數(shù)字圖像處理雙語教學(xué)教學(xué)大綱

1、數(shù)字圖像處理雙語教學(xué)教學(xué)大綱                                     安徽大學(xué)計算機(jī)科學(xué)與技術(shù)學(xué)院二OO五年四月前言數(shù)字圖像處理課程是高等學(xué)校工科類本科生專業(yè)選修課。數(shù)字圖像處理研究內(nèi)容和方法涉及許多學(xué)科如數(shù)

2、學(xué)、物理學(xué)、計算機(jī)科學(xué)、電子學(xué)、心理學(xué)等，并且與人工智能、模式識別和計算機(jī)視覺等學(xué)科密切相關(guān)。應(yīng)用涉及航空航天、生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程、工業(yè)無損檢測、公共安全、機(jī)器視覺、軍事和公安司法等眾多領(lǐng)域。數(shù)字圖像處理雙語教學(xué)以提高學(xué)生專業(yè)英語閱讀能力、講授和普及圖像處理技術(shù)工作為邏輯起點(diǎn)，以計算機(jī)科學(xué)與技術(shù)、電子科學(xué)與技術(shù)、電子信息工程、通信工程、自動化、電氣工程及其自動化、測控技術(shù)與儀器的在校學(xué)生為講授對象，是集理論性與應(yīng)用性為一體的學(xué)科。設(shè)置本課程的目的是：使學(xué)習(xí)者在全面了解數(shù)字圖像處理技術(shù)的歷史、現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展趨勢的基礎(chǔ)上，系統(tǒng)掌握從事數(shù)字圖形處理工作的理論、方法、技術(shù)，具備在數(shù)字圖像處理系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用、開發(fā)或科研

3、方面的實(shí)際技能，從而勝任數(shù)字圖像處理以及其它信號處理系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用與開發(fā)方面的工作。學(xué)習(xí)本課程的要求是：學(xué)習(xí)者應(yīng)了解和掌握數(shù)字圖像處理的基本概念，基本理論和方法，以及本學(xué)科的發(fā)展動態(tài)，提高學(xué)生專業(yè)英語閱讀能力，同時努力提高英語聽說能力，為自身的進(jìn)一步深造，以及培養(yǎng)與國際接軌的專業(yè)技術(shù)人才奠定基礎(chǔ)。先修課程要求：計算機(jī)程序設(shè)計語言，高等數(shù)學(xué)，信號與系統(tǒng)，數(shù)字信號處理本課程計劃54學(xué)時，3學(xué)分。選用教材：Milan Sonka, Vaclav Hlavac and Roger Boyle,Image Processing, Analysis, and Machine Vision,人民郵電出版社，20

4、02.1教學(xué)手段：課堂多媒體教學(xué)考核方法：總成績由兩部分組成，平時成績30%，期末考查70%。教學(xué)進(jìn)程安排表：周次學(xué)時數(shù)教 學(xué) 主 要 內(nèi) 容教學(xué)方法備注1-26數(shù)字圖像，數(shù)字化，灰階，灰度級，相關(guān)研究領(lǐng)域課堂教學(xué)3-46圖像數(shù)字化器，數(shù)字化器的特性，矩陣表示，圖像的大小， HIS彩色系統(tǒng)，半色調(diào)和抖動課堂教學(xué)5-66歐幾里德距離，城市街區(qū)距離，棋盤距離，圖像直方圖，圖像直方圖的性質(zhì)，直方圖均衡，線性運(yùn)算課堂教學(xué)7-86圖像全局平均，圖像局部平均，差值圖像運(yùn)算，圖像梯度，Sobel邊緣算子，圖像相乘運(yùn)算，圖像掩模運(yùn)算，中值濾波運(yùn)算課堂教學(xué)9-106空間位置插值，灰度級插值，雙線性插值，空間變換

5、，平移、旋轉(zhuǎn)和尺度變換，形變技術(shù)課堂教學(xué)11-126Matlab軟件簡介，數(shù)字圖像處理箱，讀入和顯 示圖像，Matlab 圖像類型，直方圖和直方圖均衡圖像寫出，空間變換，邊緣檢測圖像代數(shù)，圖像增強(qiáng)，線性濾波課堂教學(xué)13-159圖像閾值化分割、最優(yōu)閾值化、基于邊緣的分割、邊緣松弛、邊緣跟蹤、Hough變換、基于區(qū)域的分割、區(qū)域合并、區(qū)域分裂、分裂與合并課堂教學(xué)16-176線性離散圖像變換、離散余弦變換、離散圖像變換的應(yīng)用、圖像數(shù)據(jù)壓縮、圖像數(shù)據(jù)壓縮中的離散圖像變換課堂教學(xué)3考查第一章 圖像與數(shù)字處理Chapter 1 Images and digital processing一、學(xué)習(xí)目的通過本章

