國(guó)社會(huì)保障水平較低, 養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)和醫(yī)療保

56、險(xiǎn)面臨資金緊張、覆蓋 面窄等問(wèn)題, 許多地方存在養(yǎng)老金缺口。 隨著我國(guó)社會(huì)保障體系逐漸完善, 養(yǎng)老金水平不斷提 高, 醫(yī)療保障覆蓋面擴(kuò)大, 未來(lái)老齡化所帶來(lái)的財(cái)政支出將大幅增長(zhǎng), 財(cái)政壓力隨之增大。 人 口老齡化將是我國(guó)需要面對(duì)的一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期問(wèn)題, 應(yīng)加快采取相關(guān)應(yīng)對(duì)措施, 繼續(xù)推進(jìn)新型城鎮(zhèn) 化建設(shè)和區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展, 進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)農(nóng)村剩余勞動(dòng)力的轉(zhuǎn)移和就業(yè)。加大人力資本投入, 提高勞動(dòng)者素質(zhì)。 大力促進(jìn)科技創(chuàng)新, 實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化升級(jí), 通過(guò)技術(shù)進(jìn)步來(lái)彌補(bǔ)勞動(dòng)力優(yōu) 勢(shì)的逐步喪失。加快健全社會(huì)保障體系, 繼續(xù)擴(kuò)大養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)和醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)覆蓋面,逐步提高社會(huì) 保障水平。 漢譯英的譯文 The Potenti

57、al Impact of Chinas Aging Population on Its Economic Growth Theoretical studies suggest that aging population will reduce labor supply, reduce the social saving rate, result in reduced output and capital formation, and ultimately affect economic growth. Meantime, the experiences of developed countries show that with aging population, expenditure for the elder and per capital health care will rise sharply, adding to the fiscal burden. Compared with “synchronization of getting rich and becoming an aged society” or “becoming a rich society before ge