Discussing Findings

1、Academic Writing CourseContentsActivities in Discussion1Elements in Discussion Section2Certainty about Claims3Cause and Effect4a) considering both sides of an issue, or a question before reaching a conclusion; Meanings of Discussion in Academic Senseb) considering the results of research and the imp

2、lications of these results.P72-73Colorectal cancer 結(jié)直腸癌lung cancer 肺癌Esophagus cancer 食道癌liver cancer 肝癌prostate cancer 前列腺癌laryngeal cancer 喉癌bladder cancer 膀胱癌Myeloma 骨髓瘤malignancy 惡性腫瘤rectal cancer 直腸癌colon cancer 結(jié)腸癌esophageal adenocarcinoma食管腺癌endometrial cancer 子宮內(nèi)膜癌menopausal hormone therapy絕

3、經(jīng)后激素治療leukemia 白血病melanoma (惡性)黑素瘤 ，(良性)胎記瘤breast cancer 乳腺癌estrogen 雌激素progesterone 黃體酮carcinogenesis 癌病變，致癌作用Some expressions in Reading PassageWhat is Included in Introductory Paragraph?lwe found elevated risks of colorectal and lung cancer with both types of meat. lRed but not processed meat int

4、ake was also associated with increased risk of cancer of the esophagus and liver. lWe statistically observed elevated risks of advanced prostate cancer with both red and processed meat intake, of laryngeal cancer with red meat intake, and of bladder cancer and myeloma with processed meat intake. P72

5、Red meatProcessed meatBoth types of meatlCancer of the esophagus and liverlLaryngeal cancerlBladder cancer and myelomalColorectal and lung cancerlAdvanced prostate cancerWhat has the passage discussed?P73Para.Contents234567lWe observed a stronger positive association for rectal than colon cancer.lWe

6、 found a positive association between red meat intake and cancer of the esophagus and the liver, and a significantly positive association for laryngeal cancer.lUnexpectedly we found an inverse association between red meat intake and endometrial cancer; We also found inverse lWe observed a suggestion

7、 of an elevated risk of advanced prostate cancer with both types of meat.lWith regard to breast cancer, a pooled analysis of eight cohort studies found no association with red meat intake; lBoth red meat and processed meat can be linked to carcinogenesis by different mechanisms; What is written in C

8、oncluding Paragraph?lA diet high in red or processed meat was associated with an elevated risk of both colorectal and lung cancer; lRed meat was associated with an elevated risk of esophageal and liver cancer. lA decrease in the consumption of red and processed meat can reduce the incidence of cance

9、r at multiple sites.P74Elements in Discussion Section?ParagraphFunction123456789Provide a brief summary of key findingsDiscuss possible mechanisms and explanations for the findings.Compare study results with relevant findings from previous studies. Discuss the limitations of the present study consid

10、er alternative explanations for the findingsConclude with a brief summary of key findings lreference to the main purpose of the study la generalised review of the most important findings - summary of results lpossible explanations for the findings in general lcomparison with expected results and oth

11、er studies llimitations of the overall study that restrict the extent to which the findings can be generalised Elements in Discussion SectionPara. 1Paras. 2-3Para. 8Paras. 4-6Strong or Cautious Claim?Read and decide which of the sentences below are considered to be academically competent. 1. The man

12、agement of danger is also not the sort of language to appear within policy documents that refer to GRT children, where it might be construed to reflect systematic failures in schools. 2. The management of danger is also not the sort of language to appear within policy documents that refer to GRT chi

13、ldren, which reflects systematic failures in schools. P79-80 Try to fill in the following blanks with expressions to show the strength or weakness of each claim.In our study, zinc supplementation did not result in a(n) (1) _ reduction in (2) _ mortality in children aged 1-48 months in a population w

14、ith high malaria transmission. However, there was a suggestion that the effect varied by age, with no effect on mortality in infants, and a(n) (3) _ 18% reduction of mortality in children of 12-48 months old (p=0.045). This effect was (4) _ a consequence of fewer deaths from malaria and other infect

15、ions. Any effect on mortality in this trial was in addition to a(n) (5) _ effect of vitamin A supplementation.,significantoverallsignificantmainlypossible1. Consistent with previous studies, we observed a stronger positive association for rectal than colon cancer.2. It is possible that the referent

16、group had a smaller-than-expected cancer incidence by chance.3. We observed a suggestion of an elevated risk for advanced prostate cancer with both meat types.4. In contrast to our findings, childhood leukemia has been positively associated with intake of processed meats in a case-control study.5. A

17、ssociations between saturated fat and cancer are likely to be related to energy balance in general, whereas iron is thought to contribute to carcinogenesis specifically by generating free radicals and inducing oxidative stress.6. This could explain some of the inconsistencies in the literature as mo

18、st previous studies have not specifically addressed advanced prostate cancer.Strengthening or Weakening a Claim?P80 strengtheningweakeningweakeningstrengtheningweakeningweakening7. It lends strong support to implicate red and processed meat as risk factors for this malignancy. 8. We found a positive

19、 association between red meat intake specifically and cancers of the esophagus and liver.9. A decrease in the consumption of red and processed meat could reduce the incidence of cancer at multiple sites.10. An earlier start in data collection would have increased the time needed to survey more parti

20、cipants. Ideally, the number of participants would have been more evenly distributed across gender/year in population. A larger sample with diversity would have benefited our results.11. Our study suggests a threshold effect for red meat intake on esophageal cancer risk,12. Although breast cancer ri

21、sk related to meat intake did not appear to differ by menopausal status in our study, we had very few premenopausal cases (n = 94) and lacked information on hormone receptor status for a large number of cases.strengtheningstrengtheningweakeningweakeningweakeningweakeningRead the following sentences

22、taken from the passage and find out their internal causal relations1. Our study included 1,000 colorectal cancer cases, and it lent strong support to implicate that the intake of red and processed meat could be possible risk factors for this malignancy.2. Associations between saturated fat and cance

23、r are likely to be related to energy balance in general, whereas iron is thought to contribute to carcinogenesis specifically by generating free radicals and inducing oxidative stress.SentenceCauseEffect12the intake of red and processed meatthis malignancyironcarcinogenesisLanguage FocusCause and Ef

24、fectP75 effectstherefore consequently soas a result in consequenceaccordingly thus hencebecause of thisfor this reasonresult in lead to causebring about give rise toproduce contribute tocausesdue to because ofowing to as a result of on account of foron the ground ofthrough because since ason the gro

25、und thatExerciseComplete the following paragraph by filling in missing causal words.Recurring headaches can have disruptive effects on a persons life. Firstly, in many cases, these headaches make a person nauseous to the point that he or she must go to bed. Furthermore, sleep is often interrupted (1

26、)_ the pain. Disrupted sleep worsens the physical and emotional state of the sufferer. For those who try to maintain a normal lifestyle, drugs are often relied on to get through the day. Such drugs, of course, can (2)_ other negative effects. Drugs can inhibit productivity on a job, perhaps even (3)

27、_ regular absences. Not only is work affected, but the seemingly unpredictable occurrence of these headaches (4)_ disruption in family life. The interruption to a persons family life is enormous: cancelling plans in the last minute and straining relationships with friends and family. It is no wonder that many of these people feel discouraged and even depressed (5)_ the cycle of misery reoccurring