6、的學(xué)習(xí)，幫助同學(xué)了解數(shù)字圖像，數(shù)字化，灰階，灰度級相關(guān)研究領(lǐng)域的內(nèi)容和情況，對圖像建立起大致概念，為后文的學(xué)習(xí)打下基礎(chǔ)。本章計劃6學(xué)時。二、課程內(nèi)容1數(shù)字圖像：Definitions of Image:(1)Image: Any representation of a physical scene or of another image;(2)Digital image: An array of integers representing an image of a scene;(3)Digital image processing: Digital processing of a image

7、, the manipulation of information by computer.2數(shù)字化Digitization:(1)Sampling;(2)Quantization;3灰階Gray scale: The set of all possible gray levels in a digital image.4灰度級Gray level: The value, associated with a pixel in a digital image, representing the brightness of the original scene at the point.5相關(guān)研究

8、領(lǐng)域Related areas: (1)Digital Image Processing: starts with one image and produces a modified version of that image;(2)Computer Graphics: is concerned with the processing and display of images of things that exist conceptually or as mathematical descriptions rather than as solid objects;(3)Image Analy

9、sis: The process of describing or evaluation an image in terms of its parts, properties, and relationships;(4)Pattern Recognition: The analysis, description, identification, and classification of objects or other meaningful regularities by automatic or semiautomatic means;(5)Computer Vision: is conc

10、erned with developing systems that can interpret the content of natural scene. 三、重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)提示和教學(xué)手段（一）掌握數(shù)字圖像的概念（二）模擬圖像數(shù)字化，灰階，灰度級四、思考與練習(xí)1用三種灰度級變換設(shè)計程序，判斷變換是否有用。（1）負(fù)片變換（2）設(shè)置分段線性函數(shù)增強(qiáng)圖像在亮度p1和p2之間的對比度（3）圖像亮度閾值化第二章 圖像的數(shù)字化和顯示Chapter 2 Digitizing and display images一、學(xué)習(xí)目的通過本章的學(xué)習(xí)，幫助同學(xué)了解圖像數(shù)字化器，數(shù)字化器的特性，矩陣表示，圖像的大小，HIS彩

11、色系統(tǒng)，半色調(diào)和抖動等數(shù)字圖像的相關(guān)基礎(chǔ)知識，讓同學(xué)們加深對數(shù)字圖像的了解。本章計劃6學(xué)時。二、課程內(nèi)容1圖像數(shù)字化器a. Elements of digitizer:(1)Sampling aperture (取樣光圈)(2)Scanning Mechanism(3)Light sensor (CCD array, Photodiodes)(4)Quantizer (Analog-to-digital converter)(5)Storage mediumb. Digitizing Images: (1)Scanning(2)Sampling(3)Quantization2數(shù)字化器的特性Di

12、gitizer Properties(1) Digitizer Spatial Properties;(2) Digitizer Amplitude Properties3圖像的矩陣表示Mathematical Representation(1)Pixel intensity as a function of row/column position(2)Matrix Representation4圖像的大小Image Size:Pixels in width, Pixels in height5HIS彩色系統(tǒng)(1)Chromaticity Diagram(色度圖） Any color char

13、acterized by its H, S, and I Mathematically convertible to other representations, e.g., RGB(2)Hue（色調(diào)） Commonly referred to as color(3)Saturation（色飽和度） How “red” the color red is(4)Intensity（亮度） How “bright” the color is6半色調(diào)Half-tone for Grey: A reproduction of a grayscale image which uses dots of va

14、rying size or density to give the impression of areas of gray.7抖動Color Dithering: Dithering is the attempt by a computer program to approximate a color from a mixture of other colors when the required color is not available.三、重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)提示和教學(xué)手段（一）圖像數(shù)字化器的組成和特性（二）數(shù)字圖像的矩陣表示與HIS彩色系統(tǒng)（三）數(shù)字圖像的半色調(diào)和抖動技術(shù)四、思考與練習(xí)1假設(shè)我

15、們要做兩個有限的數(shù)字函數(shù)的卷積，問對于給定大小的域來講，需要多少基本運(yùn)算（加法和乘法）？若使用卷積定理的話，又需要多少運(yùn)算（不考慮傅立葉變換的代價）？第三章 直方圖與點(diǎn)運(yùn)算Chapter 3 Histogram and point operations一、學(xué)習(xí)目的通過本章的學(xué)習(xí)，了解學(xué)習(xí)和掌握歐幾里德距離，城市街區(qū)距離，棋盤距離，著重掌握圖像直方圖，圖像直方圖的性質(zhì)，直方圖均衡，線性運(yùn)算。本章計劃6學(xué)時。二、課程內(nèi)容1.（1）歐幾里德距離Euclidean distance: （2）城市街區(qū)距離City block distance:（3）棋盤距離Chessboard distance:2圖像

16、直方圖Grey-Scale Histograms:(1)Definition: The gray-level histogram is a function showing, for each gray level, the number of pixels in the image that have the specific gray level;(2)Plot of frequency of occurrence as function of pixel value;(3)Number of pixels at each grey-level or in a range of grey

17、levels;(4)Statistical equivalent (a posteriori) of a probability density function.3圖像直方圖的性質(zhì)Histogram Properties:(1) Histogram is a many-to-one mapping, spatial information is not included;(2) An image has unique histogram, but different images may have same histogram;(3) Histogram is invariant under

18、 certain image operations:Shifting,rotation, reflection;(4)If object has constant grey-level or range of grey levels, then relative area is the sum of histogram lines at that level(s);(5)Normalizing histogram to 1 makes it a discrete approximation to a pdf(概率密度函數(shù)).4直方圖均衡Histogram equalization:(1)Def

19、inition: A technique which aims to create an image with equally distributed brightness levels over the whole brightness scale. Histogram equalization enhances contrast for brightness values close to histogram maxima, and decreases contrast near minima.(2)Way: Denote the input histogram by H(p) and r

20、ecall that the input gray-scale is .The intention is to find a monotonic pixel brightness transformation q=T(p) such that the desired output histogram G(q) is uniform over the whole output brightness scale 5線性運(yùn)算Linear Point Operations: a: slope, b: interception三、重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)提示和教學(xué)手段重點(diǎn)：歐幾里德距離，圖像直方圖，圖像直方圖的性質(zhì)，

21、直方圖均衡難點(diǎn)：城市街區(qū)距離，棋盤距離，直方圖均衡，線性運(yùn)算四、思考與練習(xí)1編寫一個程序計算圖像的直方圖。對于一定范圍的圖像，畫出其直方圖。當(dāng)彩色圖像分別用下面的模型表示時，畫出其三個分量的直方圖。第四章 代數(shù)運(yùn)算Chapter4 Algebric operations一、學(xué)習(xí)目的通過本章的學(xué)習(xí)，學(xué)習(xí)和掌握圖像全局平均，圖像局部平均，差值圖像運(yùn)算，著重掌握圖像梯度，Sobel邊緣算子，圖像相乘運(yùn)算，圖像掩模運(yùn)算，中值濾波運(yùn)算。本章計劃6學(xué)時。二、課程內(nèi)容1. 圖像全局平均Image averaging: if n images of the same scene are available,

22、the smoothing can be accomplished without blurring the image by , the noise will be suppressed.2. 圖像局部平均Local averaging:1) Results are acceptable if the noise is smaller in size than the smallest objects of interest in the image, but blurring of edges is a serious disadvantage 2) In many cases only

23、one image with noise is available, and averaging is then realized in a local neighborhood. 3差值圖像運(yùn)算Differential image: If there exists motion objects in two images, we can extract the change of the objects by image subtraction mainly for security purposes.4圖像梯度Gradient: (1)Gradient calculation;(2)Gra

24、dient magnitude approximation;(3)Gradient Image;(4)Gradient Operators: Sobel, Roberts, Prewitt, Laplacian.5Sobel邊緣算子Sobel edge detection:下圖示的兩個卷積核形成Soebl邊緣算子。圖像中的每個點(diǎn)都用這兩個核做卷積，一個核對垂直邊緣響應(yīng)最大，而另一個對水平邊緣響應(yīng)最大。兩個卷積的最大值或它們的模作為該點(diǎn)的輸出位。運(yùn)算結(jié)果將是一幅邊緣幅度圖。-101-202-101-1-2-10001216 圖像相乘運(yùn)算Multiplication for Masking: A

25、region of an image can be zeroed by multiplying by an array of ones with the region to be masked replaced by zeroes7 圖像掩模運(yùn)算Averaging using a rotating mask Avoids edge blurring by searching for the homogeneous(均勻的) part of the current pixel neighborhood Brightness average is calculated only within th

26、e homogeneous region A brightness dispersion is used as the region homogeneity measure.Let n be the number of pixels in a region R and g be the input image. Dispersion is calculated as:8中值濾波運(yùn)算Median smoothing: In a set of ordered values, the median is the central value. Median filtering reduces blur

27、ring of edges. The idea is to replace the current point in the image by the median of the brightness in its neighborhood. The main disadvantage of median filtering in a rectangular neighborhood is its damaging of thin lines and sharp corners in the image - this can be avoided if another shape of nei

28、ghborhood is used. Advantages: eliminates impulsive noise quite well does not blur edges much and can be applied iteratively 三、重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)提示和教學(xué)手段重點(diǎn)：圖像梯度，Sobel邊緣算子，圖像掩模運(yùn)算，中值濾波運(yùn)算難點(diǎn)：圖像梯度，Sobel邊緣算子，圖像相乘運(yùn)算，圖像掩模運(yùn)算，中值濾波運(yùn)算四、思考與練習(xí)題目：設(shè)在每個象素處的噪聲數(shù)值是獨(dú)立分布的隨機(jī)變量，均值和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差分別為0和，證明：的均值為0，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差為第五章 幾何運(yùn)算Chapter 5 Geometric Operat

29、ions一、學(xué)習(xí)目的通過本章的學(xué)習(xí)，學(xué)習(xí)和掌握空間位置插值，灰度級插值，雙線性插值，空間變換，平移、旋轉(zhuǎn)和尺度變換，形變技術(shù)。本章計劃6學(xué)時。二、課程內(nèi)容1.空間位置插值Geometric OperationsStep:(1) Determining the pixel co-ordinate transformation;- mapping of the co-ordinates of the input image pixel to the point in the output image. - the output point co-ordinates should be comput

30、ed as continuous values (real numbers) as the position does not necessarily match the digital grid after the transform.(2)Finding the point in the digital raster which matches the transformed point and determining its brightness. Brightness is usually computed as an interpolation of the brightness o

31、f several points in the neighborhood. 2. 灰度級插值Gray-level Interpolation：1) General way: Pixel (x,y) is in output image where x and y lie on the discrete raster. The co-ordinates of the point (x,y) in the original image can be obtained by inverting the planar transformation：(x,y) = T-1 (x , y)2) Gray

32、Level Interpolation Methods: In general, (x, y) is not integer, so brightness is not known .Denote the result of the brightness interpolation by, and the brightness can be expressed by the convolution equation:(4) Need to interpolate new pixel value- Forward-mapping- Backward-mapping3. 雙線性插值Bilinear

33、 Intensity Interpolation:問題描述：單位正方形頂點(diǎn)已知，求正方形內(nèi)任一點(diǎn)的f(x,y)值。(1) Solution is overdetermined for a plane since we have four points (2) Fitting with Hyperbolic Paraboloid (雙曲拋物面)(3) Bilinear Transform(4) For the sake of discussion, normalize to Unit Size, 0>x>1, 0>y>1(5) Linear equation on eac

34、h X-edge(6) Linear equation on Y-edge(7) Combined bilinear equation4. 空間變換Spatial Transformations:Transformation form:5. 平移、旋轉(zhuǎn)和尺度變換Translation, rotation and scaling:1）平移（translation）：Matrix form:2）旋轉(zhuǎn)(rotation)：Matrix form:3）尺度變換(change of scale)：Matrix form:6形變技術(shù)Morphing：- Dissolving(漸隱) only change

35、s the color or grey levels- Morphing is a technique that allows one object to transform gradually into another. Morphing changes color and warp the position of pixels as well三、重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)提示和教學(xué)手段重點(diǎn)：空間位置插值，灰度級插值，雙線性插值難點(diǎn)：空間位置插值，灰度級插值，雙線性插值四、思考與練習(xí)1推導(dǎo)線性亮度插值公式。2為以下幾何變換設(shè)計程序：A旋轉(zhuǎn)B尺度變化C扭曲（斜切）D根據(jù)三對對應(yīng)點(diǎn)計算的仿射變換。E根據(jù)四對對應(yīng)點(diǎn)計算的雙線性變換。為了避免寫求解線性方程組的程序，使用數(shù)學(xué)計算軟件包確定仿射變換D和雙線性變換E的變換系數(shù)。對于上述每個變換，實(shí)現(xiàn)以下三種亮度插值方法：（1）最近鄰插值。（2）線性插值（3）雙三次插值。為了高效地實(shí)現(xiàn)所有可能的組合，按照模塊化的方式設(shè)計你的程序使得代碼能充分地被重用。比較一下這三種亮度插值方法結(jié)果的主觀性圖像品質(zhì)。第六章 Matlab數(shù)字